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6~11.5 23~42 8.4~11.3 15.5~31.5 18~40 19~22.5 5~9 2~9 7~8 7~19 8~13 5~14 11.3~17.27 12.27~21.39 13.5~16.31 11.29~18.89 15.22~20.16 12.03~29.65 2.73~4.31 3.23~6.37 4.94~5.01 3.3~6.59 4.94~8.23 5.24~10.47 5~9 12~22 9~11 12~21 14~29 19~26 15.99~22.82 22.89~35.6 19.19~20.78 30.57~71.49 26.75~50.67 25.51~44.81 2.96~5.46 3.55~6.3 5.03~7.2 6.12~10.65 4.17~10.37 7.02~11.27 0.86~1.69 0.92~1.04 0.89~1.33 1.18~1.57 0.92~1.47 0.92~1.62 2.36~3.05 4.23~5.18 2.43~2.84 2.55~2.95 2.15~3.48 2.0~2.72 2.95~4.25 3.63~4.63 2.87~2.96 2.97~3.87 3.04~3.51 2.91~3.57 1.07~1.44 0.93~1.52 1.13~1.57 1.1~1.73 1.09~1.52 1.07~1.4 absent present present present present present - 9 -

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Fig. 5. Leontopodium leiolepis Nakai A, habit; B, outer involucral scales; C, middle involucral scales; D, inner involucral scales. - 16 -

Fig. 6. Holotype specimen of Leontopodium leiolepis Nakai (Waigalbon, 2200m, 11 July 1914, T. Nakai, n. 1542, (TI!)). - 17 -

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Taxon No. Localities Voucher 1 Gyeonggi-do, Mt. Unak Lee 99011 L. japonicum 2 Gangwon-do, Mt. Seolak Lee 99012 3 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mt. Sobaek Lee 98181 L. hallaisanense 8 Jeju-do, Mt. Halla Lee 98185 9 Jeju-do, Mt. Halla Lee 99021 10 Gangwondo, Mt. Seolak Lee 98183 L. leiolepis 11 Gangwondo, Mt. Seolak Lee 98184 12 Gangwondo, Mt. Seolak Lee 99013 13 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mt. Bibong Lee 98182 L. leontopodioides 14 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mt. Dukam Lee 106519 15 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mt. Sobaek Lee 97220 Taxon Localities Accession L. alpinum Italy, Piemonte FJ639910 L. alpinum Spain, Aragon FJ639911 L. andersonii China, Yunnan FJ639921 L. artemisiifolium China, Yunnan FJ639923 L. caespitosum China, Yunnan FJ639926 L. calocephalum China, Sichuan FJ639928 L. dedekensii China, Yunnan FJ639930 L. franchetii China, Yunnan FJ639933 L. haastioides China, Tibet/Xizang FJ639937 L. himalayanum China, Tibet/Xizang FJ639938 L. jacotianum Nepal, Langtang FJ639941 L. kurilense - AF002168 L. leontopodioides Mongolia, Hövgöl Aimak FJ639944 L. microphyllum Taiwan, Hualien FJ639946 L. nanum China, Xizang FJ639951 L. nivale Italy, Abruzzo FJ639949 L. pusillum China, Tibet/Xizang FJ639955 L. sinense China, Yunnan FJ639957 L. souliei China, Yunnan FJ639959 Anaphalis javanica - U95292 Antennaria carpatica Austria, Salzburg FJ639965 A.dioica Austria, Niederösterreich FJ639964 Ewartia meredithiae - AF115907 Gnaphalium hoppeanum Italy, Lombardia FJ639967-21 -

Primer Sequence Length Reference ITS1 5'-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3' 19 mer White et al. (1990) ITS2 5'-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3' 20 mer White et al. (1990) ITS3 5'-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC-3' 20 mer White et al. (1990) ITS4 5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3' 20 mer White et al. (1990) ITS5 5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3' 22 mer White et al. (1990) Primer Sequence Length Reference rpl16 5'-GTTTCTTCTCATCCAGCTCC-3' 20 mer Nishizawa and Watano (2000) rpl16 5'-GAAAGAGTCAATATTCGCCC-3' 20 mer Nishizawa and Watano (2000) rps16 F 5'-CCCCCTAGAAACGTATAGGA-3' 20 mer Nishizawa and Watano (2000) rps16 R 5'-CGAAGTAATGTCTAAACCCA-3' 20 mer Nishizawa and Watano (2000) petd-rpoa F 5'-GGGCATTGGTGCAACATTAC-3' 20 mer Nishizawa and Watano (2000) petd-rpoa R 5'-CAGCCAAGAAGATCTTATGA-3' 20 mer Nishizawa and Watano (2000) trnl5' UAA F(TabC) 5'-CGAAATCGGTAGACGCTACG-3' 20 mer Taberlet et al. (1991) trnf5' GAA (TabF) 5'-ATTTGAACTGGTGACACGAG-3' 20 mer Taberlet et al. (1991) trnh-psba 5'-CGCGCATGGTGGATTCACAATCC-3' 23 mer Sang et al. (1997) psba 5'-GTTATGCATGAACGTAATGCTC-3' 22 mer Sang et al. (1997) atpf 5'-ACTCGCACACACTCCCTTTCC-3' 21 mer Shinozaki et al. (1986) atph 5'-GCTTTTATGGAAGCTTTAACAAT-3' 23 mer Deno et al. (1984) - 22 -

~ ~ ~ ~ Table 7. Sequence divergence among Korean Leontopodium species based on the Kimura 2-parameter method. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. L. japonicum - 2. L. japonicum 0.000-3. L. japonicum 0.003 0.003-4. L. hallaisanense 0.002 0.002 0.002-5. L. hallaisanense 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.000-6. L. leontopodioides 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002-7. L. leontopodioides 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000-8. L. leontopodioides 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000-9. L. leiolepis 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010-10. L. leiolepis 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.000-11. L. leiolepis 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.000 - - 23 -

~ ~ ~ ~ Table 8. Size and G+C contents of ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions of nrdna from four species of Korean Leontopodium. ITS1 5.8S ITS2 Total Length range(bp) 254 163 215 632 Number of indels - - - - Substitution 6-3 9 G+C content(%) 44.5~44.9 52.8 50.7~52.1 48.7~49.4 Table 9. Size and G+C contents of 7 non coding regions of cpdna from four species of Korean Leontopodium. atpf-h rps16_1 rps16_2 petd-rpoa trnh-psba rpl16 trnl-f Length range(bp) 573 359 267 325 478 254 775 Number of indels - - - - - - - Substitution(bp) - 1 1 1 1 2 - G+C content(%) 32.3 26.4 34.5 27.7 27.6 18.8-19.2 34.2-24 -

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Fig. 7. The 50% majority consensus tree of maximum parsimony tree of Korean Leontopodium based on ITS sequence data. Numbers above the branches indicate bootstrap percentages from 1000 replications. - 26 -

Fig. 8. The 50% majority consensus tree of maximum parsimony tree of Leontopodium based on ITS sequence data. Numbers above the branches indicate bootstrap percentages from 1000 replications( : Korean Leontopodium investigated in this study). - 27 -

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Table 10. Materials and collection sites of the Korean Leontopodium for studying on chromosome. Taxa Collection sites Vouchers Sect. Nobilia L. hallaisanense Jeju-do, Mt. Halla Lee 98501 L. japonicum Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mt. Sobaek Lee 97217 Gangwon-do, Mt. Seolak Lee 98001 Gyeonggi-do, Mt. Unak Lee 98301 Sect. Leontopodium L. leiolepis Gangwon-do, Mt. Seolak Lee 98317 L. leontopodioides Gyeongsangbuk-do, Mt. Bibong Lee 97234 Gyeongsangnam-do, Mt. Hwangmae Lee 99051-29 -

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Table 11. Chromosome numbers(2n) of Korean Leontopodium species. Taxa Previous study(2n) Present study(2n) Sect. Nobilia Leontopodium coreanum? 24 Lee and Kim, 2008 - L. hallaisanense 28 Lee and Kim, 2008 28 L. japonicum 21 Sakai, 1934; Arano, 1956 28 26 Arano, 1963; Lee, 1969 Sect. Leontopodium L. leiolepis - - 24 L. leontopodioides 26 Marhold, 2008 24 A B C D E F Fig. 9. Somatic chromosomes of four Korean species of Leontopodium. A. L. japonicum (2n=28, Mt. Sobaek); B. L. japonicum (2n=28, Mt. Unak); C. L. japonicum (2n=28, Mt. Seolak); D. L. hallaisanense (2n=28); E. L. leiolepis (2n=24); F. L.leontopodioides (2n=24). Bar=5μm - 31 -

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