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sandbagging. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 133-138. - 151 -
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1. (SCS) - 157 -
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2. Rosenberg (RESE) - 159 -
3. (CES-D) - 160 -
4. (BOR_I) - 161 -
5. (NPDS) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-162 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. (SWLS) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-163 -
7. (PWBS) - 164 -
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8. (SESS) - 166 -
9. (CSES) - 167 -
10. (CSW) - 168 -
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11. (BDIR) 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5. ( ). 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17. ( ). 18.. - 170 -
19.. 20. (). 21.. 22.. 23.. 24.. 25.. 26.. 27.. 28.,. 29.,. 30.. 31.. 32.. 33.. 34.. 35.. 36.. 37.,. 38.. 39. ( ). 40. ( ). - 171 -
12. 문항 - 172 -
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( ) 전혀없다 중간 매우크다 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항 - 175 -
문항 - 176 -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 중간 - 177 -
13. (VAS) 1.. 0 100 전혀 매우 그렇지않다 그렇다 2.. 0 100 전혀 매우 그렇지않다 그렇다 3. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 4.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 5.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 6.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 7.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 8.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 9.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 10.. 0 100 전혀 그렇지않다 매우 그렇다 - 178 -
14. 문항? 매우부족하다 대체로부족하다 약간부족하다 보통이다 약간잘설계되었다 대체로잘설계되었다. 매우잘설계되었다. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항 매우부족하다 대체로부족하다 약간부족하다 보통이다 약간 대체로 잘했다 잘했다 매우잘했다? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항 전혀만족하지않는다 거의만족하지않는다 약간만족하지않는다 보통이다 약간만족한다 대체로만족한다 매우만족 한다? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항? 전혀중요하지않다 거의중요하지않다 약간중요하지않다 보통이다 약간중요하다 대체로중요하다 매우중요 하다 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항 전혀그렇지않다. 대체로그렇지않다 약간그렇지않다 보통이다 약간 대체로 그렇다 그렇다 매우그렇다 과제에재도전하고싶습니까? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항 전혀그렇지않다. 대체로그렇지않다 약간그렇지않다 보통이다 약간 대체로 그렇다 그렇다 매우그렇다? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-179 -
문항? 문항? 전혀잘하지못했다 거의잘하지못했다 약간잘하지못했다 보통이다 약간 대체로 잘했다 잘했다 전적으로잘하지못했다 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 전혀내책임이아니다 거의내책임이아니다 약간내책임이아니다 보통이다 약간내책임이다 대체로내책임이다 전적으로내책임이다 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항 전혀상관이없다 거의상관이없다 약간상관이없다 보통이다 약간상관이있다 대체로상관이높다 매우상관이높다? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 문항? () ( ) - 180 -
15. 1-181 -
20., - 186 -
21., 22. - 187 -
23., - 188 -
24. 1: 1 1 ( :, ), ( : ). 3)?. ) ), (invalidation) ) : 4),,. - 189 -
,,.,. 5) /. :,. :.. :,. : ),!,. 6) = + () :.,!. 7) (),,.,,, ( ).,.,. () 8),,. :, - 190 -
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.,. ),,,. 2) : ( ),.,. 3) :,.. : () : :, 2 1. Body Scan :.,.. - 192 -
,. 2. :.,. 3 : -, :.,,.,,,.,.. 4 : - :,.,,..,,.? 5:? :??? : :,.. : ) " " " " 3: 3 3 1) ( ) - 193 -
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25. 1: 1 : 1 3) : 4),, 1 1. :. 2. :. 3. 1, 2, 3 :. 2: 2 2-199 -
2 1. 3: 3 3 3 1. 3. 4: 4 4 4 1. 3., 4. - 200 -
5: 5 5 5 1. 3. 6: 6 6 6 1. :,,, 3. - 201 -
The purpose of this study was to examine and elaborate on the role of self-compassion during adaptive self-regulation for negative events. Self-compassion has been considered as a core variable to explain psychological health. In particular, it has been suggested that self-compassion acts as a buffer for negative events. However, the underlying process of how it functions has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to (1) identify the clinical utility of self-compassion by investigating the relationship between mental health and self-compassion, (2) explore the relationships between self-compassion and the contingencies of self-worth, and stability of self-esteem, (3) examine the effects of self-compassion on cognitive and emotional responses to negative events, and (4) develop and evaluate a self-compassion enhancement program. Study 1 was designed to test the relationship between mental health and self-compassion. In study 1, cross-sectional data were - 202 -
collected from 269 undergraduate students. The results of study 1 showed that self-compassion had a significant effect on depression, borderline tendencies, life satisfaction, and psychological well-being, independent of self-esteem. Therefore, the clinical utility of self-compassion was identified. Specifically, in explaining borderline tendencies, self-compassion was shown to play a major role as compared to that of self-esteem. Study 2 was designed to explore the relationships among self-compassion, self-esteem, the contingencies of self-worth, and the stability of self-esteem. Data were collected from 289 undergraduate students. The results revealed that a higher self-compassion score was related to a lower contingencies of self-worth scores and higher scores for stability of self-esteem. In addition, the results of a simple slope analysis showed that when self-esteem was low and self-compassion was high, self-esteem stability scores were lowest and the scores for contingencies of self-worth based on superiority were highest. The purpose of Study 3 was to investigate the buffering effect of self-compassion on the relationship between negative events and changes in emotion and self-related cognition. In Study 3-1, perceived failure was induced by an impossible task and changes in emotions, self-related cognition, and the heart rate before and after the impossible tasks were measured. The results showed that higher self-compassion was related to lower degrees of negative emotional changes. The degree of changes in self-related cognition was not associated with self-compassion. In addition, greater self-esteem was related to greater changes in negative emotions and self-related cognition. Study 3-2 examined whether the results of Study 3-1 could be cross-validated in a real-life situation. Short-term longitudinal data were collected from 101 undergraduate students. The participants underwent a - 203 -
pre-questionnaire and kept an event-contingent diary four times with four-day intervals. The results revealed that people with high self-compassion experienced less negative emotion and engaged in less social comparison. This effect was greater than in those with high self-esteem. In addition, the data were analyzed to examine whether self-compassion could predict mental health. It was found that self-compassion predicted depression and borderline tendencies after three weeks. These results confirmed the clinical utility of self-compassion as proposed in Study 1. In Study 4, a self-compassion enhancement program was developed and its efficacy was examined. Fourteen early-adult individuals participated in a self-enhancement program, and thirteen individuals participated in a self-esteem improvement program. Their scores were compared with those of a non-treated control group. At the end of the intervention with the self-compassion enhancement program group, the measures of depression, borderline tendencies, and life satisfaction showed significant changes, and these changes were maintained after one month. The self-esteem improvement program group showed change of life satisfaction score at the end of the intervention. However, the therapeutic effects of the self-esteem improvement program showed a decrease upon a one-month follow-up. These findings suggest that the self-compassion program has the benefit of long-term therapeutic effects compared to the self-esteem program. Lastly, how this study can contribute to an integrative understanding of the process of self-compassion as it affects mental health is discussed. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also presented. keywords: self-compassion, self-esteem, psychological health, contingencies of self-worth, social comparison, self-compassion enhancement program Student Number: 2007-30051 - 204 -