o. - ;,, -. -.. -. -. -.

o (SI ). - ; (kgf/mm 2 ) -,. -. -,, - HRC, HV, HBW, o. -.

O 3 - (Primary procedure) ; ISO - (Primary machine) ; NMI - (Primary reference materials) ; NMI

o (ISO) (TC 164, Mechanical Testing of Metals) -5 (Sub-Committee) SC 3. - SC1; Uniaxial testing, SC2; Ductility testing, SC3; Hardness testing, - SC4; Toughness testing(fracture, Pendulum, Tear), SC5; Fatigue testing - (Working Group) - 11 P 19, O 34. - 1977 1980-1977 ( ), 1978 ( ), 1979 (, ), 1980 (, ).

o 1990 -, 4. Part 1; Test method, Part 2; Verification and calibration of testing machine, Part 3; Calibration of reference blocks - 1993 Knoop hardness test, ISO 4545, 4546, 4547-1997 Vickers hardness test, ISO 6507-1, 2, 3. - 1999 Rockwell hardness test, ISO 6508-1, 2, 3. - 1999 Brinell hardness test, ISO 6506-1, 2, 3. - 1998, 1999, Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters, ISO 14577-1, 2, 3. - Conversion hardness values. (ISO FDIS 18265, ISO 14577-4, 2005 )

(Key comparison). (ISO, WGH) EA Group "Mechanical measurements", Ad-hoc group "Uncertainty in Hardness measurement" (1996, 1998 ) (PTB, ISO )

The traceability chain BIPM National Metrology Institutes or designated National laboratories Calibration Laboratories, often accredited Enterprises End users The national metrological infrastructure

Traceability Chain in Hardness Standard International level eference Procedure International comparisons International Definitions on hardness Traceable to SI Unit National level eference Machine Primary Primary hardness hardness Measuring Measuring system system Direct calibration CRM Producer laboratory level Primary Primary hardness hardness Reference Reference blocks blocks Measuring Measuring system system for for CRM CRM Calibration Calibration Direct calibration User level Calibration of tester with CRM Certified Certified reference reference blocks blocks Industrial Industrial Hardness Hardness measuring measuring machine machine Reliable Hardness values Direct calibration Calibration of measuring device

; ISO. -,,, 1984 OIML - ASTM ; 0.5 HRC - ; 1 HRC.

HRC OIML Comparison (1984) 0.5 0.0-0.5-1.0 10 20 30 40 HRC 50 60 70 I GB USA D AUS A

-,,,,. - (, ). -. - ISO (1997-1999) - (CIPM) (CCM) (WGH) (1998) -,

Key Comparison o TC 164 SC 3 1998 2 AHWGH 1999 BIPM Key comparison. CCM BIPM MRA Appendix B. (Supplementary key comparison) o WGH key comparison 2004. o 2004 (KRISS) (NMIJ) key comparison, 2005

C (Supplementary KC) Difference of the mean values obtained at the fields from the mean values of the labs INST HRC35 0.25 0.20 Difference in HRC 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15 WUR_T1 WUR_T2 WUR_T3 WUR_T4 WUR_T5 WUR_T6 WUR_T7 WUR_T10 WUR_T11 WUR_T12 WUR_T13-0.20-0.25 1 2 3 4 Fields

NPL PTB -- (KC) 940 920 840 HV0,2 Reference value: 827,76 HV0,2 240 HV1 Reference value: 238,48 HV1 900 880 860 840 820 800 780 245 240 235 760 740 230 IMGC INMETRO NIST NMIJ NIM KRISS CMI GUM NPL PTB -- IMGC INMETRO NIST NMIJ NIM KRISS CMI GUM Vickers hardness, HV Vickers hardness, HV 840 HV 0.2 240 HV 1

Traceability in Met. for Mat. (Hardness) SI Unit (force, length, time) Hardness Primary Machine * Reference value determination with reference procedure * Uncertainty evaluation of reference block Hardness reference block (Hardness value and uncertainty) * (,, ).

(equivalency) (Key comparison). ISO (, 2003 ISO ) 2004 ISO (ISO )

Verification and Calibration ( ) Verification; No definition in VIM. Procedure (other than type approval) which includes the examination and marking and/or issuing of a verification certificates, that ascertains and confirms that the measuring instrument complies with the statutory requirements (Definition according to VIML) Verification can be defined as an activity of checking on the performance of machine/products or other objects whether it satisfies requirements or not. Can be performed with RM. Uncertainty or traceability is not a matter to deal with.

Verification and Calibration( ) Calibration Set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a materials nature or a reference materials and the corresponding values realized by standards. (Definition according to VIM) A basic tool in ensuring the traceability of a measurement is the calibration of a measuring instrument or reference material. It is achieved by means of a direct comparison against measurement standards or certified reference materials. CRM with uncertainty value is a must.

Reference Procedure ( ) Reference procedure can be defined as procedures of testing, measurement or analysis, thoroughly characterised and proven to be under control, intended for quality assessment of other procedures for comparable tasks, or characterisation of reference materials including reference objects, or determination of reference values. The uncertainty of the results of a reference procedure must be adequately estimated and appropriate for the intended use.

Testing ( ) Testing is the determination of the characteristics of a product, a process or a service, according to certain procedures, methodologies or requirements. The aim of testing may be to check whether a product fulfils specifications (conformity assessment) such as safety requirements or characteristics relevant for commerce and trade.

SI CRM (verification) Internationally agreed reference value CRM, (calibration + traceability)

Traceability Chain in Metrology for Materials (1) Understanding of Physics Understanding of Materials Behavior Area of Metrology for Materials CIPM NMI KC Primary Standards (kg, m, K, s ) Validated Measurement Methodology NMI NMI Primary Reference Measuring System Primary Reference Materials Primary Reference Procedures National Metrology Institute Accredited Laboratory

Traceability Chain in Metrology for Materials (2) Direct Calibration and Calibration with CRM Materials Testing Machines Secondary Standardized Procedures ISO National Metrology Institute Measurement of Materials Properties Proficiency Test Compatible and Reliable Measurement Data Accredited Laboratory Application Design Quality Control Quality Assurance Life Prediction Repair/Replacement Failure Analysis Design Engineers, Buyers, Plant Engineers, etc.

ISO/IEC 17025; General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories 5. Technical Requirements 5.4. Test and Calibration Methods and Method Validation 5.4.6. Estimation of Uncertainty of Measurement 5.4.6.1 A calibration laboratory, or a testing laboratory performing its own calibrations, shall have and shall apply a procedure to estimate the uncertainty of measurement for all calibrations and types of calibrations. 5.4.6.2 Testing laboratories shall have and shall apply procedures for estimating uncertainty of measurement. In certain cases the nature of the test method may preclude rigorous, metrologically and statistically valid, calculation of uncertainty of measurement...

(WGMM) 2004 9, 2005 2 NMI. (BIPM) 2005 10 (ad-hoc WGMM) VAMAS 2005 G7,,,