한수지 53(5), 752-760, 2020 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(5),752-760,2020 2019 년서해연안패류및양식새우 (Litopenaeus vannamei) 에서분리한 Vibrio parahaemolyticus 균주들과새우급성간췌장괴사병 (AHPND) 과의연관성 장광일 박진일 오은경 * 김수미 1 * 국립수산과학원서해수산연구소, 1 국립수산과학원수산방역과 The Relationship Between Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains Isolated from Shellfish and Shrimp of the West Coast of Korea in 2019 Gwang Il Jang, Jin Il Park, Eun-Gyoung Oh* and Sumi Kim 1 * West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon 22383, Korea 1 Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), previously known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), is an emerging disease in shrimp caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Some V. parahaemolyticus strains are associated with foodborne diseases in humans. To date, studies on the relationship between AHPND and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are very limited. In this study, we monitored the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene and AHPND related genes, such as Photorhabdus insect-related (pir) genes, in 892 strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated and identified in 24 areas of the West Coast of Korea from May to October 2019. The trh gene was detected in 9.6% of the isolates from short neck clam samples. However, the pira and pirb genes related to AHPND were not found in any of the isolates despite using both duplex and nested PCR assays, suggesting that AHPND-related genes were nonexistent in the V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated. This study contributes to the current understanding of the relationship between AHPND and V. parahaemolyticus in Korea, as well as provides data on spatial and seasonal distributions of V. parahaemolyticus. Keywords: Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shrimp, West Coast, Thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene 서론 Vibrio (genus),, 140 (Parte, 2018; Urakawa et al., 2000). (Kongrueng et al., 2015) 12 Vibrio, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio hollisae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cincinnatiensis, Vibrio damsela, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio metschnikovii (Farmer et al., 2015; CDC, 2019). (V. cholera), (V. parahaemolyticus), (V. vulnificus) (Thompson et al., 2006)., (V. para- *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 32. 745. 0750 Fax: +82. 32. 745. 0619 E-mail address: ohdagu@korea.kr; sumikim@korea.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2020.0752 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(5), 752-760, October 2020 Received 9 July 2020; Revised 19 August 2020; Accepted 10 September 2020 저자직위 : 장광일 ( 연구사 ), 박진일 ( 연구사 ), 오은경 ( 연구관 ), 김수미 ( 주무관 ) Copyright 2020 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 752 pissn:0374-8111, eissn:2287-8815
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 균주와새우급성간췌장괴사병 (AHPND) 과의연관성 753 haemolyticus) (Kang et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017; Park et al., 2018) (thermostable direct hemolysin, TDH) (TDH-related hemolysin, TRH)., V. parahaemolyticus,, (Sudheeshand and Xu, 2001; Marudhupandi et al., 2017). (acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, AHPND) V. parahaemolyticus (Lightner et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012) AHPND. V. parahaemolyticus AHPND, AHPND. (Photorhabdus insect-related, Pir) plasmid AHPND (Joshi et al., 2014; Han et al., 2015; Kim and Kim, 2015). V. parahaemolyticus. AHPND 2009 (2010 ), (2011 ), (2012 ), (2013 ), 2017 (Zorriehzahra and Banaederakhshan, 2015; Dhar et al., 2019). 2013 Tran et al. (2013) AHPND V. parahaemolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus. 2014 AHPND V. parahaemolyticus type IV pilus/type IV plasmid (pir toxin) (Kondo et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2014)., Han et al. (2015) AHPND V. parahaemolyticus plasmid (pira/pirb). 2016 AHPND (Hwang et al., 2018). V. parahaemolyticus AHPND (Tran et al., 2013; Kondo et al., 2014; Han et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015), AHPND V. parahaemolyticus. 2019 5 10 V. parahaemolyticus (thermostable direct hemolysin, TDH) (TDH-related hemolysin, TRH) (tdh, trh) (V. parahaemolyticus) (AHPND). 재료및방법 시료채취 2019 5 10 V. parahaemolyticus 18, (Muuido), (Yeongheungdo), (Soijakdo), (Seungbongdo), (Cheonsu Bay), (Wonsando), (Iwon-myeon), (Garorim Bay), (Sowon-myeon), (Byeonsan), (Gochang-gun), (Dolipo), (Aphaedo), (Jangsando), (Hampyeong Bay), (Tando Bay), (Maehwado), (Chilsando) 4, (Ganghwa-gun), (Pyeongtaek-si), 13, 1421 22 4 19 20 24 12 16 17 11 1,2 6 7 10 15 18 8 5 23 9 Incheon 3 Gyeonggi-do Chungcheongnam-do Jeollabuk-do Jeollanam-do Fig. 1. Sampling sites of shellfish and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei on the West Coast of Korea during the period May to October in 2019. The description of sampling sites is the same as in Table 2.
754 장광일ㆍ박진일ㆍ오은경ㆍ김수미 (Taean-gun) (Boryeong-si), (Oyster Crassostrea gigas), (Surf clam Mactra veneriformis), (Short neck clam Venerupis philippinarum), (Ocean quahog Arctica islandica), (Conch Lobatus gigas), (Abalone Haliotis discus hannai) (Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei) (pond water) (Fig. 1; Table 1)., 10 C. V. parahaemolyticus 균주분리및동정 V. parahaemolyticus (food and drug administration, FDA) bacteriological analytical manual (BAM) (Elliot et al., 1995). ( ) phosphate buffered saline (PBS: 140 mm NaCl, 5 mm anhydrous Na 2 HPO 4, 1.5 mm KH 2 PO 4, ph 7.4), alkaline peptone water (APW; peptone 10 g/l, NaCl 20 g/l, ph 8.5 0.2) 35 0.5 C 18-24 (Feng et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019)., CHROMagar (Paris, France) 35 C 24. CHROMagar V. parahaemolyticus (colony). V. parahaemolyticus, 42 C, ONPG (O-nitrophenyl- -D-galactopyranoside), VITEK system (BioMérieux Vitek, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) V. parahaemolyticus (Park et al., 2019; Song et al., 2020). DNA 추출및병원성관련유전자탐색 tdh trh PCR (polymerase chain reaction). tdh trh VPD- 1/VPD-2 VPR-1/VPR-2 primer sets (Takara, Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan). Tryptic Soy Broth (Difco, Detroit, MU, USA) 10 ml 37 C 18-24, DNA Isolation kit (MO- BIO, Carlsbad, CA, USA) DNA. tdh trh PCR Master mix (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan) 12.5 μl, primer (10 pmol/μl) 0.2 μl, DNA 2 μl, 25 μl. thermal cycle (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan) 98 C 10, 55 C 30, 72 C 60 35 PCR. PCR gel documentation system G BOX (Syngene, Cambridge, UK) amplicon (tdh, 251 bp; trh, 250 bp). (AHPND) (world organization for animal health, OIE) (duplex PCR AP4 nested PCR) (Dangtip et al., 2015; Han et al., 2015). V. parahaemolyticus plasmid Pir toxin AccuPower HotStart PCR premix kit (Bioneer, Korea) VpPirA-284F/R VpPirB-392F/R primer sets duplex PCR (Table 1; Han et al., 2015). Dangtip et al. (2015) AP4-F1/AP4-R1 primers PCR, PCR AP4-F2/AP4-R2 primers AP4 nested PCR (Table 1). PCR QIAxcel Advanced (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). 결과및고찰 패류및새우양식장의 V. parahaemolyticus 분포 2019 5 10 V. parahaemolyticus,, V. parahaemolyticus Table 2. Table 1. PCR primers and sequences of Photorhabdus insect-related (pir) genes used in this study Genes Primers Product (bp) References Photorhabdus insect-related (pir) gene VpPirA-284F: 5'-TGA-CTA-TTC-TCA-CGA-TTG-GAC-TG-3' VpPirA-284R: 5'-CAC-GAC-TAG-CGC-CAT-TGT-TA-3' VpPirB-392F: 5'-TGA-TGA-AGT-GAT-GGG-TGC-TC-3' VpPirB-392R: 5'-TGT-AAG-CGC-CGT-TTA-ACT-CA-3' AP4-F1: 5'-ATG-AGT-AAC-AAT-ATA-AAA-CAT-GAA-AC-3' AP4-R1: 5'-ACG-ATT-TCG-ACG-TTC-CCC-AA-3' AP4-F2: 5'-TTG-AGA-ATA-CGG-GAC-GTG-GG-3' AP4-F2: 5'- GTT-AGT-CAT-GTG-AGC-ACC-TTC-3' 284 392 1269 230 Han et al., 2015 Dangtip et al., 2015
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 균주와새우급성간췌장괴사병 (AHPND) 과의연관성 755 V. parahaemolyticus (MPN/100 g) 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 Site 13 Site 14 Site 19 Site 20 May June July August September October November Fig. 2. Monthly variation of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from Oyster Crassostrea gigas farm on the West Coast of Korea. The description of sampling sites is the same as in Table 2. 18 4 76 892. 382, 20, 204, 4, 125, 147, 5. 5 2 3, 6 10 45, 7 12 110, 8 13 185, 9 12 236, 10 27 313 (Table 2). 5 10, V. parahaemolyticus 8 10 MPN (most probable number) (Fig. 2). Park et al. (2019) 2013 2016 V. parahaemolyticus 9 54.2%. Lee et al. (2019) 3 (,, ) V. parahaemolyticus, 8 [8.9 10 2 colony form unit (CFU)/g], 10 ( 1.4 10 3 1.9 10 3 CFU/g), 14.6 C 11 3. V. parahaemolyticus (Lee et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2016), 5 10 V. parahaemolyticus. 2019 6 10 2 V. parahaemolyticus 23.1% 26.7% (Table2). (26- M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NC PC Fig. 3. Representative results of PCR of the AHPND related genes (pira/pirb) using the duplex PCR for V. parahaemolyticus isolated from shellfish and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei on the West Coast of Korea. M, size marker; 1, Shrimp (1906 DS-W1); 2, Pond water (1909 DS-W13); 3, Oyster (JN 16-11); 4, Short neck clam (IC 2-1); 5, Conch (CN 4-13); 6, Abalone (CN 3-19); 7, Surf clam (JB 1-7); 8, Ocean quahog (JN 19-20); NC, negative control; PC, positive control. 28 C) (10-15 psu) V. parahaemolyticus, (20-30 C) (4-80 psu) V. parahaemolyticus (Farmer et al., 2015; NIFS, 2018). 병원성관련유전자검출 내열성용혈독소 (tdh) 및내열성용혈독소유사독소 (trh) 유전자검출 V. parahaemolyticus 892
756 장광일ㆍ박진일ㆍ오은경ㆍ김수미 (tdh) (trh) tdh, trh 10 5 (9.6%) (Table 3). 2013 2015 84 V. parahaemolyticus tdh trh, tdh 3.4-5.9%, trh 3.4-12.8% tdh, V. parahaemolyticus 37 tdh trh (Park et al., 2016). Kang et al. (2017) toxr V. parahaemolyticus 31 tdh trh 4 (9.1%) trh, tdh. V. parahaemolyticus. V. parahaemolyticus (Thompson et al., 1976; Honda and Iida,., 1993; Yamamoto et al., 2008; Malcolm et al., 2015). Table 2. Number of isolates from shellfish and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei on the West Coast of Korea during the period May to October in 2019 Sites Sampling sites Samples May June July August September October 1 Ganghwa-gun, Incheon #1 - - (2*) 4 (4*) 9 (1*) 5 (21*) 8 2 Ganghwa-gun, Incheon #2-8 (6*) 10 (6*) 9 (4*) 19 (17*) 8 (5*) 3 Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Pond water*) - - 10 (10*) 3 (20*) 12 (19*) 6 (14*) 4 Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do - - 10 (3*) - (7*) - - 5 Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do - 4 (8*) - - - - 6 Jung-gu, Incheon (Muuido) 7 Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Cheonsu Bay) - - - - - 20 - - - - - 18 8 Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do (Wonsando) Short neck clam - - - - - 18 9 Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do (Byeonsan) Venerupis philippinarum - - - - - 14 10 Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Dolipo) - - - - - 10 11 Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Aphaedo) - - - - - 13 12 Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Jangsando) - - - - - 1 13 14 15 Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Iwon-myeon#1) Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Iwon-myeon #4) Hampyeong-gun, Jeollanam-do (Hampyeong Bay) Oyster Crassostrea gigas 1 3 16 33 34 32 2 4 11 27 32 11 - - - - - 6 16 Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Tando Bay) - - - - - 9 17 Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Maehwado) - - - - - 9 18 Ongjin-gun, Incheon (Yeongheungdo) Short neck clam - - - - - 5 (4 ) 19 Ongjin-gun, Incheon (Soijakdo) Venerupis philippinarum - 8 (1 ) - (21 ) 14 (17 ) 20 (36 ) 31 (19 ) 20 Ongjin-gun, Incheon (Seungbongdo) (Oyster Crassostrea gigas ) - 1 - (5 ) 12 (29 ) 12 (9 ) 7 (11 ) 21 22 Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Garorim Bay) Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Sowon-myeon) Conch Lobatus gigas - - - - - 5 Abalone Haliotis discus hannai - - - - - 5 23 Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do Surf clam Mactra veneriformis - - - - - 20 Yeonggwang-gun, Jeollanam-do 24 Ocean quahog Arctica islandica - - - - - 4 (Chilsando) * and in parentheses were isolated from pond water and Oyster, respectively. -, no data.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 균주와새우급성간췌장괴사병 (AHPND) 과의연관성 757 (a) M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NC PC (b) M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 NC PC Fig. 4. Representative results of PCR of the AHPND related genes (pira/pirb) using the (a) first PCR and (b) nested PCR for V. parahaemolyticus isolated from shellfish and shrimp on the West Coast of Korea. M, size marker; 1, Shrimp (1906 DS-W1); 2, Pond water (1909 DS-W13); 3, Oyster (JN 16-11); 4, Short neck clam (IC 2-1); 5, Conch (CN 4-13); 6, Abalone (CN 3-19); 7, Surf clam (JB 1-7); 8, Ocean quahog (JN 19-20); NC, negative control; PC, positive control. AHPND 관련유전자검출 V. parahaemolyticus 892 duplex PCR nested PCR AHPND pira pirb (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, Table 3). 2009 AHPND, AHPND. 2012 AHPND V. parahaemolyticus, 2013 V. parahaemolyticus AHPND (Zhang et al., 2012; Tran et al., 2013). Han et al. (2015) Vibrio Photobacterium 77 AHPND pira/pirb AHPND V. parahaemolyticus pira/pirb., AHPND V. parahaemolyticus pira/pirb. AHPND V. parahaemolyticus pira/pirb. Han et al. (2015) AHPND V. parahaemolyticus 2 1 AHPND. AHPND V. parahaemolyticus 69 kb plasmid (Pir toxins). V. parahaemolyticus AHPND / biofilm (transposition), (conjugation) plasmid pira/pirb Table 3. Detection rates (%) of thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene and AHPND related genes (pira/pirb) in V. parahaemolyticus isolated from shellfish and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei on the West Coast of Korea during the period May to October in 2019 Areas Number of isolates trh gene Detection rates (%) Detection rates(%) Source of pira/pirb genes Incheon 428 0% - 0% Gyeonggi-do 94 0% - 0% Chungcheongnam-do 284 0% - 0% Jeollabuk-do 34 0% - 0% Jeollanam-do 52 9.6% Short neck clam (October) 0%
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