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1 J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc., 22(3), (2015) Print ISSN Online ISSN Al 및 SiN 박막위에형성된 TiW Under Bump Metallurgy 의스퍼터링조건에따른 Au Bump 의접착력특성 조양근 1 이상희 1 김지묵 2 김현식 3 장호정 1, 1 단국대학교전자ㆍ전기공학과 2 단국대학교창조다산링크사업단 3 ( 주 ) 태미세미콘 Effects of Sputtering Conditions of TiW Under Bump Metallurgy on Adhesion Strength of Au Bump Formed on Al and SiN Films Yang-Geun Jo 1, Sang-Hee Lee 1, Ji-Mook Kim 2, Hyun-Sik Kim 3 and Ho-Jung Chang 1, 1 Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan-si , Korea 2 Creative DASAN LINC Educational Development Institute, Dankook University, Chenonan-si , Korea 3 TAMISEMICON Corporation, Cheonan-si , Korea (Received July 7, 2015: Corrected September 8, 2015: Accepted September 24, 2015) 초록 : 본연구에서는 COG (Chip On Glass) 패키지적용을위해 Au 범프를전기도금공정을사용하여 Al/Si wafer 와 SiN/Si wafer 위에 TiW/Au 구조를갖는두종류의 Au범프시료를제작하였다. UBM (Under Bump Metallurgy) 물질로서 TiW 박막을스퍼터링방법으로증착하였으며스퍼터링입력파워 (500~5000 Watt) 에따른박리현상을관찰하였다. 안정된계면접착을나타내는스퍼터링파워는 1500 Watt임을확인할수있었다. 또한 SAICAS (Surface And Interfacial Cutting Analysis System) 장비를사용하여기판종류에따른 Au Bump의접착력을조사하였다. TiW 증착조건은스퍼터링파워를 1500 Watt로고정하였다. TiW/Au 계면의접착력은두종류의 wafer (Al/Si과 SiN/Si wafers) 에관계없이오차범위안에서비슷한접착력을보여주었으나, TiW UBM 스퍼터링박막계면에서의접착력은하부박막인 Al 금속과 SiN 비금속박막에서의접착력차이가약 2.2배크게나타났다. 즉, Al/Si wafer와 SiN/Si wafer위에증착된 TiW의접착력은각각 kn/m와 kn/m 값을나타내었다. Abstract: In this study, two types of Au/TiW bump samples were fabricated by the electroplating process onto Al/Si and SiN/Si wafers for the COG (Chip On Glass) packaging. TiW was used as the UBM (Under Bump Metallurgy) material of the Au bump and it was deposited by a sputtering method under the sputtering powers ranges from 500 to 5000 Watt. We investigated the delamination phenomenas for the prepared samples as a function of the input sputtering powers. The stable interfacial adhesion condition was found to be 1500 Watt in sputtering power. In addition, the SAICAS (Surface And Interfacial Cutting Analysis System) measurement was used to find the adhesion strength of Au bumps for the prepared samples. TiW UBM films were deposited at the 1500 Watt sputtering power. As a results, there was a similar adhesion strengths between TiW/Au interfacial films on Al/Si and SiN/Si wafers. However, the adhesion strength of TiW UBM sputtering films on Al and SiN under films were 2.2 times differences, indicating kn/m for Al/Si wafer and kn/m for SiN/Si wafer, respectively. Keywords: Au Bump, Chip on Glass (COG), Packaging, Under Bump Metallurgy (UBM), Adhesion Strength, SAICAS (Surface And Interfacial Cutting Analysis System) 1. 서론 전자기기의소형화추세에따라기기를구성하는부품소자에대해얇고가벼우면서고집적화가달성되도록 하여야하는과제를안고있다. 특히, 구성반도체소자모듈의개발은패키징부피가작아지고입, 출력을위한단자수가많아지게됨에따라보다높은신뢰성이요구되고있다. 1,2) 따라서많은반도체소자제조업체들은이 Corresponding author hjchang@dankook.ac.kr 2015, The Korean Microelectronics and Packaging Society This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19

2 20 조양근 이상희 김지묵 김현식 장호정 를만족시키기위한신제품개발에역량을집중하고있다. 3-5) 이러한반도체모듈패키징에대해소형화, 집적화, 미세화를위해반도체칩과기판과의신뢰성있는접합방법과구조를포함한기능적향상이요구되고있다. 새로운패키징기술개발을위해서는범프소재및계면형상과관련한특성연구에대한요구가증대되고있다. 5) 최근, 대형 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 에이용되는 COG 범프는현재주로 µm 2 크기에서점차소형화되는경향이며소형화로인한접착면응력으로인한계면취약성에따라공정불량증가와모듈제작후불량가능성또한우려되고있다. 범프의소형화, 다량화에따른배치구조변경등으로인해접촉면적증대를위하여입 / 출력단자가아닌영역에도추가더미범프를형성하여칩과패널사이의접합응력을분산하는구조로개선되는경향이있다. 이경우범프구조변화에따른접착력의차이등계면에서의특성변화가발생될수있다. 범프접촉부의구조는일반범프의경우알루미늄으로생성된입 / 출력패드위에위치하여전기적입출력을동시수행하는반면더미범프의경우에는전기적역할을수행하지않기때문에일반적으로웨이퍼상부를덮고있는패시베이션표면에접착하게된다. 또한, UBM 물질증착시 power 가증가함에따라증착속도는증가할수있으며온도가높아지는경향이있다. 일반적으로금속과금속의접착력은온도편차에따른열팽창변화로금속간의열응력에의하여계면특성, 즉접착력저하를가져올수있다. 또한, 비금속과범프사이의접착력역시 Power 증가에따라접착력의특성변화를가져올수있다. UBM 물질로주로사용되는 TiW 증착시최적화된 Power 조건을찾을경우높은수율과신뢰성을갖는 Au 범프를제조할수있다. 본연구에서는 Al/Si 기판웨이퍼와 SiN/Si 웨이퍼위에 TiW UBM 물질을사용하여, Au 를범프를전기도금법으로형성하였다. 각각의웨이퍼위에 TiW UBM 물질을스퍼터링 (Sputtering) 방법으로증착하였으며증착시스퍼터링 power 조건에따른범프계면에서의접찹력등을측정, 평가하였다. 2. 실험방법 Au 범프를적용한 COG 패키징공정을위해 8 inch 크기의 Al 웨이퍼와 SiN 웨이퍼를사용하였으며, Scrubber 장비를이용하여웨이퍼표면의오염물질을제거하였다. UBM 물질인 TiW 박막형성을위해스퍼터링방법으로입력파워를각각 500, 1000, 1500, 2500, 4000, 5000 Watt 로변화하면서증착하였다. 이후 PR (Photo Resist) 도포, Exposure, Develop 공정을거쳐패턴을형성한후 Descum 공정을통하여 PR 잔여물제거한후최종적으로전기도금공정을이용하여 Au 를증착하였다. 마지막단계로 PR Strip 공정을통하여 PR 제거후최종적으로 Au Fig. 1. Cross-sectional Multi-Layered Structures of Au Bump with Film Thicknesses: (a) Au/TiW/Al/Si Wafer and (b) Au/ TiW/SiN/Si Wafer. 범프를형성하였다. Al 두께는 0.5 µm, SiN 두께는 0.3 µm 이며각각의웨이퍼는 Scrubber 세정공정을거치고범프의접합및신뢰성을향상시키기위하여 UBM 물질로서 TiW 는 0.2 µm 의두께로스퍼터링하여형성하였다. 포토리소그래피공정을거친후최종적으로 5 µm (Width) 9 µm (Length) 14 µm (Height) 크기의 Au 범프를전기도금법으로형성하였다. 6) 또한 Au 범프의신뢰성평가를위해 TiW UBM 박막위에형성된 Au 범프의박리가일어나는비율을확인하기위해 300 개의 Au 범프를웨이퍼위에제작한후박리가나타나는갯수를조사, 관찰하였다. Fig. 1 은제작된다층구조의층별두께와 Au 범프의단면이미지구조를보여주고있다. 여러스퍼터링입력파워에서증착된 TiW 박막위에형성된 Au 범프는 Scrubber 장비 (Wafer 오염물질을제거하는세정장비 ) 를이용하여일정압력및시간 (90 kgf/cm 2, 30 sec) 에따라 Au 범프의박리현상을관찰하였다. 또한본연구에서는계면특성을관찰하기위해 SAICAS 측정방법을사용하였다. SAICAS 장비 (MODEL NN-EX) 는 100 nm~1 um Film Thickness 박막을 Cutting speed 1 nm/sec (Min) 으로 Cutting Force (3 N~30 N) 을가하여박막접착력을측정하는측정장비이다. SAICAS 측정을위해 Au 범프는 TiW 증착시스퍼터링파워는 1500 Watt 이며크기는 5 µm (Width) 9 µm (Length) 5 µm (Height) 이었다. UBM 물질인 TiW 의두께는 0.2 µm 이다. 최종적으로 Al/Si 웨이퍼와 SiN/Si 웨이퍼에서제작된 Au 범프에서 TiW/Au 의계면과 Wafer/TiW 계면에서의접착력을평가하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 UBM 물질이스퍼터링되는속도는스퍼터링타겟에충돌하는이온 ( 중성원자 ) 의개수및충돌에너지와스퍼터링수율 (Yield) 에의하여결정된다. 이온에너지는전압에의존하기때문에결국스퍼터링속도는 sheath 전압에의존하게된다. 7) 따라서 Au 범프의 UBM 으로사용된 TiW 는동일한두께에서스퍼터링파워조건에변화를주었으며, Scrubber 장비를이용하여일정압력에서 (90 kgf/ cm 2, 30 sec) Au Bump 의박리현상을관찰하였다. Fig. 2 는 2500 Watt 의파워에서증착된 TiW UBM 박막위의 Au 마이크로전자및패키징학회지제 22 권제 3 호 (2015)

3 Al 및 SiN 박막위에형성된 TiW Under Bump Metallurgy 의스퍼터링조건에따른 Au Bump 의접착력특성 21 Fig. 2. Optical Microscope Images for Delamination of Au Bump on TiW UBM. 범프의박리현상을광학현미경 (optical microscope) 을이용하여확인된사진을보여주고있다. 사진에서처럼정상적으로접착된 Au 범프 ( 상단사진 ) 와박리된 Au 범프 ( 하단오른쪽두번째범프 ) 를뚜렷이확인할수있다. Fig. 3 는 TiW UBM 박막에대해여러스퍼터링입력파워에서 Au 범프소자를 300 개씩제작하였다. Scrubber 장치를사용하여일정압력 (90 kgf/cm 2, sec) 의조건에서 Au 범프의박리가일어나는비율을보여주고있다. Al/Si 위에형성된 Au 범프의경우스퍼터링파워가 5000 Watt 에서박리를확인하였다. 또한 SiN/Si 기판위에형성된 Au 범프의경우는 2500 과 4000 Watt 에서 Au 범프의박리현상이나타났다. 이러한측정결과로부터, 본연구에서는 TiW UBM 위에전기도금법으로형성된 Au 범프는 Al/Si 웨이퍼와 SiN/ Si 웨이퍼를사용할경우안정된접착및높은스퍼터링 yield 를나타내는최적의스퍼터링파워는 1500 Watt 임을확인할수있었다. Power 가높은편이증착속도가증가하여생산속도에도유리함으로 1000 Watt 보다 1500 Watt 가최적이다. 한편, SAICAS 접착력특성실험을위하여 TiW 증착시스퍼터링파워를 1500 Watt 로고정한후증착하였다. Al/Si 웨이퍼위에증착된 TiW/Au 범프와 SiN/Si 웨이퍼위에서제작된 TiW/Au 범프의계면접착력은 Au 와 TiW 의경도차이를이용하여측정하였다. 8,9) 수직방향전달힘 [Vertical Force (F V )] 를 0.1 N 으로고정하여 TiW 박막의계면과접촉하여도더이상 Blade 가침투하지않도록측정조건을조절하였다. 이때, Blade Width 는 1.0 mm, 측정시간간격은 0.2 sec, 측정시간은 1200 sec, 수직방향속도는 0.01 µm/s, 수평방향속도는 0.1 µm/s 이다. Al/Si 과 SiN/Si 웨이퍼위의 TiW 박막의계면접착력은 TiW 박막이하부층인 Al 박막과 SiN 박막을접촉할경우 Blade 가계면을지나경도가약한곳으로더깊숙이들어가는현상이나타날수있다. 8-10) 따라서, 본실험에서는 wafer/ TiW 계면의접착력은 TiW UBM 박막의두께인 0.2 µm 깊이로 Blade 가침투하도록설정하여 Wafer/TiW 계면의접착력을측정하였으며, 이를위해 Blade width 는 0.3 mm, 측정시간간격은 0.2 sec, 측정시간은 120 sec, 수직방향속도는 0.02 µm/s, 수평방향속도는 5 µm/s 로설정하였다. 식 (1) 11) 에서는 SAICAS 장비로측정된접착력, P (Peel Strength) 는수평방향으로전달된힘, F H (Horizontal Force) 와 Blade 폭, W (Blade Width) 와의관계를보여주고있다. 12) P = F H,Peeling /W (kn/m) (1) Fig. 3. Delamination rates of Au Bumps depending on the TiW Sputtering Power conditions on (a) Al/Si Wafer and (b) SiN/Si Wafer. Fig. 4 에는 (a) Al/Si 웨이퍼에서제작된 Au 범프에서 TiW/ Au 의계면에서접착력을보여주고있으며, 접착력을나타내는 peel strength 는 (kn/m) 이다. 또한 (b) SiN/Si 웨이퍼에서제작된 Au 범프에서 TiW/Au 박막계면에서의접착력은 (kn/m) 이다. 또한 (c) 는 Al/Si 웨이퍼와 TiW 의접착력을나타내고있으며, 접착력은 (kn/ m) 를보여주었다. 마지막으로 (d) 그림은 SiN/Si wafer 와 TiW 의접착력으로 (kn/m) 의측정값을나타내었다. 측정결과, Al/Si 웨이퍼와 SiN/Si 웨이퍼에서제작된 Au 범프의각계면에서접착력과 TiW/Au 계면에서의접착력의차이는약 0.01 (kn/m) 로비슷한수준의접착력을보였으며, Al/Si 웨이퍼에서 TiW 계면에서접착력은 SiN/ Si 웨이퍼에서 TiW 의계면에서접착력보다약 2.2 배더높게나타나는것을확인할수있었다. 금속간의결합이더욱강하다는고찰을할수가있다. 결국, 1500 Watt 의입력파워에서스퍼터링에의해증착된 TiW UBM 박막과 Au 범프와의접착력은 Al/Si 과 SiN/Si 의기판종류에따라접착력에큰영향을미치지않음을알수있다. 그러나 TiW UBM 박막과 Al 과 SiN 하부박막의접착력은 J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc. Vol. 22, No. 3 (2015)

4 22 조양근 이상희 김지묵 김현식 장호정 Fig. 4. Adhesion Strength Profiles measured by SAICAS Method for Different Interfacial Layers: (a) TiW/Au Bump on Al/Si Wafer, (b) TiW/Au Bump on SiN/Si Wafer, (c) TiW UBM Film on Al/Si Wafer and (d) TiW UBM Film on SiN/Si Wafer. 큰차이가있음을확인하였다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는 Al/Si 웨이퍼및 SiN/Si 웨이퍼위에 UBM 물질로서 TiW 박막을스퍼터링방법으로증착한후, 전기도금공정을거쳐최종적으로 Au 범프를제작하였다. Au 범프는 Scrubber 장비로 90 kgf/cm 2, 30 sec 조건에서박리현상 (Delamination) 을관찰하였다. Al/Si 웨이퍼와 SiN/Si 웨이퍼에서 Au 범프의안정적인계면접착을나타내는스퍼터링파워는 1500 Watt 임을확인하였다. Al/Si 과 SiN/Si 웨이퍼위에증착된 TiW UBM 박막을 1500 Watt 파워에서제작한시료에대해 SAICAS 측정방법으로계면박리현상을조사하였다. TiW/ Au 계면의접착력은웨이퍼종류에관계없이오차범위안에서유사한값의접착력을보여주었다. 한편, TiW UBM 박막계면에서의접착력은하부박막인 Al 금속과 SiN 비금속박막에서의접착력차이가약 2.2 배크게나타났으며 Al/ Si 과 TiW 박막의접착력이약 kn/m 으로보다높은값을보여주었다. 감사의글 본논문은중소기업청에서지원하는 2014 년도산학연협력기술개발사업 (No. C ) 의연구수행으로인한결과물임을밝힙니다. References 1. H. Tanaka and K. S. Kim, Introduc tion of Reliability Test Technology for Electronics Package, J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc., 19(1), 1 (2012). 2. J. W. Kim, Y. C. Lee, B. I. Noh, J. W. Yoon and S. B. Jung, Recent Advances in Conductive Adhesives for Electronic Packaging Technology, J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc., 16(2), 1 (2009). 3. S. H. Park, T. S. Oh and G. Englemann, Interfacial Reactions of Sn Solder with Variations of Under-Bump-Metallurgy and Reflow Time, J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc., 14(3), 43 (2007). 4. M. J. Yim, J. S. Hwang and K. W. Paik, Anisotropic Conductive Films (ACFs) for ultra-fine pitch chip-on-glass (COG) applications, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 27, 77 (2007). 5. J. W. Kim, D. G. Kim, S. S. Ha, W. C. Moon, C. S. Yoo, J. H. Moon and S. B. Jung, Valuation of Thermo- mechanical Reliability of Flip Chip Solder Joints (I), J. Kor. Inst. Met. & Mater., 44(8), 581 (2006). 6. J. W. Kim, D. G. Kim and S. B. Jun g, Valuation of Thermo mechanical Reliability of Flip Chip Solder Joints (II), J. Kor. Inst. Met. & Mater., 44(8), 587 (2006). 7. P. Sigmund, A mechanism of surface micro-roughening by ion bombarment, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 8, 1545 (1973). 8. A. K. Vijh, The influence of metal-metal bond energies on the adhesion, hardness, friction and wear of metals, J. Mater. Sci., 10, 998 (1975). 9. A. F. J. Baggerman and F. J. H. Kessels, Hardness reduction of Au bumps for tab interconnections, Electronic Manufacturing Technology Symposium, Technology Symposium, th International. IEEE, 229 (1992). 마이크로전자및패키징학회지제 22 권제 3 호 (2015)

5 Al 및 SiN 박막위에형성된 TiW Under Bump Metallurgy 의스퍼터링조건에따른 Au Bump 의접착력특성 Y. H. Chen, K. W. Lee, W. A. Chiou and Y. W. Chung, Synthesis and structure of smooth, superhard TiN/SiNX multilayer coatings with an equiaxed microstructure, Surf. Coat. Technol., 146, 209 (2001). 11. N. Nagai, T. Imai, K. Terada, H. Seki, H. Okumura, H. Fujino, T. Yamamoto, I. Nishiyama and A. Hatta, Depth profile analysis of ion-implanted photoresist by infrared spectroscopy, Surf. Interface Anal., 34, 545 (2002). 12. F. Saito, I. Nichiyama and T. Hyodo, An improved method for the measurement of adhesion energy by using a nano-cutting machine, Surf. Coat. Technol., 205, 419 (2010). J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc. Vol. 22, No. 3 (2015)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

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