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1 Korean Journal of HBP Surgery 증 례 Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2010 신장경을이용한간내담석제거술 : 세계첫증례보고 Surgical Removal of Intrahepatic Bile Duct Stones Using a Rigid Nephroscope: A First Case Report Hepatolithiasis is characterized by its frequent recurrence, and its requirement for multiple interventions which can be performed radiologically, endoscopically or surgically. Although hepatic resection - concomitant removal of hepatic stones and its provocative pathology as well - has remained the definitive treatment of hepatolithiasis, the burden of the surgery limits its widespread application. In a certain proportion of patients, those for whom hepatic resection and endoscopic/ percutaneous approaches are not indicated, surgical removal of intrahepatic stones can be attempted. In those circumstances, hepatic stones located outside the direct visual field can make the stone-extracting procedure cumbersome. We experienced an operation of a 66-year-old patient who had already received left lateral sectionectomy, cholecystectomy and choledochojejunostomy. His condition was due to impacted, recurrent stones packed between the hepatic hilum and the second confluence of the hepatic duct. Instead of revising the prior choledochojejunostomy site, after entering the jejunum 4 cm below the choledochojejunostomy site, we inserted a rigid nephroscope into the hepatic duct. Under the magnified view presented by a telescope inside the nephroscope, stone extracting was easily done using forceps inserted into the nephroscope. We think a nephroscope is useful in extracting intrahepatic stones, especially for large impacted stones located below the second confluence of the hepatic duct. 김세준, 김두배 1 가톨릭대학교의과대학대전성모병원외과학교실, 1 비뇨기과학교실 Say June Kim, M.D., Doo Bae Kim, M.D. 1 Departments of Surgery and 1 Urology, Deajeon St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine 책임저자 김세준대전시중구대흥동 가톨릭대학교의과대학대전성모병원외과우편번호 Tel: Fax: sejoonkim@hanmail.net Key Words : Hepatolithiasis, Endoscope 중심단어 : 간내담석증, 내시경 Received: Accepted: 서론 정상성인의경우하루 1,500 ml 가량의담즙이간에서배출되어담관을따라서담낭에일시저장되었다가십이지장으로배출되므로, 이렇게담즙이지나가는간담도계의모든부위에결석이발생할수있다. 간내담석증은담도담석증과같은범주의질환이지만독특한특징을지니는데, 첫째는수술적접근이어려운부위이며, 둘째는높은재발률을지닌다는점이다. 간내담석증의치료는발생위험인자인간내담관의협착과확장등의기저병변을함께치료해야하므로수술적절 제술이가장좋은치료법이다. 1-3 하지만간내담석증이간의양쪽엽에모두존재할경우치료에어려움이있다. Tsunoda 등 4 은이경우간부분절제술과광범위한간관공장문합술을권고하였다. 하지만수술고위험환자에게간절제술은큰부담일수있다. 이경우비수술적방법인경피경간담도경 (PTCS) 을이용한담석제거술을고려할수있는데, PTCS는시술후재발률이높고, 간관협착이심할경우접근이어려우며, 치밀한결석 (impacted stone) 의경우제거가어려울수있다. 5,6 본증례는과거에간절제술 ( 좌외구역절제술 ) 및총담관공장문합술을시행한환자에서재발성간내담석이간의양엽에발생한예이다. 이경우 PTCS의적응이될수있겠지만, 재발 63

2 한국간담췌외과학회지 : 제 14 권 1 호 2010 한간내담석의양이너무많고간관협착도우려되어수술적치료를결정하였다. 이경우간절제술을이미시행하였기때문에더이상의간절제술은고려되지않았고, 과거에총담관공장문합술을시행했던부분을분리하여이부분을통한간내담석의제거를고려하였으나재수술을하는환자에서다시총담관문합교정술을시행하는것은수술적부담이크다고생각하여저자들은신장경 (rigid nephroscope) 을이용한간내담석의제거를시도하였다. 신장경은비뇨기과에서경피적콩팥절개돌제거술 (nephrolithotomy) 때이용하는기구로곧은원주형의조작집 (operating sheath) 안으로망원경 (telescope) 과광섬유광선입력 (fiberoptic light input) 이합쳐진막대모양의관을삽입하여조작한다. 이막대모양의뒤쪽끝에는한개의통로가있어, 이곳으로 stone gasping forcep ( 이하 grasper) 등을넣어서결석제거에이용할수있다 (Fig. 1). Grasper는길이가다양하며, 그끝에 2가닥 (two prong) 및 3가닥의접지부가있어결석제거에용이하다. 2009년 Sarkar 등 7 은 18명의환자들에게서신장경을이용한복강경총담관결석제거술을시행해서 16명에서의성공적인제거를보고하였지만, 아직까지저자들이알고있기로신장경을이용한간내담석의치료에대한보고는없다. 이에저자들은신장경을통한성공적인간내담석제거의증례를보고하는바이다. Fig. 1. Rigid nephroscope and related instruments. A rigid nephroscope (A) is used combined in an operating sheath (B) and has a channel on its backside where accommodates instruments such as a suction tip, a two-prong and a three-prong stone grasping forceps (C). 증례 66세남자환자가내원 2개월전부터간헐적으로반복되는복통을주소로내원하였다. 발열, 체중감소, 황달등의소견은보이지않았다. 환자는내원 17년전담석증및총담관담석증으로담낭절제및총담관담석제거술을받았으며, 그후 1년뒤재발성총담관결석증으로좌외구역절제술및총담관공장문합술을받았던과거력이있었다. 이학적검사에서황달성공막소견은보이지않았고, 상복부에서가벼운압통이있었고, 전수술로인한우측시상절개선 (right paramedian incision) 이관찰되었다. 검사실소견에선전체혈구검사상총백혈구수 3,500/mm 3, 혈색소 / 적혈구용적율 12.6 g/dl/37.6%, 혈소판치 188,000/mm 3, 프로트롬빈시간 10초 (INR 0.87) 이었고, 생화학적검사에서는 AST/ALT/Alkaline phosphatase가 78/131/540 IU/L, 총빌리루빈 / 직접빌리루빈이 0.6/0.1 mg/dl, 알부민 4.4 g/dl 및 CA19-9는 8 U/mL였다. 술전시행한복부 CT소견에서전에시행했던좌외구역절제술이후비대해진간우엽및꼬리엽 (caudate lobe) 소견이있었으며, 간우엽의전구역관 (anterior sectional IHD) 과후구역관 (posterior sectional IHD) 이합류되는구역에서간문부까지개수도많고크기도다양한간내담석과함께간내담관의확대및협착이관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 신장경 (rigid nephroscope 27093A, Karl Storz, Germany) 을이용한간석제거를계획하고수술을시작했다. 전에수술했던우측시상절개선을통해개복한후유착박리하여총담관공장문합부위 (choledochojejunostomy site) 를찾아냈다. 총담관공장문합부위에서 4 cm가량아래쪽의공장전벽을정면에서 4 cm가량수직으로절개하여이부위를통해신장경을 26 Fr 조작집 (operating sheath 27093B, Storz, Gemany) 내에삽입하여총담관공장문합부위를지나간내담관내로위치시켰다 (Fig. 3). 신장경내의망원경과연결된모니터를통해간내담관내를직접관찰하며, 신장경내의통로에 grasper (2 prong, 3 prong) 등을삽입하여간내담석을제거하였다. 신장경을통해간내담석이모두제거되었다고생각되었을때간내담관을세척한후술중담관조영술을시행하여남아있는담석이있는지확인한뒤 T관을삽입하고수술을끝냈다 (Fig. 4). 환자는수술후 3일째경구식이를시작했으며수술후 15일째별문제없이퇴원하였다. 현재환자는수술후 3개월째이 64

3 김세준, 김두배 : 신장경을이용한간내담석제거술 : 세계첫증례보고 Fig. 2. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging of the patient. Abdominal CT revealed intrahepatic duct stones extending from the hilum to the second confluence of both hepatic ducts with strictures and dilatations of the hepatic duct. From the hilum to the second confluence of both hepatic ducts (A D). 며, 더이상복통은호소하지않으며재발이없는상태로외래를통해추적조사중이다. 고찰 간내담석증은쓸개및담관에결석을동반여부와관계없이좌우간관이만나는지점의위쪽에서 (periphery) 발생하는결석으로정의된다. 8 동아시아에호발하기때문에동양인간담도염 (oriental cholangiohepatitis) 이라고도불리운다. 간내담석증을생각할때에는재발로인한반복된치료가연상될정 도로치료의어려움와흔한재발이특징적이다. 한번의수술로완치되는담석증과대조가되는면이다. 간내담석증의재발은담관염및만성패혈증과도연관이되며, 궁극적으로간내담관암에이르게될수있다. 9 간내담석증의치료가중요한이유가여기에있다. 간내담석증을유발하는담석은담석증의갈색색소성담석 (brown pigmented stone) 과유사하다고생각하면된다. 다만간외담석을구성하는색소성결석보다는콜레스테롤함량이다소높은편이다. 물론순수한콜레스테롤결석이간내담석증을이루는경우도 % 존재한다. 10 이와같이빌리루빈칼슘결정 (calcium bilirubinate 65

4 한국간담췌외과학회지 : 제 14 권 1 호 2010 crystal) 이침착하여간내담석증 ( 특히색소성결석 ) 을형성하는데, 여기에결정적인역할을하는것은간내담관협착및 β-glucuronidase를생성하는세균에의한감염으로생각된다. 11 간내담석증은간의좌엽에호발하는데이는좌간관이총담관과좀더예각으로만나므로담관협착발생시담즙정체로이어질가능성이높기때문인것으로생각된다. 9 간내담석 Fig. 3. Operative illustration of the procedure using a rigid nephroscope. Note that a grasper was inserted into the nephroscope through a backside channel. Small illustration shows the entering site of the nephroscope. 증환자는첫증상이보통 50 60대에나타난다. 한가지흥미로운점은간내담석증만지닌환자는 40 50대에호발하는반면, 간내담석증과간외담석이함께발견되는환자는보통 60 70대에많이발견된다. 남녀성비는 1:1.2 가량으로여성에서약간더많이발생한다. 8 간내담석증의치료는크게비수술적치료와수술적치료로나눌수있다. 이를또다시세분하면비수술적치료는경피경간적접근법 (percutaneous transhepatic approach) 과내시경적접근법으로나눌수있으며, 수술적치료는간절제를동반하는치료와그렇지않은치료로구분할수있다. 먼저경피경간적접근법을알아보면, 덜침습적이라는장점과내시경적접근에비교했을때접근성이좋다는장점을함께지니고있다. 5,6 ( 여기서는수술후 T관을통한시술법도여기에포함시켜설명하겠음 ) 방법은경피경간으로담도경을넣어각종시술을통해결석을제거하는것으로 Dormia basket 및 holmium:yag 레이저등도이용될수있다. 12,13 담석의제거뿐만아니라협착된간관을확장시킬수도있다는장점이있으며, 간우엽및간양엽의결석및재발성결석의치료에유용하다. 하지만간내담석증환자의 40% 는간관협착이동반되어있어시술에어려움이있다. 또한 Huang 등 14 의보고에따르면성공적인시술후에도향후간내담석증의재발가능성이 Fig. 4. View through the nephroscope (A), extracted stones (B) and intraoperative cholangiography after extracting stones (C). 66

5 김세준, 김두배 : 신장경을이용한간내담석제거술 : 세계첫증례보고 63% 에이른다. 따라서경피경간적접근법은담관협착이없는간양엽의간내담석증의치료및수술이위험한환자들에게적합하다고하겠다. 내시경적접근을통한간내담석의제거도보고되었는데경피경간적접근법보다접근도가떨어지며, 담관협착, 담관들간의이루는각 (angulation) 등이심각한상황에서는제한되므로널리사용되지는못하였다. 15,16 간내담석증이간의한쪽엽에국한되어있을때가장좋은치료는간절제술이다. 간위축이있거나간관협착이있어비수술적인치료가어려운경우도좋은수술적응증이다. 10 이는간내담석와함께담관협착등간내담석의재발위험요인을함께제거할수있기때문이다. Jan 등 3 은간내담석증으로치료받은 427명의환자를간절제술군, 절제이외의수술군및경피경간적치료를받은군으로나누었을때, 간절제군에서가장낮은재발률 (9.5%), 사망률 (2.5%) 및 2차적인담관성간경화증 (2.1%) 이발생했다고보고했다. 또한 Uenishi 등 2 은간석증으로간절제술을시행받은 87명의환자를평균 6년간추적한결과역시낮은재발률 (5.0%) 및높은 10년예상생존율 (80.3%) 을보고했다. Tsunoda 등 4 은간내담석증의위치와간내담관의협착및국소화된확장정도에따라간관의확장및협착이없을때 (I형), 간관에서협착없는비만성확장만있을때 (II형), 간관의협착및확장이한쪽간엽 (III형) 혹은양쪽간엽 (IV형) 에있을경우의 4가지유형으로구분하고각각다른치료방법을제시했다. 즉, I형과 II형은총담관제석술 (choledocholithotomy) 과총담관공장문합술이적절한치료이며, III형에선간절제술, 그리고 IV형은간부분절제술과간관공장문합술을권장하였다. 단, 간절제술후향후발생할수있는간석을잘배출시킬목적으로시행하는담관공장연결술및조임근성형술 (sphincteroplasty) 은간내담관에협착이잔존할경우시행하지않는것이권장되는데이는장관으로부터의상행감염이우려되기때문이다. 8 본환자는총담관결석증으로이미간절제술및총담관공장문합술을시행받았으므로치료로써선택할수있는범위가한정되었다. 비수술적치료로는경피경간적접근법을고려할수있겠으나, 간관협착이우려되고 CT촬영에서치밀성간석이의심되어수술을통한간내담석의제거를결정하였다. 이경우총담관공장문합부의교정을통한간내담석의제거가고려될수있겠으나, 저자들은일정길이의신장경을총담관공장문합부 4 cm 아래쪽으로삽입하여총담관공장문합부를분리하지않고도신장경내망원경을통해확대된시야하에서수 술을진행할수있었다. 신장경을이용한수술을담도경 (choledochoscope) 과비교하면그가장큰차이가내시경의유연성 (flexibility) 에있다. 유연성이좋은담도경은간관내의세밀한부분까지접근할수있는장점이있는반면조작에어려움이있다. 한편신장경은유연성이없이딱딱하므로 (rigid) 복강경수술과같이조작이용이하여치밀한간석도손쉽게제거할수있다. 또한넓은조작집 (operating sheath) 직경은다양한길이의다양한기능을지닌 grasper 사용을가능하게하므로크고치밀한 (impacted) 결석도제거가능하다. 하지만신장경이도달하지못하는사각지역이발생할수있다. 따라서어느영역까지의간담도계결석이신장경의적응증이되는지가중요한관건이된다. Sarkar 7 의보고와같이총담관담석증은신장경의좋은적응증이라고생각한다. Sarkar 등 7 은신장경장축을총담관의방향과평행하게위치시키고신장경손잡이를복벽에가까이함으로써총담관을들어올려서팽대부까지관찰할수있었다고기술했다. 저자들은방향을반대로하고같은방식으로신장경을조작했을때간관의 2차합류부까지볼수있었다. 따라서신장경을이용한간담도계담석의제거를고려할수있는담석의범위는원위총담관부터간문부를지나간관의 2차합류부까지의결석으로생각된다. 또한신장경의이용은간절제가금기이거나위험한환자에서 PTCS를통한간석제거가용이하지않을때, 고려할수있을것이다. 정확한신장경을이용한간내담석의제거의적응증을알기위해좀더광범위한연구와장기성적분석이뒷받침되어야할것이다. 참고문헌 1. Al-Sukhni W, Gallinger S, Pratzer A, et al. Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis with hepatolithiasis--the role of surgical therapy in North America. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12: Uenishi T, Hamba H, Takemura S, et al. Outcomes of hepatic resection for hepatolithiasis. Am J Surg 2009;198: Jan YY, Chen MF, Wang CS, Jeng LB, Hwang TL, Chen SC. Surgical treatment of hepatolithiasis: long-term results. Surgery 1996;120: Tsunoda T, Tsuchiya R, Harada N, et al. Long-term results of surgical treatment for intrahepatic stones. Jpn J Surg 1985;15: Neuhaus H. Intrahepatic stones: the percutaneous approach. Can J Gastroenterol 1999;13:

6 한국간담췌외과학회지 : 제 14 권 1 호 Cheung MT, Wai SH, Kwok PC. Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopic removal of intrahepatic stones. Br J Surg 2003;90: Sarkar S, Sadhu S, Jahangir T, Pandit K, Dubey S, Roy MK. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration using a rigid nephroscope. Br J Surg 2009;96: Mori T, Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Gallstone disease: management of intrahepatic stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006;20: Tazuma S. Gallstone disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common bile duct and intrahepatic). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006;20: Sakpal SV, Babel N, Chamberlain RS. Surgical management of hepatolithiasis. HPB (Oxford) 2009;11: Pockros PJ. Natural progression of untreated hepatolithiasis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;33: Hazey JW, McCreary M, Guy G, Melvin WS. Efficacy of percutaneous treatment of biliary tract calculi using the holmium: YAG laser. Surg Endosc 2007;21: Shamamian P, Grasso M. Management of complex biliary tract calculi with a holmium laser. J Gastrointest Surg 2004;8: Huang MH, Chen CH, Yang JC, et al. Long-term outcome of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotomy for hepatolithiasis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98: Lam SK, Wong KP, Chan PK, Ngan H, Ong GB. Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: a study by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Gastroenterology 1978;74: Choi TK, Wong J, Ong GB. The surgical management of primary intrahepatic stones. Br J Surg 1982;69:

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