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1 SYMPOSIUM I THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PANCREAS AND BILIARY TRACT 담관내유두상 ( 점액성 ) 종양 : 임상및내시경소견 이상수ㆍ장지웅 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원소화기내과학교실 Intraductal Papillary (Mucinous) Neoplasm of the Bile Ducts: Clinical and Endoscopic Findings Sang Soo Lee, M.D., Ji Woong Jang, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Biliary intraductal papillary neoplasm (Biliary IPN) is a rare disease that is characterized by multiple numerous papillary adenoma/carcinoma in the biliary tree. The clinical features and endoscopic findings, however, are not well known. The common manifestations at the presentation of patients were repeated episode of abdominal pain, jaundice, and acute cholangitis. Acute cholangitis was more common in patients with mucin-hypersecreting biliary IPN (biliary IPMN), whereas patient with nonmucin-producing biliary IPN were more asymptomatic. The cholangioscopic findings sludge material intermingled with pus frequently covered the papillary masses and multiple papillary masses were observed within the bile duct lumen. The masses were soft and friable and the surface color usually bright yellow or pinkish. Some tissue specimens showed normal mucosa intervening between papillary lesions. In mucin-hypersecreting biliary IPN, Intraductal amorphous mucin was also noted in the bile duct lumen. This disease should be regarded as a premalignant disease with high malignant potential. Although clinical presentations were somewhat different for patients with mucin hypersecreting biliary IPN and nonmucin-producing biliary IPN, the long-term survival rate was similar. 서론 담도암의전암병변중하나인담관내유두모양종양 (Intraductal papillary neoplasm of bile duct; Biliary IPN) 은미세한 섬유혈관중심 (fibrovascular core) 을가지고때로는점액의과다분비와관련된종양성담도상피의두드러진관내유두상증식을특징으로한다. 1-3 이는상당히드문질환으로과거에는담도내선종 (biliary papilloma) 이다발성으로존재한다고하여담도유두종증 (biliary papillomatosis) 로지칭되기도하였으며, 또한병리적으로양성질환으로분류되기도하였다. 4 담도암의또다른전암성병변인담도상피내종양 (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia) 이오직현미경적으로확인될수있는반면 Biliary IPN은유두상상피증식과육안적종괴를형성하므로담관폐쇄와확장을일으킬수있으며병리학적으로유두상선암이대부분을차지한다. Biliary IPN의일부에서는과량의점액을분비하여심한담관확장을일으키는데, 이러한종양을담관내점액과분비성종양 (Intraductal mucin hypersecreting tumor), 점액형성담관암 (Mucin-producing cholangiocarcinoma), 점액과분비성상피암 (mucin hypersecreting carcinoma), 담관확장형점액성낭종성선암 (ductectatic Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma), 점액성담관확장증 (mucinous ductal ectasia of the biliary tree) 등다양한용어로지칭되어왔다. 5 현재는담관내유두상점액성종양 (Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile ducts; Biliary IPMN) 이라는용어가가장흔하게사용되고있으며, biliary IPN의아형 (subgroup) 으로생각된다. 4,5 Biliary IPMN 을포함한 biliary IPN은주로한국, 일본, 대만에서비교적많이보고되고있다. 본고에서는 biliary IPN의임상및내시경소견의특징에대해기술하고자한다. 병리및발생기전 Biliary IPN 의임상및내시경소견을이해하기위해서는먼 323

2 이상수ㆍ장지웅 324 저병리학적소견및발생기전에대한이해가필요하다. Biliary IPN 은원주형상피세포로구성된유두상종양들이늘어난담도를부분적으로또는전체적으로가득채우는것이특징이다. 이유두상병변은섬유혈관성중심 (fibrovascular core) 을포함하고있다. 종양의세포는키가크고핵이세포의바닥에위치한다. 이질환은악성변화를일으킬잠재력이높은편이며, 매우서서히증식하고담도점막을따라퍼져나가는경향이있다. 병의후기에는담도벽을뚫고간실질을침범한다. 대개선종, 이형성, 선암까지다양한병기의종양이한병변에존재하며, 악성화의진행은대장암의선종 - 선암의단계이론 (adenoma-carcinoma sequence) 과유사하다고할수있다. 4-9 즉담석이나간흡충에의해담즙의정체, 담즙과점액성분의변화, 세균감염등의원인으로결석형성및만성담도염이발생하고, 이러한담관의장기간에걸친염증때문에상피세포의과형성과담도주변점액선의증식이일어난다. 10 이과정에서점막상피는탈락과치유를반복하면서유두상병변을만들게된다. 종양은매우무르고, 허물이벗겨지듯떨어져나와담석처럼간헐적으로담도를막아담도성동통이나담관염을유발할수있다. 점액분비의병태생리 Biliary IPN 은다양한점액을생성한다. 대부분의경우종양세포내에남아있으나, 일부에서는점액이과분비되어담도내로점액이나오게된다. 5,11,12 과분비된점액은담도내에서담즙의흐름을방해하고이로인해폐쇄성황달, 담관염, 담도확장을초래한다. 내시경상에췌장의 IPMN 과유사하게열린유두부를통해점액이관찰되며, 췌장의 IPMN 과마찬가지로매우진단적인소견이라고할수있다. 6,13-15 점액이총담관으로흘러나와담즙의흐름을방해하면, 종양의근위부뿐아니라원위부의담도가모두확장될수있다. 또한종양의위치에따라일부간내담도만확장될수도있고전체담도가확장될수도있다. 종양을포함하고있는간내담도는다른담도에비해확장의정도가심한경우가많다. 어떤경우는주머니모양의확장 (saccular dilatation) 을보이는경우도있어담도의낭성종또는낭성암 (biliary cystadenoma/carcinoma) 와감별이어려운경우도있다. 또한담즙의흐름을방해하기때문에폐쇄상방에담석이발생할수있다. 13 역학및위험인자 일반적으로 biliary IPN 은 60 대남성에서주로발생하는것으로알려져있으며이는일반적인담도암과차이가없다. 주로한국을비롯한일본, 대만에서주로호발하는것으로알려져있다. 위험인자에대한연구에서 Nakanuma 등 10 은담관내유두상 종양은간내담석증과원발성경화성담관염, 그리고간의기생충증등의담관의만성염증성질환에서더욱빈번하게발생한다고하였고, Chen 등 2 은만성증식성담관염과말초담관폐색이간내담석증을동반한담관내유두상종양에서더욱빈번하게관찰되므로장기간의만성염증이담관내유두상종양의발생과연관될수있다고하였다. 또한, Yeh 등 16 은담관내유두상점액종양의 % 에서간내담석증이동반된다고하였고, Zen 등 1 은간내담석증환자의면역조직화학검사에서간내담석증의 23% 에서담관내유두상종양이관찰되었다고하였다. 본교실에서진단된 104 명의 biliary IPN 환자들에서분석한연관질환은담석증이 27 명 (26%) 에서가장흔하게관찰되었고, 간흡충증이 15 예 (14%), 담석증과간흡충증이동시에있었던경우가 1 예있었으며, 연관질환이없었던경우는 62 예 (60%) 로비록간내담석과간흡충증이 biliary IPN 의위험인자이지만원인을알수없었던경우도반수이상이었다. 임상양상 Biliary IPN 은드문질환으로많은환자를대상으로한임상양상에대해정리한문헌은흔하지않다. 본교실에서는과거이등 4 이 58 예를대상으로임상양상을정리한바있는데, 이후현재까지추가로진단된예를포함하여총 104 예를대상으로본교실의경험을통해알아보았다. 가장흔한임상증상은반복적인복통, 반복적인담관염, 그리고황달이다. 반복적인담관염인경우에는전형적인담도암에서는흔하지않은증상이지만본교실에서 104 명의환자를대상으로분석한결과에서는반복적인담관염으로내원했던예는 22 예 (22%) 로복통다음으로흔한증상이었다. 이러한증상이발생하는이유는아마도담도유두종이담도점막에서떨어져나가 (tumor emboli), 담석과같이급성으로담도폐쇄를유발하거나, 점액을과분비하는 Biliary IPMN 인경우점도가진한점액에의해담도폐쇄가발생되기때문으로생각한다. 그러므로 Biliary IPN 의경우증상발현은주로급성담도의폐쇄의여부에따라발생하는것으로생각되며, 이로인해점액을과분비하는 biliary IPMN 과과분비하지않는 biliary IPN 의경우임상양상의차이가발생할수있다. Table 1 은서울아산병원소화기내과에서진단되었던환자들의임상양상을점액과분비여부에따라비교한것으로점액을과분비하지않는 biliary IPN 의경우에는담관염은 biliary IPMN 에비해상대적으로담관염의발현이적었으나, 반면에증상이없었던경우는점액을과분비하지않은 biliary IPN 에서빈도가높았다.

3 담관내유두상 ( 점액성 ) 종양 : 임상및내시경소견 325 Table 1. Clinical manifestations of biliary IP(M)N (Asan Medical Center experience) Nonmucin producing Biliary IPMN Total Biliary IPN (n=72) (n=32) (n=104) Gender (M:F) 56:16 17:15 73:31 Symptoms Abdominal pain 27 (37.5%) 14 (43.8%) 41 (39.4%) Jaundice 12 (16.7%) 6 (18.8%) 18 (17.3%) Cholangitis 12 (16.7%) 10 (31.3%) 22 (22%) Weight loss 2 (2.7%) 0 2 (1.9%) No Symptom 19 (26.4%) 2 (6.3%) 21 (20.2%) Associated disease Biliary stone 17 (23.6%) 10 (31.3%) 27 (26.0%) Clonorchiasis 14 (19.4%) 1 (3.2%) 15 (14.4%) Biliary Stone and clonorchiasis 1 (1.4%) 0 1 (1%) No associated diasease 42 (58.3%) 21 (65.6%) 63 (60.5%) 담도조영술및담도경소견 전술한임상증상및우연히영상검사에서담도의국소적확장소견으로내원하게되면 CT나 MRCP 를시행하게되며대부분의환자에서는 biliary IPN이진단이가능하나, 경우에따라서는담석증과구분이어려운경우가있다. 이경우 ERCP 를하게되는데, 점액이과분비되는경우는췌장의 IPMN에서처럼유두부가열려있고, 흘러나오는점액을관찰할수있다. 하지만췌장의 IPMN 중분지형인경우유두부에서점액이관찰되지않는것처럼 biliary IPMN도간내담도에국소적으로존재하는경우에는점액이총담관으로흘러내려오지않으면관찰되지않는경우도있다. 담도조영술상에는유두종에의한원형또는타원형의음영결손및이로인한담도벽의불규칙한음영결손이관찰되나, biliary IPMN의경우유두종은점액에의해가려져서, 유두종에의한불규칙한담도벽의음영결손이관찰되지않는경우가많으며, 이로인해담도조영술만으로는종양의진행정도를정확히평가하기어렵다. 4,7,14,15,17-19 그러므로 biliary IPN의진단및진행정도 ( 종적침윤 ) 를평가하기위해서는담도경을시행해야한다. 담도경은 Biliary IPN의진단및종적침윤의평가에가장정확한검사법으로다발성의수많은유두종들이담도내부에관찰할수있다. 4,9,18 종양들은매우무르고, 표면의색조는연분홍색이며, 생리식염수나조영제로씻어낼때는마치산호가떠다니는듯하다. 담도경상유두돌기의높이가높은경우에는악성화의빈도가높다. 반면에유두종의형태가미세한융모상 (villous) 또는산호초모양의돌기 (coral reef projection) 나물고기의알 (fish egg) 과같은모양인경우선종의가능성이높다. 4 Biliary IPMN의경우에는관내점 액의일부는담도경의끝에서발산되는빛을흡수하여어두운시야를초래할수있다. 이러한경우미세한종양을탐지하거나종양의범위를판단하는데있어주의를기울여야한다. 담도경상점액은대게하얗거나담즙 (bile tinged) 색조를띄며, 담관염이동반된경우에는농 (pus) 과오니들이점액과섞여관찰되는경우가많다. 점액들이유두종을덮고있어생리식염수나조영제로점액을잘씻어야담도벽에서내강으로돌출되어있는유두종들이관찰된다. 점액의점도는매우다양하다. 점액이진한경우에는담도조영술상원형의충만결손으로관찰되는반면점액의점도가묽은경우에는실같은충만결손소견을보인다. Biliary IPN 은주병변의위치는주로간외담도에위치한다. 하지만유두종이정상점막을두고간내담도로진행할수있기때문에특히근치적절제술을시행하기전에간외담도뿐아니라간내담도의각분지포함한전체담도를충분히관찰하여진행정도를평가하는것이중요하다. 김등 15 은총 9 명의 biliary IPN 환자들에서담도경을시행하였을때, 1 명을제외한 8 명의환자에서간외담도뿐아니라간내담도에서도유두종을관찰할수있었으며, 일부에서는담낭에서도유두종이존재하였다고보고하였다. 또한총 58 명의 Biliary IPN 환자를대상으로한이등 4 의보고에서는모든환자에서간내담도의침범을관찰하였다. Biliary IPN 의진단및병기결정을위해담도경검사를시행할때는경피경간담도경 (PTCS) 이경구담도경 (POC) 에비해유리하다고생각한다. 그이유는 POC 의경우에는각각의담도를완벽히관찰하기에는자내시경 (baby scope) 의조작이어렵기때문이다.

4 이상수ㆍ장지웅 326 치료와예후 종양의위치가술전영상의학검사에서국소화되는경우절제가최선의치료법이다. 그러나, 환자가수술을견디기힘든상태거나수술을거부하는경우국소제거 (local ablation) 나담즙배액을위한고식적인방법으로의배액관삽입등이고려될수있다. 20 또한, 미만성 (diffuse) 의 Biliary IPN의경우는간이식이최선의치료이다. 병변의다발성 (multicentricity) 과미만성패턴은원발병소의외과적인절제술이후높은재발률의원인이되므로간의양엽에서발생한혹은재발성병변의경우전체간절제술혹은간이식을궁극적인치료로선택하는것이좋다. 21,22 과거 Biliary IPN은저악성도를가진질환으로고려되었다. 그러나, 영문문헌의고찰에의하면대략 41% 의높은악성발생률을보여준다. 23 이등 4 은 biliary IPN으로진단된 58명의환자중 83% 에서담도경혹은수술로선종에서얻어진조직에서공존하는암이발견되었다고보고하였다. 일반적으로 Biliary IPN 은종양의성장이느리고림프절전이가상대적으로드물어다른담관암에비해절제율이높고근치적절제시예후가좋은종양으로알려져있다. 이등 4 의연구에서근치적절제술을받은환자의경우 5년생존률은 80% 정도로매우양호하였다. 특히근치적절제가안되어담도배액만시행한경우에도평균생존기간이 36개월로다른일반적인담도암에비해생존기간이매우길었다. 이는다른담도암들과는달리종양이매우서서히자라고덜침습적이기때문이라고생각한다. 결론 Biliary IPN 은비교적드문질환으로무증상으로우연히영상검사에서담도확장소견만이있거나, 담석증과유사한증상으로발견되는경우가많다. 일반적인영상검사에서종양자체를관찰하는경우는반수미만이며, 점액을과분비하는경우점액자체를진단하기는어려우며, 종양이침범된담도의심한국소적확장또는전체감내외담도의심한확장등간접적소견을통해의심할수있다. Biliary IPN 의진단및진행정도를파악하는데는경피경간담도경이가장유용하며, 근치적절제를고려하는경우에는수술전에반드시경피경간담도경을시행하여종양의침범정도를확인해야한다고생각한다. 참고문헌 1. Zen Y, Sasaki M, Fujii T, et al: Different expression patterns of mucin core proteins and cytokeratins during intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis from biliary intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct--an immunohistochemical study of 110 cases of hepatolithiasis. J Hepatol 2006; 44: Chen TC, Nakanuma Y, Zen Y, et al: Intraductal papillary neoplasia of the liver associated with hepatolithiasis. Hepatology 2001; 34: Shimonishi T, Zen Y, Chen TC, et al: Increasing expression of gastrointestinal phenotypes and p53 along with histologic progression of intraductal papillary neoplasia of the liver. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: Lee SS, Kim MH, Lee SK, et al: Clinicopathologic review of 58 patients with biliary papillomatosis. Cancer 2004; 100: Zen Y, Fujii T, Itatsu K, et al: Biliary papillary tumors share pathological features with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Hepatology 2006; 44: Joo YH, Kim MH, Lee SK, et al: A case of mucin-hypersecreting intrahepatic bile duct tumor associated with pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous tumor. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52: Kim HJ: Biliary papillomatosis. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005; 46: Koo HL, Yu ES: Biliary papillomatosis. Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi 2002; 8: Seo DW, Lee SK, Kim MH: Biliary papillomatosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51: Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Ishikawa A, et al: Biliary papillary neoplasm of the liver. Histol Histopathol 2002; 17: Uchiyama S, Chijiiwa K, Hiyoshi M, et al: Mucin-producing bile duct tumor of the caudate lobe protruding into the common hepatic duct. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: Zalinski S, Paradis V, Valla D, et al: Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of both biliary and pancreatic ducts. J Hepatol 2007; 46: Lim JH, Yoon KH, Kim SH, et al: Intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the bile ducts. Radiographics 2004; 24: 53-66; discussion Kim HJ, Kim MH, Lee SK, et al: Mucin-hypersecreting bile duct tumor characterized by a striking homology with an intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas. Endoscopy 2000; 32: Kim YS, Myung SJ, Kim SY, et al: Biliary papillomatosis: clinical, cholangiographic and cholangioscopic findings. Endoscopy 1998; 30: Yeh TS, Tseng JH, Chiu CT, et al: Cholangiographic spectrum of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile ducts. Ann Surg 2006; 244: Vassiliou I, Kairi-Vassilatou E, Marinis A, et al: Malignant potential of intrahepatic biliary papillomatosis: a case report

5 담관내유두상 ( 점액성 ) 종양 : 임상및내시경소견 327 and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 2006; 4: Kim YS, Myung SJ, Lee SK, et al: Role of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy in biliary papillomatosis: can it change treatment modality? Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47: Lai R, Freeman ML, Mallery S: EUS in multiple biliary papillomatosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: Yeung YP, AhChong K, Chung CK, et al: Biliary papillomatosis: report of seven cases and review of English literature. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003; 10: Dumortier J, Scoazec JY, Valette PJ, et al: Successful liver transplantation for diffuse biliary papillomatosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35: Beavers KL, Fried MW, Johnson MW, et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation for biliary papillomatosis. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: Kang YK, Kim WH, Lee HW, et al: Mutation of p53 and K-ras, and loss of heterozygosity of APC in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Lab Invest 1999; 79:

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