online ML Comm Korean J Schizophr Res Vol , 2013 자아존중감과의심의상관성 : 정상군, 정신증고위험군, 최근발병조현병군 연세대학교의과대학정신과학교실, 1 연세대학교의학행동과학연구소 2 윤희우 1 송윤영 1,2 강지인 1,2

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1 online ML Comm Korean J Schizophr Res Vol , 2013 연세대학교의과대학정신과학교실, 1 연세대학교의학행동과학연구소 2 윤희우 1 송윤영 1,2 강지인 1,2 안석균 1,2 Relations of Self-Esteem with Paranoia in Healthy Controls, Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis and with Recent Onset Schizophrenia Hui-Woo Yoon, MD 1, Yun Young Song, MD 1,2, Jee In Kang, MD, PhD 1,2 and Suk Kyoon An, MD, PhD 1,2 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 2 Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Objectives : Some emotional components, such as self-esteem, depression and anxiety, have been reported to be associated with paranoia in non-clinical population and schizophrenia patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between self-esteem and paranoia in healthy controls, in ultra-high risk for psychosis and schizophrenia patients. Methods : 34 subjects with recent onset schizophrenia, 36 subjects with ultra-high risk for psychosis, and 44 healthy volunteers participated in this study. A detailed assessment was made of the paranoia, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. Results : In all three groups, there were a negative correlation between paranoia and self-esteem, and positive correlations between paranoia and depression and anxiety. In healthy control, lower self-esteem showed a trend to predict higher paranoia, and in ultra-high risk for psychosis, this trend tern on statistically significant level, and in recent onset schizophrenia group, this correlation was disappeared. Conclusion : The individual who have lower self-esteem showed higher paranoia tendency under delusional level, but after formation of persecutory delusion, the tendency was disappeared. This result supports the hypothesis that persecutory delusions are a defense against negative affective process. (Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:86-92) Key Words : Paranoia Self-esteem Depression Anxiety. 서 론 편집증 (paranoia) 은개인이어떤누군가 (persecutor) 가자 신을해하려고하며, 이러한피해가지금또는앞으로일어 날것이라고믿는것을말한다. 1) 편집증의빈도에대한연구 는체계적으로이루어지지는않았으나, 주요정신질환에서피 해망상 (persecutory delusion) 의빈도는상당히높으며, 일반 인구를대상으로한조사에서도 10% 이상의사람들이피해 사고를경험하는것으로알려져있다. 2) 이렇게일반인구에 Received: July 17, 2013 / Revised: September 11, 2013 Accepted: September 13, 2013 Address for correspondence: Suk Kyoon An, Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 119 Gyeongchung-daero 1926beon-gil, Gwangju , Korea Tel: , Fax: ansk@yuhs.ac 이논문은 2010 년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No ). 서도피해사고가많이관찰된다는점에서편집증이라는말은이전에는피해망상 (persecutory delusion) 을의미하기도하였지만지금은특정한사고방식혹은사고의경향성으로도많이사용된다. 정신증환자가피해망상을형성해가는과정에대한모델에서편집증적믿음이형성되는것에자아존중감 (self-esteem) 과우울, 공적자기의식 (public self-consciousness) 등여러정서적인요소가작용한다고알려졌다. 3) 이에더하여마음이론 (Theory of mind) 의결핍, 비약적결론내리기왜곡 (Jump to conclusion bias), 감정지각의장애, 귀인양식 (attributional style) 의차이등여러인지왜곡과사회인지왜곡이편집증과피해망상에서발견된다는보고도있다. 4) Bentall 등은편집증환자들에게서현재자기에대한믿음과이상적인자기사이의차이로부터부정적인감정이일어나는데, 이러한차이의원인에대하여외부-사람귀인 (externalpersonal attribution) 을함으로써둘사이의차이를줄이고자아존중감을보호하는경향이있을것이라고하였다. 5) 하지만 86 Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:86-92

2 윤희우등 Garety와 Freeman은특히우울증을동반한환자들중피해망상을가진경우낮은자아존중감이많이관찰되며따라서편집증이방어기능을한다는가설과불일치한다고주장하였다. 6) 이러한두가지상반되는결과들을설명하기위하여 Trower 와 Chadwick 은편집증이한가지종류가아니며 불쌍한나편집증 (Poor me paranoia) 과 나쁜나편집증 (Bad me paranoia) 으로구분된다고하였다. 7) 이것은기본적으로타인이자신을해치려고한다고생각하는공통점이있으나불쌍한나편집증은자신이타인의악의에의해부당하게피해를입는다고생각하며 나 는좋고가치있는것으로경험되고, 나쁜나편집증에서는자신에대한타인의악의가정당한처벌로생각이되며 나 는나쁘고가치없는것으로경험된다. 조현병환자를장기추적하면서자아존중감의저하가피해망상과관련되어있다는보고도있으나, 8) 조기정신증환자군에서나쁜나편집증은아주적고, 시간이지나면서낙인과우울에의해자아존중감이낮아지는것이라는반론도제기되었다. 9) 이러한결과들은정신증발병이후에연구된것으로, 피해망상이처음형성되는시기에서편집증과자아존중감, 우울, 불안의관계에대해서는알수없는한계가있다. 이러한한계를극복하기위해정신증의전구기와최근발병조현병환자를대상으로편집증과자아존중감, 우울사이의연관성을조사해볼필요가있다. 최근정신증고위험군 (Ultra-high risk for psychosis) 에대한연구들이지속되어오고있으며, 전구증후군에대한구조화면담 (Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndrome) 등을통해진단을내림으로써 2년이내에정신증발병을 16~35% 정도까지예측을할수있게되었다 ) 이를이용하면정신증전구기에서피해망상을형성하는것과관련된요인에대한관찰이가능할것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는정신증고위험군, 최근발병조현병군과정상대조군에서편집증과자아존중감, 우울, 불안사이의관계를알아보고, 정신증이진행되는과정에서이러한관계들이어떠한차이를보일것인지에대하여알아보고자하였다. 또한자아존중감이우울, 불안과독립적으로편집증의정도에영향을미칠것이라는가설을검증하고자하였다. 방법 대상피험자들은정상군, 정신증고위험군, 최근발병조현병환자로구성되어있다. 44명의정상군은인터넷광고를통해모집되었고 36명의정신증고위험군은세브란스병원의 clinic FORYOU 에서모집되었으며 34명의최근발병조현병군은 세브란스병원과세브란스정신건강병원의외래와입원환자중에모집되었다. 모든피험자들은 DSM-IV 1축장애진단을위한구조화된임상적면담 (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorder : SCID-I) 을통해진단되었으며, 모든군에서현재신경학적질환이나외상성뇌손상이있는경우, 정상군에서현재나과거정신과적질환이있는경우, 정신증고위험군에서현재나과거에주요정신과적질환이있던경우, 최근발병조현병군에서 2회초과의삽화가있는경우는제외하였다. 정신증고위험군은전구증후군에대한구조화면담 (criteria of the prodromal syndromes of SIPS) 로진단되었다. DSM- IV 진단기준상정신증고위험군의진단은중복진단을포함하여정신병적장애 4명, 기분장애중우울장애 7명, 불안장애는사회공포증 4명, 공황장애 1명, 강박장애 1명, 식이장애 2명, 분열형인격장애 3명, 발모광 1명이있었다. 조현병의진단은 SCID-I을이용하였으며, DSM-IV 진단기준을따랐다. 모든군에서동반된물질사용장애는없었다. 본연구는헬싱키선언에따라이루어졌으며연세대학교의과대학세브란스병원임상연구심의위원회의허가아래이루어졌다. 모든피험자들은연구과정에대해설명을듣고동의하였다. 도구편집증척도 (Paranoia scale) 3,13,14) 이척도는일상에서겪는일이나상황에대한반응으로써일어날수있는편집증적사고를측정하기위해개발되었다. 모두 20문항으로이루어져있고각문항을 0점에서 4점사이의라이커트척도를통해총점 0점에서 80점사이로평가하도록되어있으며점수가높을수록편집증적사고경향이있는것을의미한다. 내적일치도는 Chronbach s coefficient α=0.84 로높은편이며검사-재검사신뢰도도안정적이다 (r=0.70). Rosenberg 자아존중감척도 (Rosenberg s self-esteem scale) 15) 이척도는개인의자아존중감을측정하기위해개발되었으며, 긍정적자아존중감 5문항, 부정적자아존중감 5문항등총 10문항으로이루어져있고각문항을 1점에서 4점사이의라이커트척도를통해총점 10점에서 40점사이로평가하도록되어있으며점수가높을수록자아존중감이높은것을의미한다. 내적일치도는 Chronbach s coefficient α=0.77~0.88 로높은편이며검사-재검사신뢰도도안정적이다 (r=0.82~0.85). Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:

3 벡우울척도 (Beck depression inventory : BDI) 16) 이척도는우울증상의유무와심각도를평가하기위해개발된자기보고형척도로우울증의인지적, 정서적, 동기적, 신체적증상영역을포함하는 21문항으로이루어져있고각문항을 0점에서 3점사이의라이커트척도를통해총점 0점에서 63점사이로평가하도록되어있으며점수가높을수록우울증상이심각함을의미한다. 상태불안척도 (State anxiety inventory : SAI) 17) 이척도는불안정도를평가하기위해개발된상태-특성불안척도중상태불안을평가하는 20개의서로다른종류의불안에대한문항으로이루어져있고, 각문항을 1점부터 4점사이의라이커트척도를통해총점 20점에서 80점사이로평가하도록되어있으며점수가높을수록불안증상이심각함을의미한다. 그외측정도구일반적으로정신병적증상의정도를측정하는양성및음성증상척도 (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale : PANSS) 18) 의양성증상척도점수의합과, 그중에서 6번항목인의심 / 피해 (Suspiciousness/persecution) 를이용하였다. 분석편집증척도점수가세군사이에차이가있는지를비교하기위하여일원배치분산분석 (one-way ANOVA) 을시행하였다. 통계적으로유의미한차이를보인편집증척도점수는 다른요인과의상관관계분석을위해사용되었다. 편집증척도점수와 Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수, 벡우울척도점수, 상태불안척도점수, 양성및음성증상척도의양성증상척도점수, 의심 / 피해항목점수와의편상관관계분석 (Pearson correlation) 이시행되었다. 편집증척도점수와연관이있는변수들은모두중다선형회귀분석을시행하여각변수들의독립성과편집증척도에대한기여도를확인하였다. 통계적으로유의미함은 p<0.05 로정의하였고, 경향성은 p<0.1 로정의하였다. 결과 피험자들의인구학적특징과임상적계수피험자들의평균연령과평균교육기간은정상군, 정신증고위험군, 최근발병조현병군사이에차이가없었다. 편집증척도점수는정신증고위험군, 최근발병조현병군, 정상군순으로통계적으로유의하게높게나타났다. Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수는정신증고위험군에서가장낮고다음최근발병조현병군, 정상군순이었으며벡우울척도점수와상태불안척도점수는정신증고위험군에서가장높고다음최근발병조현병군, 정상군순서였다. 양성및음성증상척도중피해 / 의심항목점수의경우최근발병조현병군과정신증고위험군은정상군에비하여유의미하게높았으나정신증고위험군과최근발병조현병군사이에차이는없었다. 양성및음성증상척도의양성증상척도점수의합의경우각군사이에유의미한차이를보였다. 또한정신증고위험군에서 Table 1. Demographic and clinical profiles of normal control, UHR for psychosis, and early schizophrenia patients Normal control (n=44) UHR for psychosis (n=36) Early schizophrenia (n=34) Age (years) 20.7 (1.5) 20.4 (1.4) 20.6 (1.9) Education (years) 13.8 (1.1) 13.3 (1.4) 13.2 (1.5) Sex (F/M) 19/25 (12/24) 15/19 Rosenberg s self-esteem scale abc 31.5 (4.6) 21.5 (5.9) 26.4 (5.6) Beck depression inventory abc 05.2 (4.8) 24.0 (12.5) 15.5 (13.2) Paranoia scale abc 18.7 (8.4) 39 (18.1) 29.4 (16.9) Suspiciousness/persecution item of PANSS ac 01.1 (0.26) 02.9 (1.0) 03.4 (1.3) Positive symptoms (PANSS) abc 07.2 (0.7) 13.9 (3.6) 16.1 (5.2) Negative symptoms (PANSS) ac 07.2 (0.6) 17.6 (5.6) 19.0 (7.3) General psychopathology (PANSS) ac 16.4 (0.8) 33.1 (7.6) 32.2 (8.3) Antipsychotic medications (naïve/medicated) 26/10 1/33 Chlorpromazine equivalent dose (mg/d) b 48.3 (86.8) 459 (327.4) State Anxiety Inventory abc 36.7 (8.6) 59.1 (15.1) 52.0 (14.6) Chlorpromazine equivalent dose was derived from Kroken et al. 25) a : significant difference between normal controls and UHR for psychosis (p<0.05) b : significant difference between UHR for psychosis and early schizophrenia patients (p<0.05) c : significant difference between normal controls and early schizophrenia patients (p<0.05) 88 Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:86-92

4 윤희우등 는약 72% 의환자가항정신병약물치료를받고있지않았으며, 최근발병조현병군은한명을제외한나머지가항정신병약물치료를받고있었고, chlorpromazine 등가용량은정신증고위험군에비하여최근발병조현병군에서유의미하게높았다 ( 표 1). 다른변수와편집증척도점수의상관관계분석 Pearson 상관관계분석을통해편집증척도점수와다른변수들의연관성을확인하였다. 정상군에서는편집증척도점수와 Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수사이에음의상관관계, 벡우울척도점수사이에양의상관관계가있었으며, 정신증고위험군과최근발병조현병군에서는편집증척도점수와 Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수사이에음의상관관계, 벡우울척도점수, 상태불안척도점수와양의상관관계가있었다. 또한모든군에서 Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수와벡우울척도점수, 상태불안척도점수사이에음의상관관계가있었고벡우울척도점수와상태불안척도점수사이에서도양의상관관계가관찰되었다 ( 표 2). 다른변수와편집증척도점수의중다선형회귀분석어떤변수가편집증척도점수를예측할수있을지알아보 기위하여세군에서각각중다선형회귀분석이시행되었다. 앞에서편집증척도점수와상관관계가있었던 Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수, 벡우울척도점수, 상태불안척도점수를동시입력 (Enter) 하였다. 정상군에서편집증척도점수를유의미하게예즉할수있는변수는발견되지않았으나, Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수가편집증척도점수를예측할수있는경향성이있었다 (p=0.097). 정신증고위험군에서는 Rosenberg 자아존중감척도점수 (p=<0.001) 가편집증척도점수를예측할수있었으며, 최근발병조현병군에서는상태불안척도점수가유의미하게편집증척도점수를예측 (p= 0.04) 할수있었다. 모든군에서분산팽창요인은 3.2 미만으로다중공선성을배제할수있었다 ( 표 3). 고찰 본연구에서정상군, 정신증고위험군, 최근발병조현병군모두에서자아존중감이낮을수록편집증이심해지는결과를확인할수있었고우울이심할수록편집증이심해지는것이확인되었다. 또한정신증고위험군과최근발병조현병군에서불안이심해질수록편집증이심해지는결과를확인할수있었다. 하지만모든군에서자아존중감이낮은것과우울, 불 Table 2. Intercorrelation between paranoia scale and other variables Normal controls Paranoia scale 1 2. SE ** BDI ** ** 1 4. SAI ** 0.566** 1 5. PANSS P PANSS positive ** 1 UHR for psychosis Paranoia scale SE ** BDI ** ** 1 4. SAI ** ** 0.751** 1 5. PANSS P * 1 6. PANSS positive ** 1 Early schizophrenia Paranoia scale SE ** BDI ** ** 1 4. SAI ** ** 0.802** 1 5. PANSS P * PANSS positive * ** 1 * : correlation is significant at the 0.05 level, ** : correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. SE : Rosenberg s self-esteem scale, BDI : beck depression inventory, SAI : State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, PANSS P6 : suspiciousness/persecution item of PANSS, PANSS positive : positive scale of PANSS Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:

5 Table 3. Multiple linear regression analysis of paranoia scale score with other variables Normal control β t-value p-value Partial correlation VIF Age < Sex < SE < BDI < SAI < R -R 2 -dr 2 <F change df1 df2 Sig. F change < UHR for psychosis β t-value p-value Partial correlation VIF Age < Sex < SE < BDI < SAI < R -R 2 -dr 2 <F change df1 df2 Sig. F change Recent onset schizophrenia β t-value p-value Partial correlation VIF Age < Sex < SE < BDI < SAI < R -R 2 -dr 2 <F change df1 df2 Sig. F change < SE : Rosenberg s self-esteem scale, BDI : beck depression inventory, SAI : state anxiety inventory 안이높은것이상관관계가있었고, 자아존중감, 우울, 불안이독립적으로편집증을예측할수있는지를평가하기위한분석을시행하였다. 그결과정상군에서는자아존중감이편집증정도를예측할수있는경향성이관찰되었고정신증고위험군에서는자아존중감이편집증을유의미하게예측할수있었으나우울, 불안은그렇지못하였다. 그리고최근발병조현병군에서는자아존중감과우울은편집증척도를예측할수없었으나불안이편집증정도를예측할수있었다. 정리하자면정상군에서는자아존중감이낮을수록편집증사고를하는경향을보이다가정신증고위험군에서는뚜렷한연관이있고, 정신증발병이후에는자아존중감과는관계없이불안이높을수록편집증사고를하는것을알수있었다. 현재피해망상을가지고있는환자와비임상대조군사이에편집증사고와자아존중감의관계를직접비교한연구는많지않다. 비임상군을대상으로한연구에서높은우울, 낮은자아존중감과높은편집증의연관성이여러번보고되었으며, 19-23) 첫번째삽화중인편집증환자군에서도우울, 낮은자 아존중감과높은편집증이연관이되어있다는것이보고되었다. 24) 본연구에서도정상군및정신증고위험군에서낮은자아존중감이높은편집증을예측할수있다는것이확인되었다. 반면에첫발병조현병환자군을대상으로한연구에서낮은자아존중감을가지고있는 나쁜나편집증 은거의없이높은자아존중감을가지고있는 불쌍한나편집증 은많이관찰되었고, 우울과는거의관련이없이편집증적사고를하고있다는보고도있다. 9) 본연구에서는나쁜나편집증 / 불쌍한나편집증을구분하지는않았지만, 조현병환자군에서는편집증이심해지는것에자아존중감의정도가독립적으로기여하지않는다는결과를확인할수있었으며, 다만불안이심할수록편집증증상이심해지는결과를얻을수있었다. 따라서본연구의결과는정신증적장애가아닌비임상군에서낮은자아존중감이편집증을유발하고심화시킬수있다는이전연구와일치하는결과이며, 또한정신증환자군에서편집증이심해지는것에낮은자아존중감이영향을주는것이아니라오히려자아존중감은보존이된다는이전연구 90 Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:86-92

6 윤희우등 와일치하는결과이다. 이는망상단계이전의편집증에서는낮은자아존중감에의해편집증적사고가발생하고악화되다가, 피해망상을형성할때에는현재일어나고있는위협적인일들이 나 의문제가아니라 타인 때문이라는외부-사람귀인을하면서자아존중감을보호하고자신에대한부정적인믿음을피하게된다고설명할수있을것이다. 본연구는횡단적연구로시행되어편집증과자아존중감사이의관계가현재상황을반영할뿐이러한관계가시간의흐름에따라어떻게변화하는지직접적으로볼수없다는한계점이있다. 이를보완하기위하여조현병의전구기로생각되는정신증고위험군과최근발병조현병군의비교를통하여한계를보완하려고하였다. 다만정신증고위험군모두가조현병으로발병하는것은아니기때문에하나의독립된질병으로볼수없다는한계가있다. 따라서정신증고위험군을대상으로종단적연구를하여, 이중조현병으로발병한그룹에서정신증고위험군시점에서와발병이후시점에서의편집증과자아존중감, 우울, 불안사이의관계를본다면보다명확한연관성을확인할수있을것이다. 본연구에서정신증고위험군에비하여최근발병조현병군에서편집증정도와우울, 불안정도가낮고자아존중감이높은결과를볼수있었다. 또한양성및음성증상척도의양성증상척도점수와 6번항목인의심 / 피해항목에서는자아존중감, 우울, 불안등의인자와유의미한연관관계를찾는데실패하였다. 이는항목의점수의총점이작아정상과병적인망상사이에점수차이가크지않고, 정신증고위험군의경우항정신병약물치료를받지않는경우가더많으며, 최근발병고위험군은대다수가약물치료를통해증상이완화된상태이기때문으로생각할수있다. 본연구에서편집증을평가하기위하여사용한편집증척도의경우일반적으로비임상인구집단을대상으로만들어진것이나임상인구집단을대상으로한연구에서도그유용성이이미증명되었으므로 14) 결과의의미가충분할것으로생각할수있다. 그리고향후연구에서조현병발병이후충분한항정신병약물투약이전에평가를함으로써극복을하여야할것으로생각된다. 결론 본연구는상기제시된제한점에도불구하고정신증의증상중가장중요한편집증을형성하는과정에서자아존중감이어떠한영향을주는가에대하여간접적으로추정할수있는근거를제시하고있다. 망상단계이전의편집증에서는자아존중감이낮을수록편집증적사고를하는경향이발견 되었지만피해망상을형성한이후에는자아존중감이독립적 으로편집증적사고를하는데기여하지않는다는것을알수 있었다. 이를통해정신증환자들이자아존중감이저하되는 것을방어하기위해피해망상을형성할것이라는이전연구 결과들과도일치되는바이다. 이러한결과를정신증발병이 전의환자의이해와치료에적용하여피해망상을형성하지 않을수있도록도움을줄수있을것으로생각된다. 물론, 본 결과는앞서제시한제한점들을극복할필요가있으며다른 연구들을통해추후검증이되어야할것이다. 중심단어 : 편집증 자아존중감 우울 불안. REFERENCES 1) Freeman D, Garety PA. Comments on the content of persecutory delusions: Does the definition need clarification? Br J Clin Psychol 2000;39: ) Freeman D. Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clin Psychol Rev 2007;27: ) Combs DR, Michael CO, Penn DL. Paranoia and emotion perception across the continuum. Br J Clin Psychol 2006;45: ) Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Bebbington PE. A cognitive model of persecutory delusion. Br J Clin Psychol 2002; 41: ) Bentall RP, Corcoran R, Howard R, Blackwood N, Kinderman P. Persecutory delusions: A review and theoretical interpretation. Clin Psychol Rev 2001;21: ) Garety PA, Freeman D. Cognitive approaches to delusions: A clinical review of theories and evidence. Br J Clin Psychol 1999;38: ) Trower P, Chadwick P. Pathways to defense of the self: A theory of two types of paranoia. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 1995;2: ) Erickson MA, Lysaker PH. Self-esteem and insight as predictors of symptom change in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2012;6: ) Fornells-Ambrojo M, Garety PA. Bad me paranoia in early psychosis: a relatively rare phenomenon. Br J Clin Psychol 2005;44: ) Cannon TD, Cadenhead K, Cornblatt B, Woods SW, Addington J, Walker E, et al. Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65: ) Yung AR, Nelson B, Stanford C, Simmons MB, Cosgrave EM, Killackey E, et al. Validation of prodromal criteria to detect individuals at ultra high risk of psychosis: 2 year follow-up. Schizophr Res 2006;84: ) Woods SW, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Heinssen R, et al. Validity of the prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis: findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull 2009;35: ) Lee HJ, Won HT. A study of the reliability and the validity of the paranoia scale. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 1995;14: ) Smari J, Stefansson S, Thorgilsson H. Paranoia, self-consciousness, and social-cognition in schizophrenia. Cognit Ther Res 1994;18: ) Jon BJ. Self-esttem: a test of its measurability. Yonsei Nonchong 1974;11: ) Han HM, Yeom TH, Shin YW, Kim GH, Yoon DJ, Jeong GJ. A standardization study of Beck Depression Inventory in Korea. Journal Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:

7 of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 1986;25: ) Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; ) Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13: ) Ellett L, Lopes B, Chadwick P. Paranoia in a non-clinical population of college students. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003;191: ) Freeman D, Dunn G, Garety PA, Bebbington P, Slater M, Kuipers E, et al. The psychology of persecutory ideation I: A questionnaire study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005;193: ) Fowler D, Freeman D, Smith B, Kuipers E, Bebbington P, Bashforth H, et al. The Brief Core Schema Scales: Psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples. Psychol Med 2006;36: ) Johns LC, Cannon M, Singleton N, Murray RM, Farrell M, Brugha T, et al. The prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185: ) Martin JA, Penn DL. Brief report: Social cognition and subclinical paranoid ideation. Br J Clin Psychol 2001;40: ) Drake RJ, Pickles A, Bentall RP, Kinderman P, Haddock G, Tarrier N, et al. The evolution of insight, paranoia and depression during early schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2004;34: ) Kroken RA, Johnsen E, Ruud T, Wentzel-Larsen T, Jorgensen HA. Treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotics in Norwegian emergency wards, a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry 2009;16: Korean J Schizophr Res 2013;16:86-92

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