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1 기본간호학회지제 22 권제 1 호, 2015 년 2 월 J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs Vol.22 No.1, 16-24, February, NANDA 간호진단분류이용 -* 김영아 1) 최순희 2) Analysis of Nursing Diagnoses Applied to Emergency Room Patients - Using the NANDA Nursing Diagnosis Classification -* Kim, Young A 1) Choi, Soon Hee 2) 1) Nurse, Chonnam National University Hospital 2) Professor, College of Nursing, Chonnam National University Purpose: This study was done to identify essential nursing diagnoses using NANDA and their related factors and defining characteristics of patients who were cared in an emergency room. Methods: The research checklist developed by the researcher consisted of 44 nursing diagnoses with defining characteristics and related factors and was applied to 235 patients who were admitted to an emergency room from November 1 to December 31, Results: Forty-one of forty-four nursing diagnoses were identified. The most frequent nursing diagnoses were acute pain, risk for falls, and activity intolerance. The most frequent defining characteristic for the nursing diagnosis of acute pain was verbal report of pain. The agreement rate with NANDA (2009)'s defining characteristics was 66.7%. Conclusion: Results indicate that identification of essential nursing diagnoses and their defining characteristics and related/risk factors is important for emergency patient nursing care to facilitate use of NANDA taxonomy in the emergency nursing practice and documentation systems. Key words : Nursing diagnosis, Emergency room * This article is based on a part of the first author s master s thesis from Chonnam National University. 주요어 : 간호진단, 응급실 * 이논문은제 1 저자김영아의석사학위논문일부를발췌한것임. 1) 전남대학교병원간호사 2) 전남대학교간호학과교수 ( 교신저자 sh3749@hanmail.net) Received February 18, 2014 Revised March 17, 2014 Accepted February 11, 2015 Address reprint requests to : Choi, Soon Hee College of Nursing, Chonnam National University 5 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju , Korea Tel: Fax: sh3749@hanmail.net ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015년 2월

2 서론연구의필요성 간호수혜자가양질의간호를받을권리를주장하고있는간호현장속에서질적인서비스를위해고도의지식과기술을바탕으로한독자적인간호수행이필요하다. 간호가독자성을확보하고자율성을보장받기위해서는간호사가간호과정을통해간호를계획하고수행하는실무능력을갖추어야한다 [1]. 간호과정은간호의궁극적인목적을달성하기위해간호사가대상자의건강상태를사정하여실제적이거나잠재적인건강문제를진단하는독자적인임상적판단이며, 확인된문제들에대해개별화된간호를계획하고수행하며, 제공된간호에대한대상자의반응을평가하는단계를거치는과학적인문제해결방법이다 [2,3]. 간호과정에대한표준화의일환으로분류체계들이개발되었는데, NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) 간호진단분류는환자의상태에대한진단진술뿐만아니라간호중재를선택하고측정하는기초자료가되고있으며 [4], 간호중재분류체계인 NIC (Nursing Intervention Classification) 과간호결과분류체계인 NOC (Nursing Outcome Classification) 는 Iowa 간호대학에서개발한체계들로간호가발생하는여러상황에적용이가능하여개개인의간호계획이나임상경로개발에사용되고있다 [5]. 간호진단의적용은간호의초점을설명하고강조하기위한지식체를제공하는데기초자료가되고, 사정결과를명확하게요약 서술하며, 간호사및다른의료팀과의의사소통을증진시킬수있다 [6]. 또한간호진단을통해서간호문제를확인할수있고자료의분석과정에서과학적인근거를제시할수있는유용성을지니고있으므로간호진단의중요성에대한인식이높아지고있으나임상에서의확산및적용은매우미미한실정이다 [7]. 현재임상상황에서는간호진단진술을위한사고과정을거치거나중재활동을신속하게결정하기어려운실정이고, 간호사들의간호진단진술에대한자신감부족등이간호진단적용상의문제점으로제시되고있다 [8]. 실제로과중한업무에비해인력이많이부족한임상에서간호과정을효율적으로적용할수있도록하기위해서는간호과정의핵심요소가되는간호진단을간호단위별로확인하고적용하는반복연구가이루어져야간호업무가과학적으로입증될수있을것으로생각되었다. 응급실에서는불의의재해나위급한상황에서발생된생명이위급하거나중대한합병증을초래할수있는환자에게정확하고신속한처치가제공되어야하므로대상자들도타영 역간호대상자들과는구분되는전문적이고신속한간호가필요하며, 신체적간호뿐만아니라정신적, 영적간호를포함한전인간호가필수적이다 [9]. 다른간호단위와달리응급상황에따른위기중재, 시간을다투는과중한업무와혼잡한상황, 밀려드는다양한환자, 자원의한계, 인력의부족등많은어려움이있어응급실에서간호진단을내리고중재를수행하기어려운실정이나 [10], 개별적이고포괄적인질적간호제공을위해서는먼저응급간호단위의핵심적인간호진단분류작업이필요하다. 그동안실제적인간호기록지분석이나직접간호시적용된간호진단분석을통해이루어진간호진단분류관련연구들을살펴보면영양과배설기능장애환자 [11], CHF환자 [12], 중환자실환자 [13], 지역사회환자 [14] 들의간호진단명이확인되었고, 회복실성인환자 [15], 개심술환자 [16], 심장질환환자 [17] 들의간호진단명과관련요인들이확인되었다. 또한내과계중환자 [1], 응급실환자 [18], 내 외과계환자 [19] 들의간호진단명, 관련요인및특성정의들이확인되었으나각간호단위별간호진단분류를확인한결과들은매우부족한실정이었다. 특히응급간호단위에서이루어진간호진단관련연구로는응급실에입원한복통환자들의간호기록지분석을통해 19개간호진단을확인한결과 [10] 와응급실성인입원환자의의무기록지분석을통해 NANDA 간호진단의정확도를평가한결과 [20] 에불과할뿐직접간호시적용된간호진단을확인한연구결과는찾아볼수없었다. 따라서본연구자는응급실에근무하면서응급실에입원한환자에게 NANDA 간호진단분류를적용하여이들에게서나타난간호진단분류내용을확인함으로써응급간호단위의간호진단전산화작업에기초자료를제공하고자본연구를수행하였다. 연구목적본연구의구체적인목적은다음과같다. 응급실환자의 NANDA 간호진단의영역과간호진단명을확인한다. 응급실환자의다빈도실제적간호진단별특성정의와 NANDA 합치율을확인한다. 응급실환자의다빈도실제적간호진단별관련요인과 NANDA 합치율을확인한다. 연구방법연구설계 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월 17

3 김영아외 응급실에서근무하는본연구자가직접간호를담당했던환자의간호시 NANDA 간호진단분류를적용하고기록한후에환자들에게적용된간호진단명과그관련 / 위험요인및특성정의를분석한서술적연구이다. 연구대상연구대상은 2012년순환기계, 호흡기계, 혈관계등응급실환자수가급증하는환절기인 11월과 12월두달간 G 광역시에위치한 C 대학병원의응급실에다양한건강문제를가지고입원한환자로서본연구자가근무하는시간에직접간호를담당했던환자들중소아를제외한 18세이상의모든환자총 235명이었다. G-power 3.1을이용하여계산한연구표본의크기는유의수준 0.05, 효과크기.0.3, 검정력 95%, 자유도 6 일경우 232명으로산출되었으므로충족된것으로판단된다. 연구도구본연구자는도구작성을위해먼저응급실에내원한환자들에게적용가능한간호진단명을확인하기위해 NANDA[21] 201개의간호진단체크리스트를작성하여응급실근무경험 1 년이상의간호사 35명에게간호진단사용여부를조사하였다. 그결과간호사의 50% 이상이응급실환자에게자주사용되는것으로응답했던간호진단명은 44개로나타났는데여기에는 Oh와 Choi [9] 가제시한응급간호단위의핵심간호진단 24개가포함되어있어일치되었다. 본연구자는대상자에게적용가능한이 44개간호진단명각각에해당된 NANDA [21] 간호진단분류대로관련 / 위험요인및특성정의내용을간호기록체크리스트로작성하여사용하였다. 본도구의간호진단명은비효과적인자기건강관리, 영양불균형 : 영양부족, 불안정한혈당치위험성, 간기능손상위험성, 전해질불균형위험성, 체액부족, 체액과다, 체액불균형위험성, 배뇨장애, 변비, 설사, 가스교환장애, 수면양상장애, 신체적기동성장애, 출혈위험성, 비효율적호흡양상, 심박출량감소, 비효율적말초조직관류, 비효율적뇌조직관류의위험성, 쇼크의위험성, 호흡기능부전, 용변자가간호결핍, 편측성마비, 급성혼돈, 지식부족, 외상후증후군위험성, 불안, 비효율적대응, 슬픔, 감염의위험성, 흡인위험성, 낙상위험성, 손상위험성, 피부통합성장애, 피부통합성장애위험성, 중독위험성, 고체온, 오심, 급성통증, 비효율적인신장관류의위험성, 활동지속성장애, 비효율적기도청결, 언어소통장애및감각지각장애이다. 자료수집 자료는 2012년 11월 1일부터 12월 31일까지수집되었으며, 연구자가연구목적을간호부에알리고허락을받은후직접간호를담당했던환자에게연구목적을구두로설명하여참여에대한동의를받았다. 연구자는근무시간에직접간호하면서각환자에게적절한간호진단을내리고그진단진술에대한근거를확인하기위해내려진간호진단에해당된관련요인과특성정의체크리스트에기록을함으로써자료를수집하였다. 사전에연구자의자료수집에대한신뢰도를확보하기위해응급실근무경력 5년이상된간호진단진술경험이풍부한석사과정생 1명과함께동일한환자 10명에게각각자료수집을한후분석한결과관찰자간일치도계수는 0.92이었다. 자료분석방법수집된자료는 Microsoft office Excel을이용하여분석되었고대상자의일반적특성과중증도분류, 간호진단명, 간호진단별특성정의와관련요인에대한분석은실수와백분율을산출하였고, 특성정의와관련요인의 NANDA [21] 목록과의합치율은백분율로산출되었다. 연구결과대상자의일반적특성 대상자의 56.6% 가남자이었고 60세이상이 58.7% 로가장많았다. 응급실에질병으로내원한환자가 90.2% 이었고, 전원이 52.8% 로과반수이상을차지하였다. 도착시의식수준은명료상태가 79.6% 로가장많았고, 진료과는내과계 58.7%, 신경과 20.0%, 응급의학과 12.8%, 외과계 5.1% 순이었다. 대상자의 52.8% 가긴급상태이었고, 응급상태는 35.3%, 11.9% 는비응급상태이었다 (Table 1). 간호진단의영역및진단명빈도 44개의간호진단목록중대상자에게나타난진단명은현재존재하는문제인실제적진단 27개와예방중재를하지않을경우실제적문제로발전할수있는잠재적진단 14개총41개로서연구도구와 93.2% 의합치율을보였다. 간호진단의영역별빈도는활동 / 휴식영역이 27.0% 로가장많았고, 그다음은안전 / 보호 (21.8%), 안위 (16.0%), 영양 (10.2%) 등의순으로나타났다. 적용된간호진단명의빈도는급성통증이 11.1% 로가장많았고, 그다음은낙상위험성 (8.9%), 활동지속성장애 (5.7%), 오심 (4.9%), 비효율적호흡양상 (4.8%) 등의순으로나 18 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월

4 Table 1. General Characteristics of Participants Variable Division N(%) Gender Male 133 (56.6) Female 102 (43.4) < (16.6) Age (yrs) (24.7) (58.7) Reason for Emergency Room Visit Disease 212 (90.2) Non disease 23 ( 9.8) By oneself 63 (26.8) Visit type Transfer 124 (52.8) By ambulance 48 (20.4) Alert 187 (79.6) Level of consciousness Drowsy 28 (11.9) Semicoma 9 ( 3.8) Coma 11 ( 4.7) Internal medicine 138 (58.7) Surgery 12 ( 5.1) Treatment department Emergency medicine 30 (12.8) Neurology 47 (20.0) Other 8 ( 3.4) Urgent state 124 (52.8) Triage Emergent state 83 (35.3) None emergent state 28 (11.9) (N=235) 타나 5순위안에해당된다빈도진단은실제적진단 4개와잠재적진단 1개이었다 (Table 2). 간호진단별특성정의빈도와 NANDA 합치율대상자의간호진단명빈도분석에서제5순위내 4개실제적간호진단들의특성정의빈도와 NANDA 합치율은 Table 3과같다. 특성정의는대상자의 % 에서나타나는주요한특성과 50-79% 에서나타나는부수적인특성, 기타특성으로분류된다 [2]. 급성통증의부수적특성은통증에대한구두보고 (75.8%), 의미심장한행위 (36.3%) 등으로나타나합치율은 66.7% 이었다. 활동지속성장애의부수적특성은운동시호흡곤란 (51.1%) 으로나타났고, 이외특성은허약하다고말함 (42.6%) 등으로나타나합치율은 85.7% 이었다. 오심의주요한특성은오심보고 (80.5%) 이었고, 부수적특성은메스꺼워짐 (51.2%) 이었으며, 이외특성은타액분비증가 (2.4%) 로나타나합치율은 50.0% 이었다. 비효율적인호흡양상의부수적특성은호흡곤란 (74.4%) 이었고, 이외의특성은호흡깊이의변화 (28.2%) 등으로나타나합치율은 53.3% 이었다. 간호진단별관련요인빈도와 NANDA 합치율대상자의간호진단중제4순위내실제적간호진단의관련 요인의빈도와 NANDA [21] 와의합치율은 Table 4와같다. 급성통증의관련요인은손상을일으키는요인 ( 생물학적, 화학적, 물리적, 심리적 ) 으로나타났고, 합치율은 100.0% 로전부일치하였다. 활동지속성장애의관련요인으로는전신허약감 (61.7%) 이가장높게나타났고, 합치율은 80.0% 이었다. 오심의관련요인으로는위자극 (34.1%) 이가장높았고, 합치율은 48.1% 이었다. 비효율적호흡양상의관련요인은불안 (35.9%) 이가장높았고, 합치율은 80.0% 이었다. 논의 본연구는전문적간호실무의지침이되는간호과정의임상적용을촉진시키기위해응급실입원환자에게적용가능한간호진단분류를확인하였다. 본연구도구로사용된 44개의간호진단중 41개의진단이응급환자들에게적용되어 93% 의합치율을보였는데이는내과계중환자에서 58.9% 의합치율 [1] 이나내 외과계환자에서 71.9% 의합치율 [7] 을보인결과들과비교해볼때매우높은합치율로적용성이매우높았다. 또한본대상자에게적용된 41개간호진단목록중에는 Marini와 Chaves [20] 가응급실에필요한간호진단으로선정한 10개진단들중영양부족, 비효율적호흡양상, 피부통합성장애, 배뇨장애, 신체기동성장애, 감염위험성, 급성통증과같은 7개진단이포함되어있으며, Oh [10] 의응급실복통환자 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월 19

5 김영아외 Table 2. Frequency of Domains and Labels of Nursing Diagnoses Domains Nursing diagnosis labels N(%) Rank Activity/ Rest Safety/ Protection Activity intolerance 47 ( 5.7) 3 Ineffective breathing pattern 39 ( 4.8) 5 Risk for bleeding 32 ( 3.9) 8 Risk for shock 28 ( 3.4) 9 Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion 24 ( 2.9) 11 Impaired physical mobility 19 ( 2.3) 15 Risk for ineffective renal perfusion 9 ( 1.1) 29 Decreased cardiac output 8 ( 1.0) 31 Impaired spontaneous ventilation 8 ( 1.0) 31 Disturbed sleep pattern 4 ( 0.5) 37 Toileting self-care deficit 3 ( 0.4) 40 Subtotal 221 ( 27.0) 1 * Risk for falls 73 ( 8.9) 2 Ineffective airway clearance 25 ( 2.9) 10 Hyperthermia 21 ( 2.6) 13 Risk for impaired skin integrity 19 ( 2.3) 15 Risk for aspiration 16 ( 2.0) 19 Risk for infection 13 ( 1.6) 22 Risk for poisoning 8 ( 1.0) 31 Impaired skin integrity 4 ( 0.5) 37 Subtotal 179 ( 21.8) 2 * Comfort Acute pain 91 ( 11.1) 1 Nausea 41 ( 4.9) 4 Subtotal 132 ( 16.0) 3 * Nutrition Risk for impaired liver function 17 ( 2.1) 18 Deficient fluid volume 16 ( 2.0) 19 Risk for unstable blood glucose level 12 ( 1.5) 24 Risk for imbalanced fluid volume 11 ( 1.3) 26 Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements 10 ( 1.2) 27 Risk for electrolyte imbalance 9 ( 1.1) 29 Excess fluid volume 8 ( 1.0) 31 Subtotal 83 ( 10.2) 4 * Perception/ Impaired verbal communication 22 ( 2.7) 12 Cognition Unilateral neglect 15 ( 1.8) 21 Acute confusion 12 ( 1.5) 24 Disturbed sensory perception 10 ( 1.2) 27 Deficient knowledge (specify) 8 ( 1.0) 31 Subtotal 67 ( 8.2) 5 * Coping/ Anxiety 39 ( 4.8) 5 Stress Ineffective coping 13 ( 1.6) 22 Tolerance Grieving 1 ( 0.1) 41 Risk for post-trauma syndrome 7 ( 0.8) 36 Subtotal 60 ( 7.3) 6 * Elimination/ Impaired urinary elimination 19 ( 2.3) 15 Exchange Diarrhea 4 ( 0.5) 37 Impaired gas exchange 34 ( 4.1) 7 Subtotal 57 ( 6.9) 7 * Health promotion Ineffective self-health management 21 ( 2.6) 13 Subtotal 21 ( 2.6) 8 * Total 820 (100.0) * Domain rank 20 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월

6 Table 3. Frequency of Defining Characteristics of 4 Major Nursing Diagnoses Diagnoses (Agreement rate) * Defining characteristics N(%) Acute pain (66.7%) Activity intolerance (85.7%) Nausea (50.0%) Ineffective breathing pattern (53.3%) 91 (100.0) Verbal report of pain 69 ( 75.8) Distraction behavior 33 ( 36.3) Positioning to avoid pain 25 ( 27.5) Facial mask 10 ( 11.0) Change in respiration 9 ( 9.9) Change in blood pressure 3 ( 3.3) Protective gestures 3 ( 3.3) Guarding behavior 2 ( 2.2) Change in heart rate 1 ( 1.1) Diaphoresis 1 ( 1.1) Observed evidence 1 ( 1.1) Changes in appetite and eating 1 ( 1.1) 47 (100.0) Exertional discomfort 24 ( 51.1) Verbal report of weakness 20 ( 42.6) Electrocardiography change reflecting arrhythmias 6 ( 12.8) Verbal report of fatigue 5 ( 10.6) Abnormal blood pressure response to activity 3 ( 6.4) Abnormal heart rate response to activity 1 ( 2.1) 41 (100.0) Reported of nausea 33 ( 80.5) Gagging sensation 21 ( 51.2) Increased salivation 1 ( 2.4) 39 (100.0) Dyspnea 29 ( 74.4) Alterations in depth of breathing 11 ( 28.2) Tachypnea 9 ( 23.1) Orthopnea 7 ( 17.9) Bradypnea 4 ( 10.3) Decreased expiratory pressure 2 ( 5.1) Altered chest excursion 1 ( 2.6) Decreased vital capacity 1 ( 2.6) * Agreement rate= (Numbers of participants with defining characteristics Numbers of NANDA's defining characteristics) 100 에게필요한진단으로도출된간호진단 19개중급성통증, 낙상의위험성, 감염의위험성, 피부통합성장애의위험성등과같은 15개진단이포함되어있어서본연구결과로나타난간호진단목록은응급실에내원한환자에게간호과정전산프로그램개발시핵심적인간호진단으로유용성이클것으로사료된다. 본대상자에서간호진단급성통증이가장높은빈도 (11.1%) 로나타난결과는급성통증이내 외과계환자의 11.7%[7], 회복실환자의 73.5%[15], 응급실복통환자의 25.6%[10], 내과와일반 정형 신경외과환자의 26.1%[19] 에서가장많이나타난결과들과종합해볼때다양한문제를지닌환자들에서가장우선적으로해결되어야할간호문제가통증이므로통증간호가잘수행되어야함을알수있었다. 특히응급실에내원한환 자들은즉각적인통증완화를기대하고신속한치료를원하므로간호사는통증사정도구와능숙한사정기술을통해통증을정확히진단하고해결해야할것이다. 급성통증다음으로많이나타난 5순위내실제적간호진단들은활동지속성장애, 오심, 비효율적호흡양상, 불안순이었는데각연구들의 5순위내진단들과비교해보면내과계중환자의비효율적호흡양상 [1], 회복실환자의오심 [15], 개심술환자의신체적운동장애, 부적절한호흡양상및불안 [16], 뇌혈관환자의불안과활동지속성장애 [17], 내과와일반 정형 신경외과환자의오심과비효율적호흡양상 [19] 진단들이본결과와일치하였다. 이는응급실에다양한문제와특성을가진환자들이내원하고있음을반영한결과로생각된다. 또한본대상자에서비효율적호흡양상이많이나타난결과는내 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월 21

7 김영아외 Table 4. Frequency of the Related Factors of 4 Major Nursing Diagnoses Diagnoses (Agreement rate) * Related factors N(%) Acute pain 91 (100.0) (100.0%) Injury agent (biological, chemical, physical, psychological) 91 (100.0) Activity intolerance (80.0%) Nausea (48.1%) Ineffective breathing pattern (80.0%) 47 (100.0) Generalized weakness 29 ( 61.7) Imbalance between oxygen supply / demand 15 ( 31.9) Bed rest 11 ( 23.4) Immobility 1 ( 2.1) 41 (100.0) Gastric irritation 14 ( 34.1) Increased intra-cranial pressure 10 ( 24.4) Pain 9 ( 22.0) Gastric distension 4 ( 9.8) Esophageal disease 4 ( 9.8) Motion sickness 4 ( 9.8) Biochemical disorder (uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis) 2 ( 4.9) Intra-abdominal tumors 2 ( 4.9) Meniere s disease 2 ( 4.9) Anxiety 2 ( 4.9) Meningitis 2 ( 4.9) Pancreatic disease 1 ( 2.4) Pregnancy 1 ( 2.4) 39 (100.0) Anxiety 14 ( 35.9) Pain 12 ( 30.8) Hypoventilation syndrome 6 ( 15.4) Hyperventilation 4 ( 10.3) Chest wall deformity 2 ( 5.1) Cognitive impairment 1 ( 2.6) Musculoskeletal impairment 1 ( 2.6) Neuromuscular dysfunction 1 ( 2.6) Obesity 1 ( 2.6) Respiratory muscle fatigue 1 ( 2.6) Perception impairment 1 ( 2.6) * Agreement rate= (Numbers of participants with related factors Numbers of NANDA's related factors) 100 과계중환자 [1] 와중환자 [13] 대상결과들과일치하였는데이는본대상자의중증도가응급상태이상인경우가 88.1% 를차지할정도로많았고, 이환자들을중환자실로연계하여치료를받도록해야하는상황이많아서중환자의간호진단들과일치된다고볼수있다. 그리고응급실환자의의무기록지를분석한결과에서간호진단급성통증과비효율적호흡양상 [20] 이나응급실복통환자의급성통증과낙상위험성 [10] 만이 5 순위내다빈도진단과일치하였는데이는같은응급실환자대상일지라도대상자의특성이나수그리고자료수집방법의차이에따른결과로여겨지므로응급실에서적용가능한핵심적인간호진단을확인하는반복적인연구가이루어져야할것으로사료된다. 본대상자간호진단의영역별빈도가활동 / 휴식 (27.0%), 안 전 / 보호 (21.8%), 안위 (16.0%) 순으로높게나타나내과계중환자에서안전 / 보호 (43.9%), 활동 / 휴식 (36.9%) 순으로나타난결과 [1] 와정도의차이는있지만영역들은일치하였다. 입원환자들의경우활동 / 휴식, 안전 / 보호, 안위영역의간호문제들이많이발생하고있고, 이런문제들을해결하기위한간호활동들이이루어지고있음을짐작할수있었다. 본대상자의간호진단별특성정의를분석한결과실제적간호진단인급성통증의경우대상자의 % 에서나타나는주요특성정의는나타나지않았으나, 내 외과계환자 [7] 에서얼굴표정 (91.9%) 이주요특성정의로나타났고, 내과계중환자 [1] 에서는통증에대한구두보고 (100%) 가각각주요특성정의로나타나본결과와차이가있었다. 또한본연구에서통증에대한구두보고 (75.8%) 만급성통증진단의 50-79% 에해당 22 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월

8 되는부수적특성정의로나타났는데, 내과계중환자 [1] 와내 외과계환자 [7] 에서는부수적특성이나타나지않았던결과들과차이가있었다. 이는동일한간호진단일지라도환자들마다특성정의의종류나빈도가다를수있음을의미하며, 정확하고쉽게간호진단을진술하기위해서는간호단위별로간호진단의주요특성정의를확인하는반복연구가필요하다. 간호진단활동지속성장애의부수적특성이운동시호흡곤란 (51.1%) 이었고, 그다음은허약하다고말함이 42.6% 로나타났는데이는내과와일반 정형 신경외과환자 [19] 의운동시불편감또는호흡곤란과허약하다고말함과같은특성정의가많이나타났던결과들과일치된결과를보였으며, NANDA [21] 와의합치율도 85.7% 로서활동지속성장애진단의특성정의들이거의나타나고있음을알수있었다. 간호진단오심의주요특성정의는오심보고 (80.5%) 로나타났고, 오심의부수적특성정의로나타난메스꺼워짐 (51.2%) 은내 외과계환자 [7] 에서토할것같다고말함 (19.9%) 과토할것같은느낌 (19.9%) 과일치된결과였다. 간호진단비효율적호흡양상의부수적특성정의가호흡곤란 (74.4%) 이었는데이는내과계중환자 [1] 의부수적특성정의가호흡곤란 (69.4%) 이었던결과와일치하였으며, 또한이진단의주요특성정의가나타나지않았던결과는내과계중환자 [1] 의빈호흡 (83.4%) 이주요특성정의들로나타난결과와는차이가있었다. 이는 NANDA 합치율도 53.3% 에불과하였으므로보다많은대상자들을통해서이진단의다른특성정의들을확인할필요가있겠다. 간호진단급성통증의관련요인으로손상을일으키는요인 ( 생물학적, 화학적, 물리적, 심리적 ) 이 100% 로나타났는데이는내과와일반 정형 신경외과환자에서손상을일으키는요인 [19], 응급간호단위환자에서생물학적요인, 물리적요인, 화학적요인 [9] 이각각주요관련요인으로나타난결과들과일치된결과로급성통증의관련요인은거의유사함을보여주고있어통증진단진술은비교적쉽다고볼수있다. 활동지속성장애의관련요인은전신허약감이 61. 7% 로가장많았는데이는응급간호단위간호사들이활동지속성장애진단의가장타당한관련요인을전신쇠약으로응답했던결과 [9] 가입증된것으로사료되며, 응급간호단위에서는내원시의환자상태뿐만아니라응급진료가끝날때까지침상안정을취해야하기때문이다. 간호진단오심의관련요인이위자극, 뇌내압상승, 통증순으로나타나내과와일반 정형 신경외과환자에서위장관계자극, 신경약리학적기전의자극, 화학요법순으로나타난결과 [19] 와비교해볼때위자극을제외하고는서로다른요인들이관련되고있었다. 이는동일한간호진단이라할지라도대상자의관련요인들은다를수있으며, 이관련요인에따 라간호중재법이달라져야하므로대상자에게해당되는관련요인을정확하게파악하는일이간호진단진술시중요한과정이다. 비효율적인호흡양상의관련요인으로불안과통증이각각 30% 이상을차지하였는데이는내과계중환자 [1] 에서신경 / 근육계장애와지각인지장애, 회복실성인수술환자 [15] 에서통증과지각 / 인지손상이각각관련요인으로나타난결과들과비교해볼때다른진단에서와마찬가지로관련요인들이매우다양하고정확한간호중재의방향을좌우함을알수있었다. 본연구는응급실환자를직접간호하면서간호진단분류의기록및기록을통해핵심간호진단을확인하였으므로전산기록시스템개발에기초자료로서의의가있으나일대학병원응급실을방문한환자중본연구자가간호를담당했던환자들만을대상으로해서모든응급실환자에게일반화하는데한계가있다. 결론및제언 본연구에서대상자에게적용된간호진단이연구도구인 44 개목록중 41개인 92.3% 로나타나응급간호단위에서간호과정전산프로그램개발시이목록이핵심진단들로활용될수있을것이다. 간호진단별특성정의의 NANDA 합치율은급성통증 66.7%, 활동지속성장애 85.7%, 오심 50.0%, 비효율적호흡양상 53.3% 로나타났으며, 관련요인의 NANDA 합치율은급성통증 100.0%, 활동지속성장애 80.0%, 오심 48.1%, 비효율적호흡양상 80.0% 로나타나합치율이매우다양하였으므로응급실환자에게적용될간호진단분류체계를개발하기위해서는반복연구를통한재확인이필요하다. 따라서본연구결과를기반으로해서응급간호단위에적용되고있는주요한간호진단분류를확인하는반복연구와아울러본연구에서확인된간호진단을중심으로간호결과와간호중재의연계를확인하는연구가이루어져야할것을제언하는바이다. References 1. Park MJ. Identification of nursing diagnosis-outcome -intervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkage in MICU inpatients [dissertation]. Gwangju: Chonnam National University; Choi SH, Kim YJ, Mun H, Park MJ, Sun JJ, Yang YO, et al. Nursing process. 3rd ed. Seoul: Hyunmunsa; Wilkinson JM. Nursing process and critical thinking. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; Park SA, Park JH, Jung SM, Joo MK, Kim BJ, Lee ES, et al. A validity study for linkage of nursing diagnosis and nursing interventions classification. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2001;7(2): Moorhead S, Johnson M, Maas M. Nursing outcomes 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월 23

9 김영아외 classification (NOC). 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; Carpenito-Moyet L. Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinical practice. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; Ko E, So HS. Construction and application of nursing information system using NANDA-NOC-NIC linkage in medical surgical nursing units. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2013;25(4): _Lib_Proxy_Url/ id=a Kim PJ. Application model of the nursing process to electric medical records for cardiodiovascular patients [dissertation]. Seoul: Yonsei University; Oh HG, Choi KW. A validation study of nursing diagnosis in emergency care unit. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2003;10(2): Oh HS. Analysis of nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions for patients in ER with abdominal pain [master s thesis]. Seoul: Yonsei University; Lee JY. Development and evaluation of the computerized nursing diagnosis/intervention system for nutritional and eliminative problems. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2000;30(4): de Assis CC, de Barros ABL. Nursing diagnoses in patients with congestive heart failure. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications. 2003;4(4): de Carvalho EC, Martins FT, Dalri MC, Canini SR, Laus AM, Bachion MM, et al. Relations between nursing data collection, diagnoses and prescriptions for adult patients at an intensive care unit. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2008;16(4): Rivera JC, Parris KM. Use of nursing diagnoses and interventions in public health nursing practice. Nursing Diagnosis. 2002;13(1): Cho EJ, Kim NC. Validation of major nursing diagnosis -outcome-intervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkage for adult surgery patients of post anesthetic care unit. Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research. 2008;14(3): Bae YS. An analysis of nursing diagnoses practically applied to open heart surgery patients. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 1994;6(1): Kim MH. An analysis of nursing diagnoses practically applied to cerebrovascular patients. Daegu Health College. 1996;16: Yu HS, Lee CH. A study for application of pain and anxiety diagnosis using NANDA classification. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 1990;2(1): Park HJ. Development and application of the computerized nursing process program using nursing diagnosis-outcome -intervention (NANDA-NOC-NIC) linkage [master s thesis]. Gwangju: Chonnam National University; Marini M, Chaves EH. Evaluation of the accuracy of nursing diagnoses in a brazilian emergency service. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications. 2011; 22(2): North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International. Nursing diagnoses : Definitions and classification. Philadelphia: John Wiley & Sons; 기본간호학회지 22(1), 2015 년 2 월

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