Exercise Science Vol.28, No.1, February 2019: ISSN(Online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE 남녀청소년의심폐지구력평가를위

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1 Exercise Science Vol.28, No.1, February 19: ISSN(Online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE 남녀청소년의심폐지구력평가를위한 Step test 추정식의일치도평가 송정란 1, 이상현 1, 김양중 1, 김수진 1, 박혁 1, 김준수 1, 곽효범 1, 강주희 2, 박동호 1 1 인하대학교스포츠과학과, 2 인하대학교의과대학약리학교실 Assessing Agreement of Step Test Equations to Estimate VO2max in Korean Male and Female Youths Aged Years Jung-Ran Song¹, Sang-Hyun Lee¹, Yang-Jung Kim¹, Su-Jin Kim¹, Hyuk Park 1, Jun-Su Kim 1, Hyo-Bum Kwak 1, Ju-Hee Kang 2, Dong-Ho Park 1 1 Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon; 2 Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea PURPOSE: To assess the agreement between maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) measured directly when performing the maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and estimated VO2max from two different equations in Korean male and female youths aged years. METHODS: Sixty-six adolescents (15.3±1.7 years, 166.±7.8 cm, 58. 7±1. kg, BMI 21.2±2.7) performed GXT on a treadmill and Astrand-Ryhming step test (AR test) to measure VO2max and VO2max estimates, respectively. The participants wore a portable device (Polar CS3) to measure heart rate (HR) during the tests. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients (r) between VO2max of the equations and VO2max of the measured value were.321 (p<.5) and.713 (P<.1), respectively. The mean difference ranged from ml kg -1 min -1 to ml kg -1 min -1. The AR equation tended to be somewhat underestimated measured VO2max. The standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranged from 4.95 ml kg -1 min -1 to 7.6 ml kg -1 min -1, and the percentage error (%Error) ranged from 26.6% to 193.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the equation provides the closet agreement with directly measured VO2max in Korean male and female youths aged years. A further study needs to develop a step test estimation equation targeting adults and elderly people in which validity and reliability are secured. Key words: VO2max, Equation, Step test, Validity, Youths 서론 WHO [1] 의 Global Health Risks 보고서에따르면, 건강에대한주요 위험은과거부적절한영향또는위생과같은전통적인위험에서현대 에는신체비활동과과체중또는비만이라는위험요인으로변경되고있다. 특히, 과체중이나비만의주요원인중하나가신체활동을하지않는것 ( 신체비활동 ) 이며, 신체활동은비만으로인하여유발되는다양한만성질환뿐만아니라좌식생활로인한사망률을비롯한여러가지 Corresponding author: Dong-Ho Park Tel Fax dparkosu@inha.ac.kr * 이연구는 18 년도인하대학교교내연구비로수행되었음. *This work was supported by INHA UNIVERSITY Research Grant in 18. Keywords 최대산소섭취량, 추정식, 스텝테스트, 타당도, 청소년 Received 9 Jan 19 Revised 23 Jan 19 Accepted 1 Feb 19 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 66 Copyright 19 Korean Society of Exercise Physiology

2 질환및질병의위험도를감소시킨다. 우리나라를포함하여미국, 캐나다등의선진국과 WHO에서는청소년들의신체활동가이드라인과관련하여주당 5일이상, 하루 6분이상의신체활동을권장하고있다. 하지만우리나라청소년들의신체활동실천율은선진국의절반정도에해당하는 13.1% 에지나지않는다 [2]. 이렇듯낮은신체활동참여는청소년들의체력수준저하뿐만아니라청소년비만의주된원인이며, 아동의비만은심혈관질환을포함한고혈압, 당뇨병, 암등으로의성인이완율 ( 약 6%) 로이어지는심각한사회문제로대두되고있다. 이에따라우리나라정부에서는국민들의건강과체력향상을위한생활체육참여를적극적으로유도하고, 국가적노력의일환으로국민들의체력을인증하여국민건강증진을도모하기위하여 1년부터청소년을포함한성인과노인을대상으로현재의체력수준을측정하고평가하여인증하는 국민체력 1 사업을진행하고있다 [3]. 국민체력 1은문화체육관광부와국민체육진흥공단이추진하는사업으로, 국민들의체력을측정하고이결과를토대로운동처방을실시하기위하여거점센터를지정하여운영하고있으며, 매해국민들의지원요구가증가함에따라거점센터수가급격하게늘어나고있다 (12년전국 4개에서 18 년 42개소거점센터운영 ). 그러나매해진행되는거점센터선정과정에서심폐지구력항목인 m 왕복달리기의측정공간을확보하는데어려움이제기되고있어공간의제약을최소화하고보다정확하고안전하게심폐지구력을측정하기위한대체검사종목이절실히요구되고있다 [4]. 이들심폐지구력측정을위한필드검사중스텝검사 (step test) 는공간의제약을최소화하고최대운동부하검사에해당하는 m 왕복달리기검사와는달리최대하운동부하검사로서안전하게심폐지구력을측정하기위한대체검사종목으로타당하다. 특히, 유산소성운동능력을추정하는가장간편한측정방법일뿐만아니라남녀노소누구나짧은시간에좁은공간에서실시할수있는측정방법으로서개인별로성별등에따라적절한운동강도 ( 속도및스텝높이 ) 를조절하기가용이하기때문이다 [5,6]. 더욱이다른심폐지구력측정방법에비해측정에소요되는장비, 인력, 시간등에서매우경제적이며효율적인방법이고, 어느정도의타당도와신뢰도가확보된측정도구이기때문이다 [7]. 현재학교현장에서가장많이사용되고있는스텝검사방법으로는 Harvard 스텝검사, Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사, YMCA 스텝검사등이있으며, 스텝검사에따라스텝박스의높이, 실시속도, 시간등이다르게구성되어있다. 이중에서가장우선시되는것은대상자의신장차이에근거한스텝박스의높이로서높이가적절하지않을경우측정결과에대한타당도가감소할수있기때문에남녀간의스텝박스에대한차이가고려될필요성이있음을제기한바있다 [8,9]. 즉, 스텝검사중스텝박스의높이에따라대상자의심폐지구력평가가달라질수있 음을의미한다. 그럼에도불구하고한국스포츠개발원에서선정한 YMCA 검사의경우스텝박스의높이를남녀모두 3.5 cm로설정함으로서남녀간신장의차이를충분히고려하지못한스텝검사방법으로판단되며, 한국스포츠개발원의 YMCA 스텝검사 VO 2max 산출공식 ( 남 r 2 =.429, SEE = ml kg -1 min-1 ; 여 r 2 =.439, SEE = 4.35 ml kg -1 min -1 ) [3] 은청소년이아닌, 성인 (19-64세 ) 을대상으로한추정공식으로서 19세이하청소년들에게이추정식을그대로적용하기에는다소무리가있다. 최근이러한단점을보안한 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜 ( 남녀각각 cm, 33 cm로분당 23 step/min의속도로 5분간실시 ) 을기반으로한추정식이개발되어보고된바있으나 [1], 이추정식의타당도확보를위한일치도평가가이루어지지않아 19세이하청소년을대상으로현장사용에대한실효성검증이필요한실정이다. 이에본연구에서는남녀청소년들을대상 ( 만 13-18세 ) 으로실험실에서이루어지는최대점증부하검사 (graded exercise test, GXT) 를통해측정된 VO 2max를준거로하여현재새롭게개발된 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜기반의추정식으로부터산출된 VO 2max에대한일치도를평가하고자한다. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구에서는 I시소재남녀중고등학생 66명이참여하였으나측정과정중중도포기하거나자료수집시문제가발생한 9명의학생을제외한 57명 ( 탈락률 13.6%) 이참여하였다. 이연구에참여한대상자의대상자선별조건으로는, 첫째, 심혈관질환이나대사성질환, 근골격계질환이없는건강한자, 둘째, 비흡연자, 셋째, 최근 3개월내에외과적수술을받은경험이없는자, 넷째, 최근 1주일이내에실험에영향을미칠수있는약물 ( 예 : 몸살또는감기등 ) 을투여받은경험이없는자, 다섯째, 걷거나뛰는데어려움이없는자로하였다. 본연구의진행은기관윤리위원회 (IRB) 의심의를통한승인 (1325-3A) 을거친후참여학생과학부모들에게본연구의측정내용과이유를설명하고학부모로부터동의서를받은후본실험을실시하였다. 아울러참여학생의담임및체육교사들에게도측정내용및이유를설명하여측정협조를요청한후모든측정을진행하였다. 본연구에참여한남녀학년별대상자들의특성은 Table 1과같다. 2. 연구절차 1) 체격및인체조성측정신장과체중은반바지와티셔츠를입은상태에서측정기기 (TBF2. Tanita Co., Japan) 를이용하여각각.1 cm와.1 kg 단위까지계측하였 송정란외 청소년의 Step test 추정식의일치도 67

3 Vol.28, No.1, February 19: Table 1. Subject characteristics Variables 다. 또한허리와엉덩이둘레모두.1 cm 단위까지측정하였다. 체지방 을포함한체성분분석은인피던스방식의체성분분석기 (Inbody 4., Korea) 를이용하여대상자들의체지방률 (% fat) 을측정하였다. 2) 트레드밀에서의 GXT 를통한 VO 2max 측정 대상자들은무선심박측정기 (POLAR, Newyork, USA) 를착용하고 1 분동안안정을취한후트레드밀을이용하여 VO 2max 를측정하였 다 (True One Metabolic Measurement System, Parvo-Medics Inc., Sandy, UT). GXT 를이용한 VO 2max 의측정은일반성인여성또는남 성을대상으로하는 KSSI protocol ( 체육과학연구원 ) 을수정하여측정 하였다. 본프로토콜의최초운동시작부하속도를 5. km/hr, 경사도 3% ( 남녀모두 ) 에서 2 분간실시하고이후단계별부하증가는경사도 를고정 ( 남녀모두 3%) 한상태에서속도만 2 분마다 1.5 km/hr 씩점증적 으로증가시킨다. 운동중에는심박수, 호흡교환율, 운동자각도등을 측정하였고산소섭취량은 breath-by-breath 방법으로호기가스를표집 하였으며 ( 자료처리는 1 초단위 ), 이들변인들을토대로달리기지속 여부를수시로확인하면서대상자가더이상운동을지속하지못하는 상태 (all-out) 까지지속시켰다. VO 2max 는운동부하가증가됨에도불 구하고산소섭취량 (VO 2) 의수준이항정상태일때로, 이때운동중 심박수가나이로추정된최대심박수 (6.9-[.67 나이 ]) [11] 의 ± 1 bpm 이내에있을때그리고호흡교환율 (RER) >1.1 이거나운동자각도 가 17 이상일때로간주하였다. Males (n = 3) 3) Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜을기반으로한스텝검사 측정검사의순서는모든대상자를무작위로선정하여측정순서를 사전에결정한후일정에맞춰진행하였다. GXT 검사와 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사는 1 주일간격으로진행함으로써검사종목간간섭효 과 (interaction) 를최대한배제토록하였다. Females (n = 27) Total (n = 57) Age (yr) 14.97± ± ±1.68 Height (cm) ± ± ±7.84 Weight (kg) 62.72± ± ±9.97 BMI (kg/m 2 ) ± ± ± 2.73 Lean Bbody Mass (kg) 52.86± ± ±8.58 Body fat (%) 16.37± ± ±11.1 Waist circumference (cm) 73.69± ± ±8.34 Height circumference (cm) 92.58± ± ±5.91 Waist to hip ratio 73.69± ± ±..7 HRmax (beat min -1 ) ± ± ± 1.12 Values are means ± SD. BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; HRmax, 6.9-[;67 나이 ] [11]. GXT 검사와함께모든대상자는 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사에참여하였다. Astrand- Ryhming 스텝검사의진행을위해검사원 1명과측정보조원 1명이검사위원으로서측정을진행하였다. 원활한스텝검사를위하여최소길이 4 m, 폭 4 m 이상의수평공간을확보한후, 남녀각각 cm, 33 cm의스텝을준비하였으며, 또한스텝검사중일정한박자를유지하기위해메트로놈을이용하여검사동안스텝의속도를통제하였다. 실험참가전에자리에앉아서최소 5분이상의안정을취한후 5분이지날때대상자의안정시심박수를측정, 기록하였다. 이를위하여대상자들은무선심박수측정기 (POLAR RS, Finland) 를착용하게하고, 검사중심박수반응을저장하였다. 안정시심박수측정이종료된후 23 step/min의속도로 5분간스텝테스트를실시하였으며, 이때심박수는안정시부터회복기까지매 1초단위의측정결과를수집한후 5초단위평균심박수로기록하였다. 스텝검사가종료된후측정대상자는의자에앉은상태로회복기 2분까지의심박수를측정, 기록하였다. 스텝검사중측정된심박수 ( 운동종료후회복기 3초, 무선심박수측정기이용 ) 는첫째, 기존의 Astrand- Ryhming 스텝검사 VO 2max 추정식 [12] 을이용하여 VO 2max 추정값을산출하였으며 [9], - 남성 : VO 2max (L/min) = [( 체중 +5)/( 심박수 *-62)] - 여성 : VO 2max (L/min) = 3.75 [( 체중-3)/( 심박수 *-65)] * 심박수 : 실제 Astrand- Ryhming 스텝검사 VO 2max 추정공식에서사용된심박수는검사종료후 15초부터 3초까지의심박수를촉진한후 4를곱하여분당심박수를산출하였으나본연구에서는측정종료후회복기 3초의심박수를사용함 (Polar를이용한심박수측정값 ). VO 2max (L/min) 를 VO 2max (ml kg -1 min-1 ) 로변환하기위해서는, 체중 (kg) 으로나눈후 1,을곱함. 둘째, Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜을기반으로새롭게개발된추정식 [1] 의타당도를검증하기위하여 Song et al. [1] 이아래의추정식을활용하여 VO 2max 추정값을산출하였다. y= ( sex) (.216 W) (.72 HR) 여기서 Sex= 남성 1, 여성 2. W= 체중 (kg), HR = 측정종료후회복기 3초의심박수 (Polar를이용한심박수측정값 ), Y=VO 2max 예측값 (ml kg 1 min 1 ). 3. 자료처리방법본연구의자료처리를위하여통계프로그램 SPSS 22.을이용하여각변인들의평균과표준편차를산출하였다. 추정식 ( 회귀식 ) 에대한일치도평가를위하여 GXT VO 2max와기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사 VO 2max 추정식그리고 Song et al. [1] 이새롭게개발한추정식의 VO 2max 간상관분석을실시하였으며, Bland-Altman plot [13,14] 의측정오차측정법을활용하여추정결과에대한일치도를평가하였다. 68 Jung-Ran Song, et al. Agreement of Step Test Equations in Korean Youths Aged Years

4 아울러일치도평가의일환으로 GXT 를이용하여측정한 VO 2max 와 기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사 VO 2max 추정식그리고 Song et al. [1] 이새롭게개발한추정식으로부터산출한 VO 2max 의차이를일원 변량 ANOVA 를이용하여차이검증을실시하였다. 또한 GXT 와스텝 테스트시의관찰변인들 (VO 2max 실측값과예측값, 소요시간, 속도 등 ) 에대한남녀간의차이는독립 t-test 를이용하였다. 본연구에서의 모든통계적유의수준 (α) 은.5 로설정하였다. 연구결과 1. 트레드밀에서의 GXT 와 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사관련 측정변인결과 본연구에서는대상자들의정확한 VO 2max 측정을위하여실험실 에서트레드밀을이용하여 GXT 를통해 VO 2max 를측정하였고또한, VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) GXT Astrand-Ryhming Modified Astrand-Ryhming Male Female Total Fig. 1. The difference between the VO2max measured from GXT and the predicted VO2max calculated by the estimation equations. Values are means±sd. No difference between measured VO2max and VO2max predicted by original and modified Astrand-Ryhming estimation equations. Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사 protocol 을이용하여기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사 VO 2max 추정식 [11] 과 Song et al. [1] 이개발한 VO- 2max 추정공식을활용하여 VO 2max를각각산출하였다 (Fig. 1). Table 2의결과에따르면, GXT 시운동종료직후남녀평균 HRmax 는 (±7.8 beat/min) 로 Gellish et al. [11] 의공식에의하여산출된 HRmax ( 남녀평균 196.7± 1.1 bpm) 에준하는운동강도에서운동이종료되었음을확인할수있었다. 남녀평균 HRmax와는달리 VO 2max ( 남 53.1 ±7.4 vs. 여.7± 6.2 ml kg -1 min -1, p <.1) 를포함한운동지속시간 ( 남 1.2 ± 2.1 vs. 여 8.2 ±1.9 min, p <.1), 최종속도 ( 남 11.1 ± 1.5 vs. 여 9.8 ±1.5 km/hr, p <.1) 는성별에따른유의한차이가나타났다. Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사측정결과에서는운동종료직후 HRmax 는남녀모두 HRmax 대비 % 수준 (GXT 남녀평균 195.7± 7.8 bpm vs. Step test ±19.6 bpm) 으로써 GXT 검사보다낮은운동강도수준에서운동이종료되었음을확인할수있었다. 또한 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜기반의새로운추정식을통해산출된 VO 2max 결과에서는남자의경우 53.2 ± 2.6 ml kg -1 min -1 그리고여자의경우.1± 2. ml kg -1 min -1 로나타나 GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max ( 남 53.1 ± 7.4, 여.7± 6.2 ml kg -1 min -1 ) 와매우유사한것으로나타난반면, 기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식을이용하여산출한 VO 2max 결과에서는남자의경우 49. ±14.9 ml kg -1 min -1 그리고여자의경우 37.6 ± 6.6 ml kg -1 min -1 로남녀모두각각 7-8% 낮은경향을보였으나통계적차이는나타나지않았다 (p =.142). 이러한결과는 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜기반의 Song et al. [1] 이개발한새로운추정식을통해산출되는 VO 2max가본연구에참여한남녀청소년들의 VO 2max를잘반영하고있음을의미한다. Table 2. Measured variables in GXT and variables related to Astrand-Ryhming step test Variables Male (n=3) Female (n=27) Total (n=57) GXT VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) ± 7.37 ND **.67 ± 6.16 ND ± 9.22 ND Duration time (min) 1.18±2.12** 8.24± ±2.23 Speed (km hr -1 ) ± 1.47** 9.79 ± ± 1.61 HRmax (beat min -1 ) ± ± ± 7.84 Original Astrand-Ryhming step test PVO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) 49.2 ± 14.88** ± ± HR at IAT (beat min -1 ) ± ± ± 19.6 Total work (kgm) 3,846.72±63.97** 2,764.83± ,35.77± Modified Astrand-Ryhming step test PVO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) ± 2.63**.13 ± ± 6.97 Values are means ± SD. ND, No significant difference from VO2max predicted by original and modified Astrand-Ryhming step test VO2max prediction equation; IAT, immediately after test; PVO2max, predicted VO2max; W, weight; HR, recovery 3 seconds after step test in sitting position (polar measurement). *p <.5; **p <.1. Difference between male and female; Original Astrand-Ryhming VO2max prediction equation [12]: Male VO2max (L min -1 )= [(Weight+5)/(HR-62)]; Female VO2max (L min -1 ) = 3.75 [(Weight-3)/(HR-65)]; Modified Astrand-Ryhming VO2max prediction equation [1]: y = ( sex)-(.216 W)-(.72 HR) ; sex: male = 1, female = 2. 송정란외 청소년의 Step test 추정식의일치도 69

5 Vol.28, No.1, February 19: 새로운 Astrand-Ryming protocol 기반의추정식에의한 VO 2max와측정된 VO 2max의일치도본연구에서는한국청소년을대상으로 Song et al. [1] 이개발한 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사기반의 VO 2max 추정식과기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사의 VO 2max 추정식그리고트레드밀을이용하여 GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max 간일치도검증을실시하였다. Table 3에제시된결과에따르면, GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max와기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사의 VO 2max 추정식을통해산출된 VO 2max의오차제곱합 (sum of squared errors, SSE), 평균오차제곱합 (mean sum of squared errors, MSE), 측정표준오차 (standard error of the estimate: estimate, SEE) 는각각 1,644.6, , 13.67으로나타났다. 또한실측값과의 95% 신뢰구간 (Confidence interval, CI) 에서의평균차는 ml kg -1 min-1 로나타났다. 그예로, GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max 는남녀평균 ± 9.22 ml kg -1 min-1 이었으나기존의추정식을이용하여산출된 VO 2max는 ±12.98 ml kg -1 min-1 로유의한차이는나타나지않았으나약 7-8% 낮은경향을보였고, 상관계수 (r=.321, p <.5) 역시도낮았다. 반면, GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max와 Song et al. [1] 이개발한 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사기반의 VO 2max 추정식을통해산출된 VO 2max의오차제곱합 (SSE), 평균오차제곱합 (MSE), 측정표준오차 (SEE) 는각각 2,489.38, 42.92, 6.55 ml kg -1 min-1 로나타났다. 또한실측값과추정값의신뢰구간 (CI) 의평균차는 ml kg -1 min-1 로나타났다. 즉, GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max와도매우유사한값을보였으며 (47.22 ± 9.22 vs ± 6.97 ml kg -1 min -1 ), 상관계수 (r=.713, p <.1) 역시도높게나타났다. 논의 본연구에서는남녀청소년들을대상 ( 만 13-18세 ) 으로실험실에서이루어지는최대점증부하검사 (GXT) 를통해측정된 VO 2max를준거로하여현재새롭게개발된 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜기반의추정식 [1] 으로부터산출된 VO 2max에대한일치도를평가하고자하였다. Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사에서의측정직후 HRmax는남녀모두 GXT 측정직후의 HRmax 대비 % 수준 (GXT 남녀평균 195.7± 7.8 bpm vs. Step test 15.1 ± 29. bpm) 으로써 GXT 검사보다낮은운동강도수준에서측정이종료되었음을확인할수있었다. 만약현장에서이루어지는스텝테스트의 VO 2max가실험실에서이루어지는 GXT에서의 VO 2max를잘반영한다면, 남녀노소누구나짧은시간에좁은공간에서실시할수있는측정방법으로서 [5,6] 특히, 규칙적인신체활동을하지않는남녀청소년들을대상으로심폐체력을측정할때안전성이라는측면에서유용한측정방법으로활용될수있을것으로기대된다. Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜기반의새로운추정식을통해산출된 VO 2max결과는남녀청소년모두 GXT를통해측정된 VO- 2max와매우유사한것으로나타난반면, 기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식을이용하여산출된 VO 2max 결과는남녀청소년모두 7-8% 낮은경향을보였으나통계적차이는나타나지않았다 (p =.142). Table 3. The correlation and agreement of VO2max measured from GXT Vs. VO2max calculated by modified Astrand-Ryhming equation Measure Equation from this study Original Astrand- Modified Astrand- Ryhming equation Ryhming equation Correlation coefficient (r).321*.713** SSE (ml kg -1 min -1 ) 1, , MSE (ml kg -1 min -1 ) RMSE (ml kg -1 min -1 ) SEE (ml kg -1 min -1 ) % error Mean difference (95% CI) (ml/kg/min) SSE, sum of squared errors; MSE, mean of squared errors; RMSE, root mean squared errors; SEE, standard error of estimate. *p <.5, **p <.1. Original Astrand-Ryhming VO2max prediction [12]; Male: VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) = (3.744 [(Weight+5)/(HR-62)])/Weight 1,; Female: VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) =(3.75 [(weight-3)/(hr-65)])/ Weight 1,. Modified equation of Astrand-Ryhming VO2max equation [1]; y=( Sex)-(.216 Weight)-(.72 HR) ; Weight = kg, HR = Heart rate at 3 seconds recovery after 5-minutes step test (Heart rate measurement using Polar), Sex: male=1, female=2. 이러한결과는 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사프로토콜기반의 Song et al. [1] 이개발한새로운추정식을통해산출되는 VO 2max가본연구에참여한남녀청소년들의 VO 2max를잘반영하고있음을의미한다. Fig. 2는트레드밀을이용하여 GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max와기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식 [1] 그리고 Song et al. [1] 이개발한추정식에의해산출된 VO 2max에대한 Bland-Altman plot을제시한것이다. 기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식결과와는달리 Song et al. [1] 의추정공식을이용하여산출된 VO 2max는 GXT를이용하여측정된 VO 2max와매우높은일치도가있음을확인할수있었다. 아울러본연구에서의일치도검증결과에서도 GXT를통해측정된 VO- 2max와기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식의표준오차 (SEE) 와상관계수 (r) 는각각 7.6과.321로 Song et al. [1] 의추정공식의표준오차 (SEE = 4.95 ml kg -1 min -1 ) 와상관계수 (r =.713) 와는많은차이를보였다 (Fig. 2). 또한 Bland-Altman plot 결과에서도기존의 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식과는달리 Song et al. [1] 의추정공식은 95% 의신뢰도구간내측정에참여한 58명모두 VO 2max 결과가포함됨으로써추정결과에대한일치도가확보되었음을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 3). 7 Jung-Ran Song, et al. Agreement of Step Test Equations in Korean Youths Aged Years

6 7 Astrand-ryhming equation (ml kg -1 min -1 ) GXT (ml kg -1 min -1 ) R² =.128 A Song et al. [1] equation (ml kg -1 min -1 ) GXT (ml kg -1 min -1 ) R² =.58 B Fig. 2. (A) The relationship between GXT (ml kg -1 min -1 ) and Astrand-rhyming equation (ml kg -1 min -1 ). (B) The relationship between GXT (ml kg -1 min -1 ) and Song et al. [1] equation (ml kg -1 min -1 ). Each point represents individual values. Astrand-Ryhming step test equation Modified Astrand-Ryhming step test equation (Song et al. [1]) Diff. between Measured & estimated VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) Diff. between Measured & estimated VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) Measured VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) Measured VO2max (ml kg -1 min -1 ) Fig. 3. Bland-Altman Plot of measured VO2max and estimated VO2max. The solid line represents the mean difference (bias) of the measured and estimated VO2max. The upper Fig. and 3. lower Bland Altman dashed Plot lines ofare measured 95% confidence VO2max and intervals estimated (mean VOdifference 2 max. The solid ±1.96 line SD). represents the mean difference (bias) of the measured and estimated VO 2 max. The upper and lower dashed lines are 95% confidence intervals (mean difference ±1.96 SD). 초기 Astrand & Ryhming [12] 이발표한 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사의경우, 표준오차는.28 L/min으로약 ml kg -1 min -1 을의미하는것으로, 본연구에서도 Song et al. [1] 의추정공식을통해도출된표준오차 (SEE = 4.95 ml kg -1 min -1 ) 와유사한것이다. 더욱이, Astrand- Ryhming 스텝검사에대한추가적인타당도나일치도검사가이루어지지않아 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사에대한직접적인비교는어려우나 Chester 스텝검사 [15,16] 의경우, 본연구 (confidence interval = -.93 ml kg -1 min -1 ) 와유사한일치도범위에해당하는 ml kg -1 min -1 (confidence interval) 을제시하였고, 또한최대하스텝검사를이용한 VO 2max 추정값과 GXT를통해측정된 VO 2max 간의유의한상관성 (r =.713) 을제시한타당도가확보된연구들 [15-21] 의상관계수범위 (r= ) 에도상응하는것으로나타나 Song et al. [1] 이발표한추정식이타당도가확보되었음을확인할수있었다. 더욱이, 대표적인필드 테스트중하나인 m 왕복달리기의경우역시도, ml kg -1 min -1 의유사한일치도범위와 범위의유사한상관계수결과 [22-28] 를보고한바있다. 이에본연구결과를바탕으로성별, 체중, 회복기 3초에서의심박수 ( 무선심박수측정기이용회복기 3초의심박수 ) 를입력하여 VO 2max 를추정할수있는 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사기반의청소년 VO 2max 추정식을사용함으로써기존 Astrand-Ryhming 스텝검사추정식의추정결과에대한오차를감소시키고, 보다정확하게한국남녀청소년들의 VO 2max를예측할수있을것이다. 결론 현재의연구결과를토대로새롭게수정된회귀식은기존의 Astrand- 송정란외 청소년의 Step test 추정식의일치도 71

7 Vol.28, No.1, February 19: Ryhming 스텝검사회귀식보다더정확하게 VO 2max를예측할수있다고결론지을수있다. 따라서새롭게제시된 Song et al. [1] 의회귀식은한국남녀청소년 ( 만 13-18세 ) 의 VO 2max에대한보다정확한심폐기능평가를위한방법으로서 5분간의스텝검사에적용하는것을권장한다. 향후연구에서는건강한성인집단을포함한노인들을대상으로한추가적인연구가진행되어야할것으로판단된다. CONFLICT OF INTEREST 이논문작성에있어서어떠한조직으로부터재정을포함한일체의지원을받지않았으며, 논문에영향을미칠수있는어떠한관계도없음을밝힌다. REFERENCES 1. WHO. Global Health Risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). The 12th Korea youth risk behavior survey. Seoul. 16. Available from: KCDC, Korea. 3. Chung JW, Ko BG, Song HS, Park SJ, Min SK, et al. Development of physical fitness center model Research Report. Korea Institute of Sport Sciences Chung JW, Song HS, Park SJ, Min SK, Choi CW, et al. 국민체력 1 대체항목개발 George JD, Vehrs PR, Allsen PE, Fellingham GW, Fisher AG. VO2max estimation from a submaximal 1-mile track jog for fit college-age individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(3): Zwiren LD, Freedson PS, Ward A, Wilke S, Rippe JM. Estimation of O2max: a comparative analysis of five exercise tests. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991;62(1): Cink RE, Thomas TR. Validity of the Astrand-Ryhming nomogram for predicting maximal oxygen intake. Br J Sports Med. 1981;15(3): Baek CS. Analysis of the validity of steptest by bench heights and exercise duration [thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National University Kim HS. A study of validation in the use of variable bench heights in the step test [thesis]. Kyunggido: The University of Suwon. 1. Song JR, Lee SH, Kim YJ, Kim SJ, Kim DY, et al. Development of new estimation formula based on Astrand-Ryhming step test protocol for VO- 2max evaluation of adolescents (13-18 years). Exerc Sci. 18;27(1): Gellish RL, Goslin BR, Olson RE, McDonald A, Russi GD, et al. Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between age and maximal heart rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 7;39(5): Astrand PO, Ryhming I. A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work. J Appl Physiol. 1954;7(2): Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;8: Bland JM, Altman DG. Comparing methods of measurement: Why plotting difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet. 1995; 346: Buckley J, Sim J, Eston R, Hession R, Fox R. Reliability and validity of measures taken during the Chester step test to predict aerobic power and to prescribe aerobic exercise. Br J Sports Med. 4;38(2): Sykes K, Roberts A. The Chester step test a simple yet effective tool for aerobic capacity. Physiotherapy. 4;9(1): Chatterjee S, Chatterjee P, Mukherjee PS, Bandyopadhyay A. Validity of Queen s College step test for use with young Indian men. Br J Sports Med. 4;38(3): Knight E, Stuckey MI, Petrella RJ. Validation of the step test and exercise prescription tool for adults. Can J Diabetes. 14;38(3): McArdle WD, Katch FI, Pechar GS, Jacobson L, Ruck S. Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen intake, physical work capacity and step-test scores in college women. Med Sci Sports. 1972;4(4): Santo AS, Golding LA. Predicting maximum oxygen uptake from a modified 3-minute step test. Res Q Exerc Sport. 3;74(1): Beutner F, Ubrich R, Zachariae S, Engel C, Sandri M, et al. Validation of a brief step-test protocol for estimation of peak oxygen uptake. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 15;22(4): Aandstad A, Holme I, Berntsen S, Anderssen SA. Validity and reliability of the meter shuttle run test in military personnel. Mil Med. 11; 176(5): Flouris AD, Metsios GS, Koutedakis Y. Enhancing the efficacy of the m multistage shuttle run test. Br J Sports Med. 5;39(3): Léger L, Gadoury C. Validity of the m shuttle run test with 1 min stages to predict V2max in adults. Can J Sport Sci. 1989;14(1): Léger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci. 1988;6(2): Mahar MT, Guerieri AM, Hanna MS, Kemble CD. Estimation of aerobic fitness from -m multistage shuttle run test performance. Am J 72 Jung-Ran Song, et al. Agreement of Step Test Equations in Korean Youths Aged Years

8 Prev Med. 11t;41(4 Suppl 2):S Ramsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C. A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. Br J Sports Med. 1988;22(4): Stickland MK, Petersen SR, Bouffard M. Prediction of maximal aerobic power from the -m multi-stage shuttle run test. Can J AppI Physiol. 3;28(2): 송정란외 청소년의 Step test 추정식의일치도 73

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