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1 Fire Sci. Eng., Vol. 32, No. 3, pp , 2018 DOI: ISSN : (Online) ISSN : (Print) [Research Paper] 김채원 김연지 서윤희 유제설 순천향대학교법과학대학원 Development of Fingerprints Deposited on Papers Found at a Fire Scene Chae-Won Kim Yeon-Ji Kim Youn-Hee Seo Je-Seol Yu Graduate School of Forensic Science, Soonchunhyang Univ (Received April 12, 2018; Revised May 24, 2018; Accepted June 11, 2018) 요 약 화재현장에서발견되는종이증거의지문은용의자신원에대한단서를찾을수있는중요한증거이다. 하지만화재현장의온도는매우높기때문에종이의잠재지문이손상될가능성이높아지문현출에어려움이따른다. 이에따라본연구는고온에노출된종이에남겨진잠재지문을현출하기위해다공성표면에적용하는시약인닌히드린, 1,8 - Diazafluoren One (DFO), 질산은을사용하여그효과성을비교하였다. 건열프레스기를사용하여종이가탄화되지않을정도의온도조건인 200 에서노출시간을달리하여종이에열을가하였다. 닌히드린은모든조건에서현출력이떨어졌으며 DFO 는노출시간이길어질수록감도가좋지않았다. 질산은은모든조건에서융선및특징점을확인할수있는상태의지문이현출되었다. 따라서화재현장에서수집한종이에서지문을현출하고자할때는아미노산반응시약보다염화물반응시약인질산은을사용해볼것을권장한다. ABSTRACT Fingerprints deposited on paper found at a fire scene are important evidence for determining a suspect s identity. On the other hand, because the temperature at the fire scene is very high, there are many difficulties in developing fingerprints. This study compared the effectiveness of ninhydrin, DFO, and silver nitrate to develop fingerprints deposited on paper exposed to high temperatures. Using a dry heat press, heat was applied to the paper at 200 for various times. Silver nitrate was found to be superior to the others under all conditions. Ninhydrin developed fingerprints weakly compared to DFO and silver nitrate. In addition, the sensitivity of DFO decreased with increasing exposure time. Therefore, it is recommended silver nitrate be used to develop fingerprints deposited on paper found at a fire scene. Keywords : Ninhydrin, DFO, Silver nitrate, Fire scene, Fingerprint 1)1. 서론 국가수사력의낭비를줄이기위해서는철저한현장조사가전제되어야한다. 특히화재현장의경우현장조사를통한증거수집이제대로이루어지지않는다면방화범죄를인식하지못하고수사를종결지을수있고반대로자연적으로발생한화재를방화범죄로결론지을가능성이있기때문이다 (1). 그러나화재현장에서는증거대부분이화염과진화과정등에의하여원래의형태를유지하지못한채로발견되기때문에지문이나 DNA 등신원을확인할수 있는증거수집에많은어려움이따른다. J. Deans는화재현장에임장한대다수의수사관들이화재로인하여지문이손상되었을것이라는생각때문에실제로다른범죄사건보다화재현장에서의지문채취를철저하게하지않는경우가많다고언급하였다 (2). 그러나잠재적인가해자의신원에대한단서를찾기위해서는현장에남겨진지문을찾는것이필요하다. 따라서열에의해훼손된검체에남아있는부분지문 (partial fingermark) 까지도육안으로식별가능하게하는현출기법을모색하는것은매우중요하다. 비다공성표면은다공성표면에비하여열에의해크게 Corresponding Author, haplf@naver.com, TEL: , FAX: c 2018 Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering. All right reserved. 88

2 89 훼손되지않는다는특성이있다. 따라서열에노출된비다공성표면에유류된지문현출과관련된연구는비교적많이이루어져왔는데, 실험에사용된비다공성표면으로는유리병, 플라스틱, 캔, 금속, 도자기, 세라믹등이있다 (2-4). 반면, 다공성표면과관련된연구는적다. 이때, 불에탄다공성표면이라면잠재지문현출이불가능하지만화재현장에서발견되는다공성표면의증거중에는간접적인열노출에의하여탄화되기보다구워지는증거가발견될가능성이있으므로더많은연구가필요하다. 대표적인다공성표면인종이에는지문구성성분중에서도에크린선에서분비되는수용성분비물이빠르게흡수된다. 수용성분비물은아미노산, 단백질, 젖산등과같은유기물질과금속이온, 염화물등과같은무기물질로이루어져있다 (5). 종이에유류된지문을현출할때는지문의아미노산성분과반응하는시약을주로사용하지만, DeHaan의연구에따르면지문구성성분에포함된단백질이고온에서변성될경우더이상단백질타겟시약과반응하지않을수있음을밝혀냈다 (6). Giorgia De Paoli는지문구성성분중요소, 젖산, 7가지아미노산을광분해, 열분해시켜보았다. 100 에서상당한아미노산의분해가있었고 150 노출에서아미노산의추가분해가있었다 (7). 아울러, 영국내무성 (Home Office) 에서수행한연구에따르면 150 이상의열에지문이노출될경우아미노산성분이분해되므로닌히드린이나 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) 를처리하는것이바람직하지않다고밝혔다 (8). 따라서열에노출된다공성표면에서지문을현출하기위해서는아미노산타겟시약보다는다른시약이나기법의사용을고려해야한다. 몇몇연구자들은별도의시약을처리하기보다는열에노출된종이에특정파장의광원을조사 ( 照射 ) 하여비파괴적으로지문의자연형광 (natural fluorescence) 을관찰하는방법을이용하였다. Brown은지문이유류된종이를 220~ 300 범위에서빠르게건식가열한후, 자외선을조사하여지문의자연형광을관찰한바있다 (9). Dominick 은 150 로열처리한검체에 nm 대역의녹색광을조사하고 549 nm 필터를사용하여지문의자연형광을관찰하였다 (10). 그러나이방법은일정온도이상의열이가해진검체에서는자연형광을관찰할수없다는단점을갖고있다. 영국내무성 (Home Office) 에서수행한연구에따르면다공성표면에유류된지문이화재현장과같이극한조건에노출되어도화학적기법을통한현출이가능했다 (11). Dominick 외는종이에지문을유류한뒤, 오븐을사용하여 50, 100, 150, 200 의열을검체에가한다음닌히드린, DFO, Physical Developer (PD) 를처리하였다. 최대 100 의열에노출된검체에서는 DFO의효과가우수하였으나, 그이상의열에노출된검체에서는 PD가효과적이었다 (5). 기존의선행연구에서는연구자마다자연형광을관찰하기위한광원의파장이달랐고, 검체에열을처리하기위한 발열체의효과성을각기다르게주장하고있다. 또한 PD 시약은효과가매우우수하나현장에서사용하기에는제조방법과적용방법이까다롭다는단점이존재한다. 이에본실험의연구자들은예비실험을통해발열체로건열프레스기를선정하였고, 이를사용하여종이에고른열이전달되도록하였다. 또한지문의구성성분중염화물은높은열에견딜수있다는 Richmond의연구 (11) 를토대로, 염화물을타겟으로하는질산은 (silver nitrate) 과아미노산을타겟으로하는닌히드린, DFO를각각적용한지문의이미지를비교하여열에노출된종이에유류된지문을현출하기위한최적의기법을제시하고자하였다. 2. 실험재료 2.1 닌히드린닌히드린은다공성표면에서지문현출을위한가장보편적인기술중하나이다 (12). 닌히드린은 1910년영국의화학자 Siegfried Ruhemann에의해서처음합성되어아미노산과반응하는것으로알려졌으며 (13), 지문검출시약으로닌히드린을사용한것은 1954년 Odén and von Hofsten에의해처음제안되었다 (14). 종이와같은다공성표면은육안으로는보이지않지만지문의융선보다촘촘한구멍을가진표면이기때문에액체를흡수하는특성이있다. 이러한특성으로종이에지문이남겨졌을때지문의수용성분비물에해당하는아미노산이흡수되어남아있게된다. 닌히드린은종이에남겨져있는지문의아미노산성분과반응하여루히만퍼플 (Ruhemann s purple) 이라고불리는핑크계열의보라색을띠게된다. 지문의아미노산성분과종이의셀룰로오스는건조한종이기질에서는아미노산이이동하지않고매우견고한결합을하여지문의융선모양을보존한다. 이결합은종이가젖거나과도한습도에노출되지않는한매우강하다 (12). 닌히드린은담금법이나스프레이법을통해적용하며닌히드린과아미노산의반응속도를촉진시키기위해열을가한다. 닌히드린으로처리된지문은보라색을띠므로밝은표면에서큰대조비를보이기때문에별도의광원없이관찰이가능하다. 반면어둡거나복잡한배경에서는보라색의닌히드린처리지문은대조비가좋지않아시각화하는것에어려움이있다. 본실험에서는 6 g의닌히드린분말 (SIRCHE) 을 Ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 99.9% (DAEJUNG) 50 ml에완전히녹인후 Petroleum ether, 90.0% (SAMCHUN) 950 ml를첨가하여닌히드린용액을제조하였다 ,8-Diazafluoren-9-One (DFO) 다공성표면에서의효과적인지문현출시약인닌히드린의발견이후, 법과학자들은닌히드린과유사한구조를가진것으로알려진다양한분자들을연구하였고그중 1,8-diazafluorene-9-one (DFO) 이효과적인닌히드린유사체 Fire Sci. Eng., Vol. 32, No. 3, 2018

3 90 김채원 김연지 서윤희 유제설 로주목받았다 년 Druey와 Schmidt에의해처음합성되었으며 (15), 1990년 Grigg과 Pounds에의해잠재지문현출시약으로소개되었다 (16,17). DFO는이중목적시약 (dual purpose reagent) 으로, 아미노산과반응하여상온에서옅은핑크-퍼플색의정색반응과 470 nm의자극광에서 570 nm 의방출광을내는형광반응물을형성한다 (18). 아미노산과결합한 DFO는백색광하에서는닌히드린보다연한색을나타내지만, 2차적인금속염처리없이도형광반응을관찰할수있다 (19). 본실험에서는 DFO 500 mg을메탄올 100 ml에완전히녹인후 ethyl acetate (DAEJUNG) 100 ml와 acetic acid, glacial (DAEJUNG) 20 ml를넣고 Petroleum ether, 90.0% (SAMCHUN) 780 ml를첨가하여 DFO를제조하였다. 2.3 질산은질산은은 1891년초에처음사용되어닌히드린이사용되기전까지요오드와함께다공성표면에유류된지문을현출하는데가장많이사용된시약이다. 질산은이지문을현출시키는반응매커니즘은다음과같다. 잠재지문의염화물이온과질산은이반응하여염화은 (silver chloride) 이라는불용성염을형성한다 (8). 이염화은은결합이약하기때문에단파장의자외선을비춰주면염화은이 metallic silver로바뀌어어두운색깔의지문으로현출된다 (5). 현출된지문은시간이지남에따라배경이어두워져현출즉시촬영해야하며처리된잠재지문은암실에서보관해야한다. 질산은은아미노산을타겟으로하지않기때문에다공성검체에서아미노산을타겟으로하는닌히드린이나 DFO와같은시약을적용한후에질산은을순차적으로적용하면추가적인지문이현출될수있다 (12). 또한질산은은파괴적인기법이기때문에마지막으로사용하는것이좋다. 본실험에서는 30 g의 silver nitrate 분말을증류수 100 ml에완전히녹인후 Ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 99.9% (DAEJUNG) 1000 ml을첨가하여질산은용액을제조하였다. 3. 실험방법 3.1 지문유류실험에사용된검체는백색 A4 사무용지 ( 더블에이 A4 복사용지, Thailand) 를사용하였으며, 지문유류전에손을세척하고자연건조한후라텍스장갑을 30분가량착용한뒤유류하였다. 사용된지문은만 25세남성의우수무지, 좌수무지로, A4용지에땀지문을연속적으로 6번유류하였다. 세가지시약의효과성을비교하기위하여지문을유류한다음 Figure 1과같이 3등분하여각시약을적용하였다. 3.2 열적용방법 Ninhydrin silver nitrate DFO Figure 1. Fingerprint split method and application location of reagents 발열체선정및노출온도와시간설정 먼저선행연구를기반으로하여지문이유류된종이를가열할발열체를선정하였다. 선행연구에서는주로온도를설정할수있는오븐, 다리미, 건열프레스기를발열체로선정하였다. 오븐의경우열이검체에고루전달되지않고, 검체를올려놓는오븐트레이의소재특성상설정한온도보다높아져온도조절이어려웠다. 또한, 예비실험에서사용한오븐은최대 210 까지만설정할수있어검체에더높은온도를가할수없었다. 다리미의경우열선이존재하는곳만열이가해지고그렇지않은부분에는열전달이되지않아고른열처리가어려웠다. 건열프레스기도열선방식을채택하고있으나, 다리미에비하여열판이두꺼워열전도가우수하여검체에고른열전달이가능하다. 또한, 400 까지온도조절이가능하여높은온도를검체에적용할수있다는특징이있다. 발열체를사용하여 180 부터 400 까지의열을검체에처리한결과, 270 에서는아미노산이탄화되어시약의효과를비교하기에적합하지않았으며같은온도에서노출시간을길게적용하면종이가탄화되어지문을관찰할수없었다. 따라서본연구에서는지문이유류된종이를건열프레스기 ( 알트라이트, HP3838) 를사용하여아미노산과 종이가탄화되지않는적정온도인 200 에서노출시간을 100초, 200초, 300초로달리하여열처리를하였다. 3.3 시약적용및관찰방법본실험에서는닌히드린, DFO, 질산은용액을담금법으로적용하였다. 닌히드린과 DFO를처리한검체는충분히말린후잠재지문현출속도를높이기위해 Digital Steam Press (Sienna, SSP-3208, USA) 사용하여열처리하였다. 질산은을처리한검체에자외선광원 (UV Panther, 254 nm, SIRCHIE, USA) 을약 1 분간조사하였다. 촬영시사용한카메라는 NIKON D90이며, AF-S MICRO NIKKOR 105 mm 1:2.8 G ED (Nikon, Japan) 렌즈를장착시 한국화재소방학회논문지, 제 32 권제 3 호, 2018 년

4 91 Main categories general ridge flows Level 1 Major ridge path deviation Level 2 Features Level 3 Figure 2. Illustration of the three levels of details (21). Table 1. Fingerprint Evaluation Table According to SWGFAST Standard High (4 points) Medium High (3 points) Medium Low (2 points) Low (1 point) Quality Level 1 is Distinct; Level 2 Details are Distinct; There are Abundant Distinct Level 3 Details. Level 1 is Distinct; Most of the Level 2 Details are Distinct; There are Minimal Distinct Level 3 Details. Level 1 is Distinct; Few of the Level 2 Details are Distinct; There are Minimal Distinct Level 3 Details. Level 1 may not be Distinct; Most of the Level 2 Details are Indistinct; There are no Distinct Level 3 Details. 켰다. 닌히드린과질산은을적용한지문은백색광하에서촬영하였고 DFO를적용한지문은암실에서 polilight Flare Plus nm 광원 (Rofin, Australia) 과진한주황색차폐필터 (Altlight, Korea) 를사용하여촬영하였다. 3.4 평가방법평가를위해법과학교육을받은 22명을평가자로선정하였다. 지문전문가모임인 Scientific Working Group on Friction ridge Analysis, Study and Technology (SWGFAST) 는지문의질적 양적인면을모두평가하는총체적접근방법 (holistic approach) 을따라권고안을제시하였는데 (20), 그내용은 Figure 2와같다. Level 1 detail에서는지문의일반적인융선의형태를관찰하고, Level 2 detail에서는끝점, 분기점등특징점으로알려져있는주요융선들의경로변화를확인하게된다. Level 3 detail에서는개별적인융선의형태, 융기된모양이나방향, 고랑의형태나위치, 땀구멍등세부적인사항을파악한다. 각기법을통해현출된지문사진을보여준후어떻게관찰되는지아래의 Table 1을기준으로평가하도록하였다. Table 1 은 Figure 2 를참고하여설정한점수기준이다. 4. 실험결과및고찰 4.1 노출시간에따른시약의효과성비교 Figure 3은비교를위한대조군 (control) 으로지문이유류된종이에열처리를하지않고바로시약을적용한결과이다. Figure 4는평가자들이평가한지문의점수를합산한평균을그래프로나타낸것이다. 대조군에서는 DFO가평균 3.50점으로가장우수한현출력을보였으며, 닌히드린은평균 1.63점으로가장떨어지는현출력을보였다. 200, 100초간열처리한결과에서도 DFO는평균 2.23 점을얻어가장좋은현출력을보였으나노출시간이 200초이상지속되면형광의세기가급격하게약해지는것을알수있다. 닌히드린또한노출시간이길어질수록현출력이점점감소하였으며 200초이상노출시킨검체에서는융선이거의관찰되지않았다. 반면질산은을적용한경우다른시약을적용한지문과는달리노출시간이길어지더라도고루약 2점을얻어식별가능한융선의형태가유지됨을 Fire Sci. Eng., Vol. 32, No. 3, 2018

5 92 김채원 김연지 서윤희 유제설 Control 100 s 200 s 300 s Nninhydrin/ Silver Nitrate DFO Figure 3. Fingerprint of applying ninhydrin, silver nitrate, DFO with different exposure time. S co r e Exposure time Figure 4. Score for each technique (ninhydrin, DFO, silver nitrate) according to heat exposure time. 확인하였다. 이는각시약의타겟물질이다르고타겟물질의열분해성질에의한것이라고생각된다. 질산은의타겟물질인염화물은열에강하다고알려져있는데, 화재시발생할수있는가장높은온도는 1350 로염화물의끓는점인 1413 보다낮다 (2). 때문에고온에노출된다공성검체에서지문을현출할때는염화물을타겟으로하는질산은을사용하면아미노산을타겟으로하는시약보다지문을증강할가능성이높아진다 , 100초에노출된결과 200 의열을 100초간가한후각각의시약을사용하여현출한결과, DFO를사용했을때가장대조비가좋은지문이현출되었으며지문평가결과 2.23점으로가장높은점수를얻었다. 가장감도가좋지않은시약은닌히드린으로가장낮은평가점수를얻었다. Figure 5. Depletion series of fingerprints applied with ninhydrin and silver nitrate after exposure to heat for 200 s and , 200 초에노출된결과 / 200, 300 초에노출된결과지문이유류된종이를 200 에서 200초간노출시킨후시약을적용한결과는 Figure 5, Figure 6과같다. 닌히드린은 1번지문에서만융선의흐름이아주미세하게보일정 도로현출되었으며, 100초간열처리된검체에서높은감도를보였던 DFO의감도가확연하게떨어진것을확인할수있다. 반면질산은은 5번지문까지대조비가좋은지문이현출되었고 6번지문에서도진하지않지만식별이가능한융선이현출되었다. 또한, Figure 7, Figure 8에서볼수있 한국화재소방학회논문지, 제 32 권제 3 호, 2018 년

6 93 Figure 6. Depletion series of fingerprints applied with ninhydrin and silver nitrate after exposure to heat for 200 s and 200 (505 nm, orange barrier filter). Figure 8. Depletion series of fingerprints applied with ninhydrin and silver nitrate after exposure to heat for 300 s and 200 (505 nm, orange barrier filter). Figure 7. Depletion series of fingerprints applied with ninhydrin and silver nitrate after exposure to heat for 300 s and 200. 듯이열에 300초동안노출된지문에각시약을처리한결과에서도질산은처리지문에서가장뚜렷한융선디테일을확인할수있었고, 닌히드린과 DFO는매우낮은지문현출력을확인할수있었다. 이러한결과는아미노산이오랫동안열을받으면아미노산의구조가변한다는 Ingrid M. Weiss의연구결과와도일치한다 (22). 5. 결론 본연구에서는열에노출된종이에유류되어있던잠재지문을현출하기위해닌히드린, DFO, 질산은의효과성을비교하였다. 그결과종이가오랜시간열에노출되어도질산은이다른시약에비해근소하게우수한지문현출결과를보였다. 아미노산은높은온도또는열에오랜시간노출될경우열분해가일어나아미노산의구조가변형된다. 이러한이유때문에아미노산을타겟으로하는닌히드린과 DFO의감도가낮았다. 따라서열에노출된종이에유류된잠재지문현출을위해서는아미노산을타겟으로하는시약보다는 NaCl과같이지문에존재하는염화물을타겟으로하는질산은시약을고려하는것이옳다고생각된다. 그러나본연구에서노출온도와시간조건을다양하게설정하지못한점과일상생활에서흔히찾아볼수있는다양한종이류표면에대한실험을수행하지못한점이아쉬움으로남는다. 화재현장에서는다양한형태의종이류증거가수집될수있으므로이와관련한후속연구들이필요할것으로생각된다. 과학수사요원, 화재조사관이화재현장에서수집한종이가탄화되지않은상태라면, 본연구결과가시사하는바와같이질산은을우선적으로사용해볼것을권장한다. 후기 이논문은 2018학년도순천향대학교학술연구비지원을받아수행된연구임. References 1. S. H. Lee, Fire Science, DongHwa Technology, Korea pp (2017). 2. J. Deans, Recovery of Fingerprints from Fire Scenes and Associated Evidence, Science & Justice: Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp (2006). 3. W. W. Harper, Latent Fingerprints at High Temperatures., Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp (1938). Fire Sci. Eng., Vol. 32, No. 3, 2018

7 94 김채원 김연지 서윤희 유제설 4. J. Deans, M. Cox and S. Bleay, The Effect of Different Types of Fire Extinguisher on the Recovery of Fingerprints, Fingerprint Whorld, Vol. 33, No. 128, pp (2006). 5. R. Ramotowski, Lee and Gaensslen s Advances in Fingerprint Technology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S. (2006). 6. J. D. DeHaan and P. L. Kirk, Kirk s Fire Investigation, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, U.S., p. 458 (2006). 7. G. D. Paoli, S. A. Lewis, E. L. Schuette, L. A. Lewis, R. A. Connatser and T. Farkas, Photo- and Thermal- Degradation Studies of Select Eccrine Fingerprint Constituents, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp (2010). 8. S. M. Bleay, V. G. Sears, H. L. Bandey, A. P. Gibson, V. J. Bowman, R. Downham, L. Fitzgerald, T. Ciuksza, et al., Fingerprint source book, Home Office Center for Applied Science Technology, Centre for Applied Science and Technology, UK (2012). 9. A. G. Brown, D. Sommerville, B. J. Reedy, R. G. Shimmon and M. Tahtouh, Revisiting the Thermal Development of Latent Fingerprints on Porous Surfaces: New Aspects and Refinements, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp (2009). 10. A. J. Dominick, N. N. Daeid and S. M. Bleay, The Recoverability of Fingerprints on Paper Exposed to Elevated Temperatures-Part 1: Comparison of Enhancement Techniques, Journal of Forensic Identification, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp (2010). 11. A. Richmond-Aylor, S. Bell, P. Callery and K. Morris, Thermal Egradation Analysis of Amino Acids in Fingerprint Residue by Pyrolysis GC MS to Develop New Latent Fingerprint Developing Reagents, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp (2007). 12. C. Champod, C. Lennard, P. Margot and M. Stoilovic, Fingerprints and Other Ridge Skin Impressions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S. (2004). 13. S. Ruhemann, CXXXII. Cyclic di-and tri-ketones, Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, Vol. 97, pp (1910). 14. S. Odén and B. V. Hofsten, Detection of Fingerprints by the Ninhydrin Reaction, Nature, Vol. 173, No. 4401, p. 449 (1954). 15. J. Druey and P. Schmidt, Phenanthrolinchinone und Diazafluorene, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp (1950). 16. C.A. Pounds, R. Grigg and T. Mongkolaussavaratana, The Use of 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) for the Fluorescent Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Paper. A Preliminary Evaluation, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 35, No.1, pp (1990). 17. R. Grigg, T. Mongkolaussavaratana, C. A. Pounds and S. Sivagnanam, 1,8-Diazafluorenone and Related Compounds. A New Reagent for the Detection of Alpha Amino Acids and Latent Fingerprints, Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 31, No. 49, pp (1990). 18. M. Stoilovic, Improved Method for DFO Development of Latent Fingerprints Forensic Science International, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp (1993). 19. C. Conn, G. Ramsay, C. Roux and C. Lennard, The Effect of Metal Salt Treatment on the Photoluminescence of DFO -treated Fingerprints, Forensic Science International, Vol. 116, No. 2-3, pp (2001). 20. SWGFAST, Document #10: Standards for Examining Friction Ridge Impressions and Resulting Conclusions (Latent/Tenprint), SWGFAST, Ver.2.1 (2013). 21. J. Fraser and R. Willians, Handbook of Forensic Science, Willan Publishing, UK, p. 58 (2009). 22. I. M. Weiss, C. Muth, R. Drumm and H. O. K. Kirchner, Thermal Decomposition of the Amino Acids Glycine, Cysteine, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Arginine and Histidine, BMC Biophysics, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 2 (2018). 한국화재소방학회논문지, 제 32 권제 3 호, 2018 년

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