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1 Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(2): pissn: eissn: X Factors Influencing Adolescent's Relationship With Non-Custodial Parents Sung Hui Cho Department of Social Welfare, HyupSung University, Hwaseong, Korea Objective: This study examined the facotrs influencing the relationship of adolescents with noncustodial parent. Specifically, this study focused on the comparative influence of the family function as a factor controlling other factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, beliefs about parental divorce, and social support. Methods: Data were collected from 322 adolescents from divorced families using a structured questionnaire. SPSS 22.0, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression were performed to analyze the data. Results and Conclusion: The results revealed that beliefs about parental divorce, social support, and family function affected the relationship with non-custodial parent. After controlling the influence of other factors, family function was found to have a significant influence on the relationship with noncustodial parents. Based on the results, practical suggestions were provided to enhance the relationship between adolescents and non-custodial parents. Keywords: relationship with non-custodial parent, adolescent from divorced family, beliefs about parental divorce, social support, family function., (Y. S. Cho & Lee, 2004; Moon, 2007). 1,000, , (Statistics Korea, 2014). OECD,. Corresponding Author: Sung Hui Cho, Department of Welfare, Hyupsung University, 72, Choerubaek-Ro, Bongdam-Eup, Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi- Do, Korea, chosh@uhs.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Sung Hui Cho 158,,.,,, (Amato & Cheadle, 2005; E. J. Kim & Baek, 2007)..,,. (Joo & Cho, 2004)., (Amato & Cheadle, 2005; Emery, 1999; K. E. Lee & Ju, 2005). (Statistics Korea, 2014).. (Emery, 2004).,. (Y. S. Cho & Lee, 2004; Felner, 2006; Masten & Coastsworth, 1998; Wallerstein, Kelly, & Blakelee, 2000).,, (Emery, 1999; Joo & Cho, 2004; Wallerstein, Kelly, & Blakelee, 2000)..,.. (Hong, 2004; Y. Y. Park & Kim, 2005).., (Falci, 2006; Risch, Jodl, & Eccles, 2004).,., (Depner & Bray, 1993). (Amato, 2000; Choi, 2013; Chung, 1993; Depner & Bray, 1993; S. Y. Lee, 2002; Son, 2013)., (Son, 2013)... (Kurdek & Berg, 1987). (Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1996; E. S. Kang & Yi, 2013).,, (Joo & Cho, 2004; Ju, 2003; Kurdek, 2002).

,, (Emery, 1999; Joo & Cho, 2004; Wallerstein, Kelly, & Blakelee, 2000)..,.. (Hong, 2004; Y. Y. Park & Kim, 2005).., (Falci, 2006; Risch, Jodl, & Eccles, 2004).,., (Depner & Bray, 1993).

3 159 Adolescent's Relationship with Non-Custodial Parents (Choi, 2013; Hetherington, 2003; Y. Y. Park & Kim, 2005).., (Demaray, Malecki, Davidson, Hodgson, & Rebus, 2005), (Jang & Lee, 2011; Lee & Joo, 2005).. (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983)., (Choi, 2013; Ju, 2003; Son, 2013)., (S. Y. Lee, 2002).,,,,.,,,, (K. W. Kim & Moon, 2005). - (Carothers, Borkowski, Lefevre, & Whitman, 2005; J. A. Park & Yoo, 2003), (Bae & Lee, 2006)., (Y. K. Kim & Han, 2006; Son, 2013)., (H. S. Kim, 2005; Yoon, Lee, Kim, & Jeong, 2012). (H. K. Kim & Chang, 2015; Y. K. Kim & Lee, 2011; S. Y. Lee, 2009). (Jun, 2002; Y. K. Kim & Han, 2006; Yoo, 2005). (Haggerty et al., 1996; Hetherington, 2003; Kurdek, 2002), (S. J. Kim, 2008)... (Choi, 2013; Ju, 2003; Jun, 2002; Yoo, 2005).,.,,..,..

,,,, (K. W. Kim & Moon, 2005). - (Carothers, Borkowski, Lefevre, & Whitman, 2005; J. A. Park & Yoo, 2003), (Bae & Lee, 2006)., (Y. K. Kim & Han, 2006; So

4 Sung Hui Cho 160 1,,,? 2,,? Table 1 Participants' Characteristics Gender Age Categorie N % M F M (SD) = (1.78) 연구대상 Siblings Yes No ,,.,,, Table (51.9%) 155 (48.1%) (52.4%), (SD = 1.78). 256 (79.5%) 66 (20.5%) (38.8%), 3 99 (30.1%), 3.31(SD = 1.10). 191 (59.3%) 131 (40.7%). Economic status Religion 1 (Very low) (Middle) (Vert high) M (SD) 3.31 (1.10) Yes No Period of single-parent family formation (years) < years < years < years < years < > M (SD) 6.18 (3.90) Note. N = (25.2%), (18.9%), (18.3%), 6.18 (SD = 3.90).

3%) 131 (40.7%). Economic status Religion 1 (Very low) 17 5.3 2 57 17.7 3 99 30.1 4 (Middle) 125 38.8 5 17 5.3 6 6 1.9 7 (Vert high) 3 0.9 M (SD) 3.31 (1.10) Yes 191 59.3 No 131 40.

5 161 Adolescent's Relationship with Non-Custodial Parents 연구도구 비양육부모와의 관계 Lange (1998) Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire (PACHIQ) Lange (2002) Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire-Revised (PACHIQ-R) (PACHIQ-R-CH). 25, (conflict resolution) (acceptance). ( ), ( ). (1) (5) 5,. Lange (2002) PACHIQ-R-CH (Cronbach's α).90, (Cronbach's α).88. 부모이혼지각 Kurdek Berg (1987) Children's Beliefs About Parental Divorce Scale (CBAPDS). 36. (peer ridicule and avoidance), (paternal blame), (maternal blame), (ear of abandonment), (hope of reunification), (self-blame), 6.,,.,,. (1) (2),. Kurdek Berg (1987) CBAPDS (Cronbach's α).80, (Cronbach's α).72. 사회적지지 Malecki (1999) Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS) (teacher support) (peer support).,. 10 (1) (6) 6. Malecki (1999) CASSS (Cronbach's α).80, (Cronbach's α).92. 가족기능 Epstein (1983) Family Assessment Device (FAD) (general functioning). FAD 12.. (1) (4) 4,. Epstein (1983) FAD (Cronbach's α).92, (Cronbach's α).91.

부모이혼지각 Kurdek Berg (1987) Children's Beliefs About Parental Divorce Scale (CBAPDS). 36.

6 Sung Hui Cho 162 인구사회학적 특성,,,,,. (0), (1),. (0), (1), (1) (7) 7. (0), (1).. 자료분석,, (hierarchical multiple regression analysis).,,,..,,,. SPSS 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY). 비양육부모와의 관계 및 주요 변수들의 특성 과 관련성 Table (SD =.14), (SD =.57) 4.02 (SD =.76), (SD =.59).. (r =.402, p <.001), (r =.710, p <.001), (r =.367, p <.001) Table 2 Variables Characteristics and Correlation Categories Beliefs about parental divorce - 2. Family function.380*** - 3. Social support.263***.325*** - 4. Relationship with noncustodial parent.402***.701***.367*** - M SD Note. N = 322. ***p <.001.

001), (r =.367, p <.001) Table 2 Variables Characteristics and Correlation Categories 1 2 3 4 1. Beliefs about parental divorce - 2. Family function.

7 163 Adolescent's Relationship with Non-Custodial Parents. 비양육부모와의 관계의 영향 요인과 가족기능 의 독자적인 설명력., (tolerance), (VIF). ( r =.380, p <.001)..736, 1.358,.,,,., Table 3, Table 3 Multiple Regression Analysis of Relationship with Non-Custodial Parent Variables 1 st Model 2 nd Model 3 rd Model 4 th Model B β t B β t B β t B β t Constant *** Gender Age Economic status ** ** ** Siblings ** * * Religion Period of single-parent family formation Beliefs about parental *** *** ** divorce Social support *** ** Family function *** F 3.152** *** *** *** R F change 3.152** *** *** *** R 2 change Note. N = 322. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

105 -.261 -.689 Gender -.044 -.038 -.677 -.046 -.039 -.771 -.039 -.033 -.682.031.026.667 Age.017 -.050 -.901 -.010 -.031 -.607 -.010 -.029 -.588.022.068 1.697 Economic status.092.171 3.050**.079.

8 Sung Hui Cho 164 (F = , p <.001), 54.3% (R 2 =.543). 4 3,, 27.9% (F change = , p <.001, R 2 change =.279). 4,,, 3. (t = 3.041, p <.01), (t = 3.085, p <.01), 4 (t = , p <.001).,,. (β =.616), (β =.128), (β=.128)..,,,.,,.,,.,,.,,., (S. Y. Lee, 2002; Saphir & Chaffee, 2002; Son, 2013)., (Falci, 2006; H. Y. Kang & Lazarevic, 2013; Risch, Jodl, & Eccles. 2004).., (Joo & Cho, 2004; Kurdek, 2002) (Jang & Lee, 2011; K. E. Lee & Ju, 2005).....,,,,

Y. Lee, 2002; Saphir & Chaffee, 2002; Son, 2013)., (Falci, 2006; H. Y.

9 165 Adolescent's Relationship with Non-Custodial Parents..,,, (Jeong, 2011).,..,, (Y. L. Kim, 2014)..,,. 3.,, (Jun, 2012; Y. K. Kim & Lee, 2011).. (Folberg, Milne, & Salem, 2004),.., (Wallerstein, 2000).. (Emery, 2004).., (Fagerstrom, 1997)..

10 Sung Hui Cho (K. J. Park, Choi, & Han. 2009)..,,,,,.,.,... Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF- 2013S1A5A ). Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. References Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, A. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well being across three generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(1), Bae, M. L., & Lee. K. M. (2006). Attachment and narcissistic personality of early adolescence: A comparison of only and sibling. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 11(1), Carothers, S. S., Borkowski, J. G., Lefevre, J. B., & Whitman, T. L. (2005). Religiosity and the socio-emotional adjustment of adolescent mothers and their children. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), Cho, Y. S., & Lee, Y. S. (2004). The effect of social competence enhancement program on self-efficacy and interpersonal relation ability of middle school students from single-parent families. The Korean Journal of East West Mind Science, 7(2), Choi, J. K. (2013). Adolescents' experience of living with divorced father: Giorgi's phenomenological approach. The Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 20(12), Chung, H. S. (1993). Post-divorce adjustment: The experience of the school children and adolescents. The Korean Journal of Child Studies, 14(1), Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Davidson, L. M., Hodgson, K. K., & Rebus, P. J. (2005). The relationship between social support and student adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 42(7), Depner, C., & Bray, J. (1993). Nonresidential parenting: New vistas for family living. New York: Guilford Publication. Emery, R. E. (1999). Postdivorce family life for children. In R. Thompson & P. Amato (Eds.), The post divorce family: Children, parenting, and society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Emery, R. E. (2004). The truth about children and divorce: Dealing with the emotions so you and your children can thrive. Viking/ Penguin: New York. Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital

Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1269-1287. Amato, P. R., & Cheadle, A. (2005). The long reach of divorce: Divorce and child well being across three generations.

11 167 Adolescent's Relationship with Non-Custodial Parents and Family Therapy, 9(2), Fagerstrom, K. (1997). Divorce and family mediation: Models, techniques, and applications. Orinda, CA: Brookwood. Falci, C. (2006). Family structure, closeness to residential and nonresidential parents, and psychological distress in early and middle adolescence. The Sociological Quarterly, 47(1), Felner, R. D. (2006). Poverty in children and adolescence. In S. Coldstein & R. B. Brooksw (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children. New York, NY: Springer. Folberg, J., Milne, A. L., & Salem, P. (2004). Divorce: A problem to be solved, not a battle to be fought. New York: Guilford Publication. Haggerty, R., Sherrod, L., Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1996). Stress, Risk and Resilience in Children and Adolescents. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hetherington, E. M. (2003). Social support and the adjustment of children in divorce and remarried families. Childhood, 10(2), Hong, S. H. (2004). 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The Sociological Quarterly, 47(1), 123-146. Felner, R. D. (2006). Poverty in children and adolescence. In S. Coldstein & R. B. Brooksw (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children.

12 Sung Hui Cho 168 Malecki, C. K., & Elliott, S. N. (1999). Adolescents' ratings of perceived social support and its importance: Validation of the student social support scale. Psychology in the Schools, 36(6), Masten, A. S., & Coastworth, J. D. (1998). The developments of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), Moon, H. J. (2007). A study for changed aspects after currency crisis in Korean society. Journal of International Area Studies, 11(1), Park, J. A., & Yoo, S. K. (2003). Relationship of resilience, spiritual well-being and parental attachment. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 15(4) Park, K. J., Choi, H. Y., & Han, J. A. (2009). Children of divorced families. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 30(6), Park, Y. Y., & Kim, K. E. (2005). Relationships between emotional competence and social adjustment among Korean children and adolescents. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 14(1), Risch, S. C., Jodl, K. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2004). Role of the fatheradolescen relationship in shaping adolescents attitudes toward divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), Saphir, M. N., & Chaffee, S. H. (2002). Adolescent' contributions to family communication patterns. Human Communication Research, 28(1), Son, S. H. (2013). Divorced mothers' experiences of noncustodial fathers' involvement with their children and co-parenting relationships. Family and Environment Research, 51(4), Statistics Korea. (2014). Marriage and Divorce Statistics in Daejeon, Korea: Author. Wallerstein, J. S., Kelly, J. B., & Blakelee, S. (2000). The unexpected legacy of divorce. New York: Hyperion. Yoo, H. J. (2005). A case study about relationships between the non-custodial parents and the children & coparenting after divorce. Korean Journal of Family Social Work, 15, Yoon, M. S., Lee, M. S., Kim, N. H., & Jeong, H. S. (2012). A study on the mediating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between loss and depression among children in divorced families. Korean Journal of Family Social Work, 35, Cho, Sung Hui ORCID Received March 24, 2016 Revision received April 27, 2016 Accepted April 27, 2016

The developments of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220. Moon, H. J. (2007).

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-09-...... The Path Analysis of Parental Divorce on Children s Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Through Child-Rearing Behaviors and Children s Self-Esteem Department of Early Childhood Education, Kyonggi University