08-42(1)-04(원창환).fm

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1 7 w w g Cu-Ag ½ a, x b, y a a û w š, b w yw w t œwz J. Kr. Inst. Surf. Eng. Vl. 2, N. 1, < > Preparatin f Cu-Ag Pwder having Cre-Shell Structure by Electrless Plating Methd Jng-Wan Kim a, Huk-Hee Lee b, Chang-Whan Wn a a Engineering Research Center fr Rapidly Slidified Materials, Chungnam Natinal University, Daejen 05-76, Krea b Krea Research Institute f Chemical Technlgy, Deajen , Krea (Received Nvember 10, 2008 ; revised February 2, 2009 ; accepted February 27, 2009) Abstract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eywrds: Silver, Cpper, Electrless plating, Reductin, Cre-shell 1.,,, f» ù. w w p š ƒ, f w» p š y w ƒ š. w, f wš g - (Cre-Shell) 1-) w ƒ x y w š. t gq y j w» p ƒ w w šƒ w w w -6). gq» 7), w Crrespnding authr. cwwn@cnu.ac.kr 8,9),» 10). w» rl 11) z û» yƒ š w ƒ. w w» w d e w š ³ w Ì ƒ free metal z gq ƒ wš v p ù» w»q w w. w d ûš ƒ w x ƒ w. w w 5~0 µm j» gqw ƒ œ w wš w. 2. x x w 5~0 µm Cu

2 8 ½ /w t œwz 2 (2009) 7-52 (99%, ChangSung). y d w» w M H 2 SO 20 g w š AgNO y w y Hydrquinne[C 6 H (OH ] w. y ww Pulp density ~16% w AgNO NH OH 1:1 y ww ƒw 20 g. óù k (ethanl) w w š» 2 (60 C). gq Cu w» w Resin yww q(munting)w bulky g SiC paper w s (plishing)w x (SEM: JEOL, MODEL: JSM- 510) w w. š gq w EDX w. p t 1 ùkü š, x œ 1 w. Table 1. The prperties f reagents used in this study #I01-1,/#%JGOG %QG.VFU,CRCP 0* 1* *[FTQSWKPQPG 5#/%*702WTG%JGOG%QG.VFU -QTGC 5#/%*702WTG%JGOG %QG.VFU-QTGC Fig. 1. The flw chart fr the preparatin f Ag cated Cu pwders.. š.1 w w g (Cu)- (Ag) x Cu t Ag gqd x w» w 2ƒ yw ƒw., Cu Ag ey 5). Ag(NH Cu ey ù., 2AgNO 2NH OH = Ag 2 O 2NH NO H 2 O (1) Ag 2 ONH OH = 2[Ag(NH ]OH H 2 O (2) [Ag(NH ]OH NH NO =[Ag(NH ]NO NH OH () 2Ag(NH 2e 2Ag NH E 0 = 0.7V 2 Cu NH Cu(NH ) 2e E 0 =-0.05V 2 0 2Ag(NH Cu 2Ag Cu(NH ) E cell = 0.2V () NH OH (1) w AgNO ƒw w w. š (2), () n w w. () y ƒw () t yáy ( E 0 )ƒ ù š t y ƒ Ag ƒ Ag 0. y w Ag. 2Ag(NH C 6 H (OH 2OH =2Ag C 6 H O 2 2H 2 ONH (5) w Ag(NH (5) w y Hydrquinne w Ag. 2 w yw š. 2(1) Ag ƒ Cu t ³ w œ gq š, 2(2) Ag ƒ ³ w w Cu gq qw š. gq œ x (a) Cu t Ag w ³ w () w Ag(NH e y Ag w j. š (5) w (b) w w œ w (c) ³ w xk gqd x. w 2(2) (d) t w w» ³ w gq d x NH OH w t Cu(OHƒ Cu Ag(NH ey j». NH OH ƒ ³ w gqd x w

3 김종완 외 한국표면공학회 / 2 (2009) Fig. 2. Frmatin prcess f the silver cating layer: (1) a cmplete cating layer, (2) an incmplete cating layer. Fig.. SEM micr-structures f Ag cated Cu pwders versus temperature (a)=c, (b)=rm temperature, (c)=50c, (d)=80c. 요한 변수중의 하나이다. (e)는 과잉의 NH OH로 인 하여 구리입자 표면에 코팅되지 못하고 용액 중에 서 석출된 free silver 입자를 보여주고 있다..2 온도에 따른 영향 반응온도가 Ag 코팅층 형성에 미치는 영향을 알 아보기 위하여 ~80 C까지 온도를 변화시켜 실험 을 진하였다. C에서의 반응을 위하여 AgNO 수 용액과 환원용액을 얼음 및 아이스 팩을 이용해 냉 각시켰고, 상온이상에서의 반응을 위하여 각각의 용 액을 항온조를 이용 preheating한 후 실험하였다. 용 액의 조성은 pulp density 12%의 용액에 0.15M AgNO, 0.2M NH OH로 고정시켰다. 그림 에 온도에 따른 코팅층의 SEM 사진을 나 타내었다. 온도가 상승할수록 free silver의 양이 증 가하고 있으며 코팅층이 상당히 거칠어지고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있다. C에서 실험이 진행된 (a)분 말은 free silver가 검출되지 않고 있으며 코팅상태 가 전체적으로 균일한 모습을 보이고 있다. 상온에 서 진행된 (b) 분말역시 코팅상태는 비교적 균일 했 으나 free silver가 약간 검출되었다. 하지만 반응온 도가 50 C 이상에서 진행된 (c), (d) 분말은 코팅상 태가 상당히 거칠어 졌으며 많은 양의 free silver가 코팅층에 응집되어 있다. 이것은 반응온도가 상승 할수록 석출반응의 가속화를 가져와 Ag가 구리표 면의 핵에서 석출되는 비율 보다는 용액 속에서 석 출되는 비율이 많아지기 때문이라 생각된다. 또한 지나치게 높은 반응온도는 코팅층에서 식 (5)의 화 학반응을 무분별하게 발생시켜 코팅층을 불균일하 게 형성시켰을 것이라 사료된다. 따라서 실험을 통 해 얻어진 균일한 코팅층을 얻을 수 있는 최적의 반응온도는 C였으며 이후 본 논문의 실험은 모두 C로 고정시켰다.. AgNO 의 농도에 따른 영향 구리표면의 Ag 코팅층 두께를 조절하기 위하여 AgNO 농도를 0.10~0.25M까지 변화시켜 코팅층에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. Pulp density와 NH OH 는 각각 12%, 0.2M로 고정시켰다. 그림 는 AgNO 의 M농도에 따른 구리입자 표면 의 코팅상태를 알아보기 위하여 입자 단면의 SEM 분석 결과를 보여주고 있다. 그림 (a)는 AgNO 가 0.15M농도로 사용 되었을 때의 코팅상태를 보여주 고 있는데 Ag가 구리입자 표면에 적정한 두께로 코 팅층을 형성하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있다. (b)는 AgNO 가 0.25M 농도로 사용되었을 경우의 코팅상 태를 보여주고 있는데 Ag의 과도한 석출로 인하여 구리입자 표면의 코팅층이 상당히 두껍게 형성된 것을 확인할 수 있다. AgNO 의 몰농도가 증가 할 수록 식 (5)의 화학반응이 우세해 짐에 따라 그림 2의 (b)에서 보여준 코팅형성 과정이 과도하게 일 어났음을 짐작할 수 있다. Fig.. Crss-sectin micrgraphs f Ag cated Cu pwders versus AgNO rati (a)=0.15m, (b)= 0.25M.

4 김종완 외 한국표면공학회 50 / Fig. 5. Element rati f Ag cated Cu pwders versus AgNO cncentratin. 그림 (a)의 직선을 따라 EDX를 이용하여 원소 들을 정량 분석한 뒤 AgNO 의 몰농도에 따른 성 분비를 도식하여 그 결과를 그림 5에 나타내었다. AgNO 의 몰농도가 증가 할수록 Ag의 비율이 증가 하여 0.2M부터 코팅층의 두께가 급격하게 증가하 는 것을 볼 수 있다. AgNO 가 0.1M 사용된 경우 에는 Ag의 비율이 10% 미만으로 코팅층이 충분하 게 형성되지 못하였으며, AgNO 가 0.15M 사용되 었을 때 가장 적정한 두께의 코팅층이 형성됨을 알 수 있었다.. 암모니아수(NH OH)의 농도에 따른 영향 반응용액속의 NH OH 농도 조절은.1을 통해 설 명한 것과 같이 구리입자 표면의 Ag결정핵 생성에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 Pulp density와 AgNO 를 각각 12%, 0.15M로 고정 시키고 NH OH 농도를 0.1~0.M까지 변화시켜 그 영향을 연구하였다. 그림 6은 NH OH의 농도에 따른 코팅된 구리입 자의 SEM분석결과를 보여주고 있다. NH OH의 몰 농도가 증가 할수록 구리 입자들 사이에 작은 입자 들이 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있는데 이것으로 보아 Ag가 구리입자에 코팅되지 못하고 free silver형태 로 석출되고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 입자 표 면을 확대해본 결과 몰농도의 증가에 따라 코팅층 의 rughness 역시 상승하고 있음을 확인할 수 있 으며 각각 0.M과 0.M이 사용된 (c), (d)번에서는 불균일한 핵생성으로 인하여 Ag 코팅층의 접착력 이 좋지 못해 벗겨진 부분이 보이기도 한다. 이와 같이 입자표면의 rughness가 상승하고 불균일한 코 팅층이 생성되는 이유는 OH 의 과도한 공급으로 인하여 Cu(OH) 가 구리입자 표면에 생성되고 그에 2 2 (2009) 7-52 Fig. 6. SEM micr-structures f Ag cated Cu pwders versus NHOH cncentratin (a)=0.1m, (b)= 0.2M, (c)=0.m, (d)=0.m. 따라 식 ()의 화학반응이 억제되어 Ag의 결정핵이 구리입자 표면에 생성되지 못했기 때문이라 짐작할 수 있다. 구리입자 표면에 석출되지 못한 Ag(NH ) 착이온은 그림 2의 (e)와 같이 free silver형태로 석 출되어 구리의 코팅 효율을 떨어뜨리게 되는데 그 림 6(c), (d)의 실험결과가 이를 잘 증명하고 있다. 한편 그림 6(a), (b)는 NH OH가 각각 0.1M, 0.2M 사용된 분말을 보여주고 있는데, (a)와 (b)모두 균 일한 코팅상태를 보이고 있지만 (a)에서는 free silver 가 존재하며 (b)에서는 free silver가 존재하지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 보다 정확한 구리입 자의 코팅상태를 분석하기 위해 입자의 단면을 EDX 분석하였고 그 결과를 그림 7에 나타내었다. 그림 7(a)를 보면 입자내부의 Cu 피크는 확인할 수 있지 만 입자표면의 Ag 피크는 소량으로 분석되었다. 하 지만 (b)는 입자 내부의 Cu 피크와 합께 입자표면 의 Ag 피크가 양쪽 끝에서 확인되고 있다. 이것으 로 보아 (a)는 Ag가 구리표면에 코팅되지 못하고 대부분 free silver형태로 석출되었으며 (b)는 Ag 대 부분이 구리입자 표면에 석출되어 균일한 코팅층을 2 Fig. 7. EDX analysis f Ag cated Cu pwders versus NHOH rati (a)=0.1m, (b)=0.2m, (c)=0.m, (d)= 0.M.

5 ½ /w t œwz 2 (2009) x w. NH OH w œ Ag Ag(NH w y j qw t y ƒ 0.799V Ag 0.8V Ag(NH { w y w Ag w w g t Ag w». 7(c) ³ w gqd w w Agƒ y š (d) ³ w gqd w w t Ag vjƒ Ë ùkù š. w 6 SEM ewš. x pulp densiy 12% Cu gqw» w NH OH 0.2M..5 Ÿ (Pulp density) w Cu ƒ Aggqd x e w» w AgNO NH OH ƒƒ 0.15M, 0.2M š jš pulp density ~16%¾ y g š w. 8 pulp density SEM ùkü. pulp densityƒ ƒ w w free silver š y w. ƒ % (a) AgNO w t gq š û Ag ƒ free silver xk. 8% ƒ (b) free silver (a) w w, ƒ ƒƒ 12%, 16% (c) (d) free silverƒ š. ƒ ƒw free silver wì Ag gqd Fig. 8. SEM micr-structures f Ag cated Cu pwders versus pulp density (a)=%, (b)=8%, (c)=12%, (d)=16%. Fig. 9. Element rati f Ag cated Cu pwders versus versus pulp density. ̃ wš w. w» w 9 pulp density EDX mw y w pulp densityƒ ƒw 52% 80%¾ ƒwš Ag 8% 20%¾ wš y w. ƒ ƒ w Aggqd Ì ƒ w y ew.. w w g - ³ w Ag gqd x w. ³ w Ag gqd x w t Ag w w NH OH Ag w ww y yw ƒ w. w, AgNO, pulp density y gqd Ì free silver w w. x mw ƒ yw p gq pulp density 12% 0.15M AgNO 0.2M NH OH C. š x 1. Shachun Tang, Yuefeng Tang, Shapeng Zhu, Haiming Lu, and Xiangkang Meng, Jurnal f Slid State Chemistry 180 ( S. Prathap Chandran, J. Ghatak, and P. V. Satyam,

6 52 ½ /w t œwz 2 (2009) 7-52 Murali Sastry, Jurnal f Cllid and Interface Science, 12 (2007) 98.. D. H. Chen and S. R. Wang, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 100 (2006) 68.. D. Russev, D. Raclev, and S. Kava, J. Met. Finish, 81, ( X. R. Xu, X. J. Lu, H. R. Zhuang, W. L. Li, and B. L. Zhang, Materials Letters, 57 (200) H. T. Hai, J. G. Ahn, D. J. Kim, J. R. Lee, H. S. Chung, and C. O. Kim, Surface & Catings Technlgy, 201 (2006) E. Takeshima, K. Takatsu, Y. Kjima, and T. Fujji, US Patent N., 95 ( S. Tjan Djkic, M. Dubis, and R. H. Lepard, US Patent N. 5, 95 (1999) T. Hayashi, Shimnseki, US Patent N. 5, 178 (199) D. M. Makwiecki, J. A. Kerns, C. S. Alfrd, and M. A. Mckernan, US Patent N: 6, 55 (2002) 16 B Z. Xu, X. Z. Yu, and Z. G. Shen, China Particulgy, 5 (2007) 5.

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