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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl 44, N 4, pp 214~218, 2007 Study f Pr (x=0,, 05, and 1) as the Cathde Materials fr Intermediate Temperature SOFC Kwangjin Park, Jung Hyun Kim, and Jngmyen Bae Department f Mechanical Engineering, Krea Advanced Institute f Science and Technlgy, Dae-jen , Krea (Received February 21, 2007; Accepted March 16, 2007) Á x š y œ» Pr (x=0,, 05,, 1) w Ÿ Á½ xá w w»» œw ( ; ) ABSTRACT The decrease f plarizatin resistance in cathde is the key pint fr perating at intermediate temperature SOFC (slid xide fuel cell) In this study, the influence f C substitutin in B-site at cmplex pervskite n the electrnic cnductivity f PSCM (Pr ) was investigated The PSCM series exhibits excellent MIEC (mixed inic electrnic cnductr) prperties The ASR (area specific resistance) f PSCM77 was 0174 Ω cm 2 at 700 C The activatin energy f PSCM77 was als lwer than ther cmpsitins f PSCM The TEC(thermal expansin cefficient) was decreased by additin f Mn The ASR values were increased gradually during the thermal cycling test f PSCM777 due t the delaminatin between electrlyte and cathde materials The delaminatin was caused by the difference f TEC Key wrds : SOFC, Cathde, ASR, Pervskite structure, TEC 1 šz ƒ š y (SOFC) w» ƒ» û» w ƒ w š w w 1-4) w ƒ wƒ ƒw» w» w œ» ƒ y š 2-4) AB r e p (Pervskite structures) q š yw w» SOFC œ» š r e p A- site B-site ƒƒ k(lanthanies) e m (transitin metal) ƒ site y j An 5) CGO91(Ce 09 Gd 01 O 2 ) w TEC (thermal expansin cefficient) ƒ PSM7(Pr Sr Mn±d ) œ» w» Crrespnding authr : Jngmyen Bae jmbae@kaistackr Tel : Fax : , Chen ) LSCM6482(La 06 Sr 04 C 08 Mn 02 ) w 500 C 1400 S/cm» x SOFC w» w œ» PSCM kw w yw» w ww w ƒ w w š, w w w r w v d w z m ASR w š, w SEM w 2 x 21 PSCM7x(1-x)(Pr ) œ» w GNP(glycine nitrate prcess) w 4) š Pr(N ) -xh 2 O, Sr(N ) 2, C(N ) 2-6H 2 O, Mn(N ) 2-6H 2 O ƒ e w k wì yww z 00 C w x w 1250 C 1 w w r e p œ» w w 2 µm t (sieve) w w j» w 214
2 Á x š y œ» Pr (x=0,, 05,, 1) w 215 Fig 1 Schematic descriptin f half cell test setup 22 Cathde œ» w d w» w CGO91 w q w CGO91 q CGO91 95 kgf/cm z C 4 w 1 mm Ì w q» t w» w w 0 e(etching)w q j v q w š œ» 1200 C 1 w z œ» y 85 cm 2 š, Ì 0 µm 2 d e q w» w CuKαvl w XRD(X-ray diffractin)d ww X-ray rp 2θ ƒ 20 ~90 2 /min d w š»yw p q w Slartrn 1260 w 5MHz~ 100 mhz q EIS(electrchemical impedance spectr-scpy) d w EIS OCV k d w, 50 mv AC w Fig 1 w d w d ùkü» w r y gš 4 (prbe) w d w w œ»» 600 C~900 C x w d r EIS l Z-view w ƒz w Ì w wš w» w Hitachi SEM(scanning electrn micrscpe) w TECd Linseis L77 w d w TEC w ƒ w ƒ w w x w d w w š 1 PSC series Pr m (rare earth elementary) La(lanthanum) s p w» r Fig 2 Temperature dependence f the ASR fr Pr x Sr (1-x) C e p A-site La w š 6) Pr Sr v w û w ùký y w 7) Pr + Sr ƒ v w 2+ (charge neutrality)» w œ ƒ œ ü w» ƒ w MIEC(mixed inic electrnic cnductr) p ùkü» 8) w A-site» w x ww Fig 2 Sr y PSC ASR(area specific resistance) ùkü PSC7 ASR PSC55 PSC7 w 700 C 2 Sr v w œ ƒ» w 700 C w PSC55ƒ PSC7 û ASR ùkü PSC55ƒ PSC7 w w TEC ƒ» w š 8) PSC7 w t w k» û ASR ùkü 2 XRD AB r e p 8 BO 6 ƒ s š A ƒ ü ewš r A, r B, r O ƒ AB» w (1) t(tlerance factr)ƒ 5 10 ƒ w 4) t ra + r O = ( rb + r O) Table 1 t w» w ùküš, Table 2 w PSCM t ùkü t j 9) (1) 44«4y(2007)
3 216 Ÿ Á½ xá Table 1 Inic Radii Pr + Sr 2+ C + Mn + r(å) Table 2 Tlerance Factr Fr PSCM Series PSM7 PSCM77 PSCM755 PSCM77 PSM7 t Fig 4 TEC f Pr Fig X-ray pwder diffractin patterns f Pr ƒƒ 1014(PSC7) 099(PSM7) r e p ùkü w mw œ» PSCM r e p w w y w Fig mw w PSCM y XRD ùkü x r e p ù kü y w Mn ƒ ƒ peak 2θƒ w w y w Peak 2θ w Table 1 ùkù C + Mn + j» charge carrierƒ Mn x š w C C + C ƒ w w» C + w A-site 12) Sr 2+ v w œ w w, Mn Mn w C š w» Mn ü w w œ ƒ w Mn ƒ 12) œ w ü œ TECƒ w œ» w TEC ƒ š w» w 1) w w CGO91 TEC 12~ K PSM7 CGO91 ƒ w K ùký y w 1 5) 4 Impedance Fig 5 PSCM C Mn w y ASR y d w Mn v ƒw ASR û z ƒw Mn v ASR û TEC Fig C~900 C Mn ƒ TEC y ùkü Mn ƒ ƒw TECƒ w y w Mn v œ, œ 2ƒ w, ƒ C + Mn + ƒ ey Mn + C + j» B-site ƒ Mn w ƒw y w w œ w ƒ ƒ w» œ ƒ w 7), w Steele 2) C + Mn plarn energyƒ û» Fig 5 Temperature dependence f the ASR fr Pr w wz
4 중저온형 고체 산화물 연료전지의 공기극 물질로 사용되는 Pr Sr C Mn Fig 6 Cmpsitin dependence f the activatin energy fr Pr Sr C Mn O x (1-x) 이유는 다음과 같다 첫째는 도핑 된 Mn이 열역학적으로 안정된 Mn로 변하면서 생성되는 자유 전자(free electrn) 에 의한 전기전도도의 상승 때문이며, 둘째는 Mn이 공기 극 grain size의 성장을 억제해 줌으로써 TPB(three phase 10) bundary)가 증가하기 때문이다 하지만 더 많은 Mn이 첨가 될 경우 Mn의 도핑에 의해 감소된 산소 공격자로 인하여 이온 전도도가 감소하게 된다 따라서 MIEC의 특 성이 EC(electrnic cnductr)로 변하여 ASR이 증가하게 10) 되는 것이다 Fig 5에서 알 수 있듯이 Mn의 도핑이 0 ml%인 PSCM77의 ASR이 700C에서 가장 작은 0174 Ω cm2을 나타내었으며 Lv가 측정한 SSC55(Sm05 Sr05CO)의 16 Ω cm2(@700c) 보다 2배 이상 작은 값임을 알 수 있다11) Fig 6은 PSCM계열의 Mn 함량 변화에 따른 활성화 에 너지(activatin energy) 변화를 나타낸다 공기극 물질의 표 면에서 산소가 산소 이온으로 되기 위해서는 산소의 화학1) 적 포텐셜 차이에 의한 활성화 에너지를 넘어야 한다 ASR이 가장 낮게 측정된 조성에서 활성화 에너지도 낮게 측정되는 것을 관찰할 수 있다 활성화 에너지가 낮아지 는 이유는 Mn의 도핑에 따라 TEC가 큰 폭으로 낮아져 4) 전해질과의 접촉성이 향상되었기 때문이다 하지만 Mn 의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 접촉성의 증가량에 비해 산소 공격자가 더 많이 줄어들게 되어 산소 이온이 움직일 공 간이 부족하게 된다 따라서 이온이 옮겨 다니지 못하게 되기 때문에 활성화 에너지가 다시 상승하게 되는 것이다 Fig 7은 가장 낮은 ASR을 보인 PSCM77 열싸이클 실험에 대한 ASR 변화를 나타낸다 열싸이클 실험은 PSCM77시편을 600C에서 900C까지 온도를 증가시키 며 ASR을 측정한 후 상온까지 냉각한 후 다시 승온하는 방법을 이용하였다 열싸이클이 진행 됨에 따라 ASR이 매우 급격하게 증가하는 것을 관찰할 수 있으며, 활성화 에너지 또한 다소 증가함을 확인할 수 있다 ASR과 활성 화 에너지의 증가는 2가지 이유로 설명할 수 있다 첫째 Fig 7 x O (x=0,, 05,, 1)에 관한 연구 (1-x) 217 Thermal cycle test f the ASR fr Pr Sr C Mn O 는 전해질과 전극의 TEC차이에 의하여 전해질과의 계면 이 손상되어 TPB가 감소하였기 때문이다2) 이는 SEM 촬 영을 통해 계면의 접촉능력이 저하된 것으로써 확인할 수 있다 둘째는 전극 분말의 응집작용(agglmeratin)에 의한 산소의 표면 반응 면적이 작아졌기 때문이다 PSCM77 은 MIEC로써 TPB뿐만 아니라 전극표면에서도 전기화학 반응이 이루어지기 때문에 응집작용에 의하여 표면 반응 면적이 작아져 ASR이 증가하게 된다 표면 반응은 저온 영역에서 지배적이기 때문에 저온의 ASR 증가량이 더 크 다 앞선 연구에서 표면 반응이 전체의 활성화 에너지 결 정에 지배적임을 봤을 때 열싸이클 실험이 진행될수록 활 성화 에너지가 조금씩 증가하게 되는 것이다1) 5 SEM Fig 8은 PSCM77의 실험 전 후 전해질과 전극 경계 면의 미세 구조를 나타내는 SEM 사진이다 실험 전의 SEM 사진에서 전극과 전해질이 매우 잘 접촉되어 있고, 전극의 공극률이 큰 것을 확인할 수 있다 하지만 한번 열싸이클 실험 후의 SEM 사진에서 전해질과 전극의 TEC 차이에 의해 계면의 접촉성이 낮아진 것을 확인할 수 있 다 이를 통해 열싸이클 실험이 진행될수록 전해질과 전 극의 접촉성이 지속적으로 저하되어 ASR이 증가함을 확 인할 수 있다 Fig 8 SEM phtgraph f crss-sectin f Pr Sr C Mn O ; (a) befre experiment and (b) after experiment 제 44 권 제 4호(2007)
5 218 Ÿ Á½ xá GNP w j»ƒ 0 µm» w j y w w w ƒ» w y GNP w j» ù w wz» mw j», y w ùký» w 4 š x SOFC w» w œ» w yw» w ww œ» AB (A; A-site, rare earth element, B:B-site, transitin metal) tx r e p y A-site Pr Sr eywš, B-site C Mn eyw w GNP w œ» w w š Mn ƒ ƒw TECƒ w y w œ» ASR d w 700 C 0174 Ω cm 2 û ùkü, 4 j x mw ASR ƒw w j mw ASR ƒ w œ» TEC w w» SEM mw Acknwledgement w x w» ( ) REFERENCES 1 J Bae, Prperties f Selected Oxide Cathdes fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cell, pp 1-25, PhD Thesis, University f Lndn and fr the Diplma f Imperial cllege, UK, B Steele and J Bae, Prperties f La 06 Sr 04 C 02 Fe 08 -x (LSCF) Duble Layer Cathdes n Gadlinium-Dped Cerium Oxide (CGO) Electrlytes, Slid State Inics, (2005) W Chen, T Wen, H Nie, and R Zheng, Study f Ln 06 Sr 04 C 08 Mn 02 (Ln = La, Gd, Sm, r Nd) as the Cathde Materials fr Intermediate Temperature SOFC, Mater Res Bull, (200) 4 S Hashimt, K Kammer, P Larsen, F Pulsen, and M Mgensen, A Study f Pr Sr Fe 1-x Ni x -δ as a Cathde Material fr SOFCs with Intermediate Operating Temperature, Slid State Inics, (2005) 5 K An, K Reifsnider, and Y Ga, Durability f (Pr Sr ) Mn±δ/8YSZ Cmpsite Cathdes fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, J f Pwer Surces, (2006) 6 R Ran, X Wu, C Quan, and D Weng, Effect f Strntium and Cerium Dping n the Structural and Catalytic Prperties f PrMn Oxides, Slid State Inics, (2005) 7 G Ch Kstgludis, P Fertis, and Ch Ftiks, Preparatin and Characterizatin f Pr 1-x Mn±δ(x = 0, 015,, 04, 05) as a Ptential SOFC Cathde Material Operating at Intermediate Temperatures (500 C~700 C), J Eur Ceram Sc, (1997) 8 J Kim and J Bae, Prperties f (Pr 1-x )C δ as a Cathde Material fr Intermediate Temperature-Operating Slid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC), 7 th Eurpean SOFC Frum, B (2006) 9 R Shannn and C T Prewitt, Effective Inic Radii in Oxides and Flurides, Acta Crystallgraphy, B (1969) 10 Y Wang, S Wang, Z Wang, T Wen, and S Wen, Perfrmance f Ba 05 Sr 05 C 08 Fe 02 δ-cfo-ag Cathde fr IT-SOFCs, J f Allys and Cmpunds, (2007) 11 H Lv, Y Wu, B Huang, B Zha, and K Hu, Structure and Electrchemical Prperties f Sm 05 Sr 05 C 1-x Fex δ Cathdes fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, Slid State Inics, (2006) 12 G Kstgludis, P Fertis, and C Ftiks, Electrnic Cnductivity in the Pr 1-x C 1-y Mn y δ system, Slid State Inics, (1999) 1 E Ivers-Tffee, A Weber, and H Schichlein, O 2 -Reductin at High Temperatures : SOFC, pp in Hand bk f fuel cell, Vl 2, Ed by W Vielstich, A Lamm, H A Gasteiger, USA, 200 w wz
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