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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 44, N. 12, pp. 703~709, Cmparisn f the Pwer Generating Characteristics f KIST- and FZ-Julich SOFCs Hwa Yung Jung, Sang Chel Lee, Frank Tietz*, Hae-Ryung Kim, Hae-Wen Lee, and Jng-H Lee Center fr Energy Materials Research, KIST, Seul , Krea *Institute fr Materials and Prcesses in Energy Systems, Frschungszentrum Julich, Julich, Germany (Received Nvember 7, 2007; Accepted Nvember 21, 2007) KIST FZ-Julich SOFC y Á ÁFrank Tietz*Á½x Á w Á y w w» * ( ; ) ABSTRACT We evaluate and cmpare the pwer generating characteristics f the ande supprted SOFCs which have been fabricated frm KIST and FZ-Julich in Germany. The perfrmance and electrchemical prperty f each unit cell was characterized at the temperature range f C under same perating cnditins and its micrstructural prperty was thrughly investigated via SEM after the perfrmance test. Accrding t the investigatin, KIST- and FZJ SOFC shwed different pwer generating characteristics in their temperature dependances due t their different design f electrde micrstructure, especially the cathde micrstructure. FZJ SOFC shwed better perfrmance at high temperature while shwed lwer perfrmance at lwer temperature. Frm the investigatin abut the crrelatin between micrstructure and electrchemical prperty, we fund that the superir perfrmance f FZJ SOFC at high temperature was mainly due t its lwer cathdic plarizatin resistance whereas better perfrmance f KIST SOFC at lwer temperature was mstly attributed t the lwer hmic resistance. Key wrds : Ande supprted SOFC, Unit cell, Perfrmance 1. š y (Slid Oxide Fuel Cell, SOFC) { eù e(apu; Auxiliary pwer units) x l l x w l ¾ Ÿ w» l w l š., ƒ l w w w yz š 80-90%¾ ñ» w z ƒ l» š. 1) w SOFC w šƒ e w w» k» y w št ƒ š. z y 1-3) ey w š y» PEMFCù MCFC w 3 Crrespnding authr : Jng-H Lee jngh@kist.re.kr Tel : Fax : f š. ù š y (û, ü ), š, w w ù û x ¾ ƒ ƒ w š k. SOFC» y SOFC ü y w» w w š t SOFC û l» y w» w w w xw w w ù y ü y w» w SOFC jš. x š y xkù x x s qx ƒ ƒ ƒ š ƒ w. 1,2) ƒ š x sqx NiO- YSZ YSZ w d x k z œ» LSM-YSZ» d LSM ((La,Sr)MnO 3 ) d 703

2 704 y Á ÁFrank TietzÁ½x Á w Á y Table 1. Specificatin f KIST, FZJ and FZJ-KIST Unit Cells Sample KIST full cell FZJ full cell w ƒ ƒ x x s qx w ƒ t» (Frschungs Zentrum Julich: FZJ). (FZJ) x ƒ w» y wš d ƒ w. ü x sqx SOFC w t» KIST p KIST FZJ œ ù» d w ƒ š. SOFC» y ƒ w t SOFC š y ü y w ƒ FZJ x mw» y w» w wš. w FZJ y mw FZJ w KIST w, FZJ KIST» ww wš sƒ w l q w w üš w. w wz Structure FZJ-KIST cmbined cell 2. x 2.1. (FZJ cell) KIST (KIST cell) š KIST» ww (FZJ-KIST cmbined cell) 3 (ande) x w. KIST NiO (Sumitm Chem., Japan) 8ml% YSZ (Ths, Japan) w NiO YSZ Ande substrate AFL Electrlyte CFL CCCL NiO-YSZ NiO-YSZ YSZ LSM-YSZ LSM ~1.0 mm LCP * (pre-sintered at 1100 C) ~1.5 mm Cat-Mix (pre-sintered at 1200 C) ~1.5 mm Cat-Mix (pre-sintered at 1200 C) C-fired at 1400 C ~6µm C-fired at 1400 C ~6µm ~8µm ~20µm ~45µm Sintered at 1100 C ~65µm Sintered at 1100 C ~20µm ~45µm C-fired at 1400 C (FZJ half cell) Sintered at 1100 C (KIST cathde) *Ntatin: LCP; Liquid Cndensatin Prcess, SP; Screen Printing, VSC; Vacuum Slip Casting. 56 : 44 wt% yww ƒ x»q w. x»q 1100 C ƒ (pre-sintering) e z» d(ande functinal layer; AFL) 8YSZ w d j» w z 1400 C w. / w d œ» x w» d(cathde functinal layer; CFL) LSM-YSZ (50 : 50 vl% ), d(cathde current cllecting layer; CCCL) LSM ((La 0.7 Sr 0.3 ) 0.95 MnO 3-δ) 4 4cm j» j w 1100 C 5 5cm j» w. w š x 4 ù. wr KIST w NiO-YSZ, YSZ w š LSM-YSZ/LSM œ» ƒ ù w w ƒ ù œ» KIST (La 0.7 Sr 0.3 ) 0.95 MnO 3-δ w La w La 0.65 Sr 0.3 MnO 3. w,»k w š x 5-7 w š. FZJ-KIST l w ¾ x / w (NiO-YSZ/YSZ) (half cell) KIST w œ» (LSM-YSZ/LSM) j w z 1100 C w w w ƒ» w ³ œ Table 1 w p sƒ p sƒ w Incnel 601 q

3 KIST와 FZ-Julich SOFC간의 출력성능 비교 705 가공하여 단전지 홀더를 제작하였다. 출력특성 평가를 위 해 연료극 쪽에는 Ni망을 공기극에는 백금망을 집전체로 사용하였으며 평가시 연료극과 공기극 사이의 가스 기밀 을 유지하기 위해 KIST에서 개발한 압축형 밀봉재를 단 전지 평가 홀더에 맞게 절단하여 사용하였다. 측정에 들 어간 단전지 평가시스템은 연료극의 환원을 위해 850 C 에서 200 cc/min의 수소를 흘려주었으며 약 5시간 후 개 회로 전압이 시간에 따라 더 이상 크게 변하지 않고 안 정된 것을 확인한 다음 850~600 C 온도 범위에서 50 C 간격으로 출력특성을 측정하였다. 단전지의 출력특성 평 가에는 50A 용량의 DC electrnic lader(scribner 890B, USA)를 이용하였으며 3% 물이 가습된 수소를 연료가스 로 공기를 산화가스로 사용하였다. 단전지로 공급되는 연 료 및 산화 가스는 자동유량조절기 (MFC, Sierra, USA) 를 사용하여 조절하였으며 측정시 연료 가스 공급량은 600 sccm, 산화 가스는 연료가스에 대한 화학양론비를 1.7 로 유지하게끔 공급하였다. 한편 단전지에서의 Ohmic 저 항성분은 전류-전압 특성평가 중 전류차단법(Current interruptin methd)을 시행하여 구해내었으며 성능 평가가 끝 난 단전지의 미세 구조는 주사전자현미경 (SEM, FEI XL30 FEG, Netherlands)을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 3. 결과 및 고찰 단전지의 미세 구조 평가를 마친 후 SEM으로 관찰한 세 가지 종 류의 단전지에 대한 파단면 사진이다. Fig. 1에 나타난 단 전지의 파단면을 살펴보면 3종류의 단전지는 모두 연료극 지지층, 연료극 기능성층, 전해질, 공기극 기능성층, 공기 극 집전층 등 총 5층으로 구성되어 있음을 알 수 있다. 먼 저 KIST에서 제작한 단전지의 경우, 연료극 지지체의 미 세구조는 FZJ 단전지에 비하여 입자가 더 미세하며 격자 가 좀 더 균일하게 형성되어 있음을 볼 수 있는데 이에 따라 지지층내 기공의 크기 또한 상대적으로 미세하며 좀 더 균일하게 배열되어 있다. KIST의 연료극 기능성 층 (AFL)은 FZJ의 단전지(~6 µm)에 비하여 다소 두꺼운 ~10 µm 두께로 형성되어 있는 반면 전해질의 두께는 ~8 µm로 FZJ 단전지(~10 µm)에 비해 얇고 치밀한 구조를 가 지고 있었다. 한편 KIST 공기극의 경우 크게 LSM-YSZ 기능성 층(CFL, ~20 µm)과 LSM 집전층(CCCL, ~45 µm) 으로 구성되어 있는데 사진상으로는 구분이 되지 않으나 공기극 기능성 층(CFL)은 다시 복합체에 사용한 YSZ의 크기가 서로 다른 (d ~30 nm인 분말과 d ~0.2 µm인 분 말) 두개의 층으로 구성되어 있다. 이렇게 두층으로 형성 된 공기극 기능성층은 공기극의 삼상계면을 최대화하면 서도 계면 접합성과 열팽창계수차를 최적화 시켜 장기운 전 조건에서의 성능감소율을 최소화 하고 열싸이클과 같 3.1. Fig. 1은 Fig. 1. SEM micrgraphs f the fractured surface f each unit cells after perfrmance test; (a) KIST unit cell, (b) FZJ unit cell, and (c) FZJ-KIST unit cell. 은 극심한 운전조건에서의 열기계적 성능을 최적화하기 위한 설계였다. 한편 KIST 공기극의 LSM 집전층(CCCL) 은 입자크기가 비교적 큰 분말(d ~2 µm)로 제조하여 가 스 확산층(Gas diffusin layer)으로서의 역할까지 갖도록 구성하였다. 한편 Fig. 1(b)에 나타낸 FZJ 단전지의 미세구조에서 보 면 연료극과 공기극의 미세구조가 KIST 단전지와 다소 차이를 보이고 있는데 특히 공기극 구조에서 큰 차이를 50 제 44 권 제 12호(2007)

4 706 y Á ÁFrank TietzÁ½x Á w Á y. Fig. 1(a) (b) œ» w FZJ œ»» d KIST Ì ƒ d Ì ~65µm Ë x. p d FZJ LSM d (Spay drying prcess) LSM w w j x swwš š w d 90 ~26µm j j» ƒ š. w» z 7) j w e w ƒ»yw p e w» w ƒ 3 w sƒw p C 850 C d w - p Fig. 2 ù kü C y sx k w z 50 C ü ƒ p d w. d ƒ H 2 (+3% H 2 O) 600 cc/min œ w š yƒ œ» 1000 cc/min œ w. d 3 z (OCV; pen circuit vltage) d 600~850 C 1.08~1.30 V 3 ùkû. d Fig. 2(a) KIST 850 C 600 C ƒƒ 1.08 W/cm W/cm 2 ùkü, Fig. 2(b) FZJ 850 C 600 C ƒƒ 1.09 W/cm W/cm 2 ùkü š ƒ ù KIST ƒ ùkü. wr Fig. 2(c) ùkü FZJ-KIST 850 C 600 C ƒƒ 1.01 W/cm W/cm ùkü š 2 KIST FZJ w û KIST FZJ p ùkü. wr ƒ ~0.7V p r KIST y y (Activatin plarizatin) w w û š y y ƒ j w e œ» p. w x FZJ-KIST p y w KIST œ» w FZJ-KIST y y š FZJ Fig. 2. Current-vltage characteristics f 5 5cm 2 unit cells at the temperature range f C (fuel gas: H 2 (3%H 2 O) = 600 cc/min, xidant: air = 1000 cc/min). (a) KIST unit cell, (b) FZJ unit cell, and (c) FZJ-KIST unit cell. KIST w ùkùš w g š. Fig. 3 3 w C w wz

5 KIST FZ-Julich SOFC 707 Fig. 3. Cmparisn f the current densities f each unit cell at 0.7 V peratin cnditin (Temperature range f 600 ~ 850 C). d w (0.7 V) w v. Fig. 3 v FZJ KIST 800 C š ù ƒ û KIST û FZJ-KIST 3 ƒ û.» w ASR(Area Specific Resistance) ASR(plarizatin ASR) hmic ASR. p hmic ASR w hmic w w š w w w w» ùkù hmic ASR w hmic w» w. wr w hmic w w, w œ» w hmic w w Fig. 4 w. Fig. 4 hmic w m hmic w w y y w KIST d 0.57 ev, FZJ 0.75 ev š FZJ-KIST 0.68 ev y y ƒ ùkù w hmic w y y w Fig. 3 hmic y y ƒ KIST ƒ FZJ w ü. KIST hmic w k w û KIST w ̃ w š ù œ» ƒ e w Fig. 4. Cmparisn f hmic ASR btained frm DC current interrupting methd (Temperature range f 600 ~ 850 C). ƒ š w hmic w û». p FZJ-KIST FZJ hmic ASR w œ» w š w FZJ œ» w hmic w KIST w j. ƒ FZJ-KIST KIST hmic ASR w w œ» wš š w FZJ ù w hmic w KIST j š w hmic KIST w j. hmic w w w w FZJ š w ù hmic w KIST w j» KIST û ùkü. wr FZJ-KIST FZJ w w FZJ œ» û w ùkü ùkù w œ»»yw y ƒ» q. w»yw y» w œ» y š» w w»yw y ƒ ù». y w» w œ» r, KIST œ» ƒ ù œ» La 0.65 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 KIST (La 0.7 Sr 0.3 ) 0.95 MnO 3 œ» La w 44«12y(2007)

6 708 y Á ÁFrank TietzÁ½x Á w Á y w. ù ƒ œ»»yw y w š ù y ƒ w. wr» d LSM-YSZ 50:50 vl% w Ì 10 µm 20 µm j j 8). p Wilkenhner et al.» d(60:40 wt% x ) ̃ 10 µm w ƒwù 10~35 µm Ì»yw y j yƒ š š wš»» d Ì»yw y j. LSM d» w œ» j w FZJ œ» j»ƒ jš ̃ KIST œ» 7) w É k. V. A. C. Haanappel et al. š œ» d(cccl) Ì œ» w š w d ̃ µm µm ƒw ASR 20%¾ w š šw. w d w j»ƒ ƒw dü»œ j»ƒ ƒw ü» d(cfl)¾ y w w z š šw w KIST d w j»(d 50 ~2µm) š w FZJ d( j» d 50 ~11µm) w 4.1% ƒ ùkú. ww FZJ œ»» d w y ƒ KIST ù d ƒ w z» š w q. w l y œ» yƒ ƒ w ew. 9,10) ù w ƒ»yw z q w. w x v w»ywp sƒ w sƒz p w ý. w w ü FZJ ƒ KIST w w ƒ» l p ü l p w k z, p KIST» ü y š w w q e w w w» sƒ w» ü w sƒ¾ w ƒ ƒ w q ) w x» ƒ» w»» p w ww k w ý. 4. KIST ƒ» w x sqx»» ww w FZJ-KIST s ƒw. sƒ KIST hmic w û ù w j ùkû FZJ w û ù hmic w j y y w j ù kù KIST w û ùkû. ùkü œ» FZJ w œ» ƒ KIST w z» q. l»yw d KIST e w ƒ hmic w w FZJ»yw y w ƒ. w FZJ»yw y kw d ù ww m» ƒ w w. Acknwledgment ƒ w KIST FZ- Julich œ w. REFERENCES 1. Nguyen. Q. Minh and T. Takahashi, Science and Technlgy f Ceramic Fuel Cells, pp. 1-14, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Nguyen. Q. Minh, Ceramic Fuel Cells, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 76 [3] (1993). 3. F. Sissine, Fuel Cells fr Electric Pwer Prductin: Future Ptential, Fedral Rle and Plicy Optins, pp.1-18 in Fuel w wz

7 KIST FZ-Julich SOFC 709 Cells: Trends in Research and Applicatins, Ed. by A.J. Appleby, Hemisphere Pub. C., H. Y. Jung, T. W. Rh, J. Kim, H.-W. Lee, H. K, K. C. Lee, and J.-H. Lee, Pwer Generating Characteristics f Ande- Supprted SOFC Fabricated by Uni-Axial Pressing and Screen Printing(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 41 [6] (2004). 5. F. Tietz, Q. Fu, V. A. C. Haanappel, A. Mai, N. H. Menzler, and S. Uhlenbruck, Materials Develpment fr Advanced Planar Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technl., 4 [5] (2007). 6. V. A. C. Haanappel, J. Mertens, and A. Mai, Perfrmance Imprvement f (La, Sr)MnO 3 and (La, Sr)x(C, Fe)O 3 - Type Ande-Supprted SOFCs, J. Fuel Cell SCi. and Technl., (2006). 7. V. A. C. Haanappel, J. Mertens, D. Rutenbeck, C. Trpartz, W. Herzhf, D. Sebld, and F. Tietz, Optimizatin f Prcessing and Micrstructural Parameters f LSM Cathdes t Imprve the Electrchemical Perfrmance f Ande-supprted SOFCs, J. Pwer Surces, (2005). 8. R. Wilkenhner, W. Mallener, H. P. Buchkrenmer, Th. Hauber, and U. Stimming, in: B. Thrstensen (Ed), pp , Prceeding f the Secnd Eurpean Slid Oxide Fuel Cell Frum, Osl, Nrway, May 6-10, B. Wei, Z. Lu, S. Li, Y. Liu, K. Liu, and W. Su, Thermal and Electrical Prperties f New Cathde Material Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 C 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3-δ fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, Electrchem. and Slid-State Lett., 8 [8] A (2005). 10. T. Tsai, E. Perry, and S. Barnett, Lw-Temperature Slid Oxide Fuel Cells Utilizing Thin Bilayer Electrlyte, J. Electrchem. Sc., 144 [5] L130-L32 (1997). 11. J. D. Kim, G.D. Kim, J. W. Mn, and C. E. Kim, Preparatin f (La, Sr)MnO 3 Pwder by Glycine-Nitrate Precess Using Oxide as Starting Materials(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 34 [10] (1997). 12. J. D. Kim, G. D. Kim, and J. A. Park, The Effect f Particle Size and Rati f LSM-YSZ Pwders n SOFC cathde prperties(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 37 [3] (2000). 13. J.-H. Lee, G. D. Kim, Y. B. Shn, H.-W. Lee, S. W. Kim, H. S. Sng, and G. H. Kim, Pwer Generating Characteristics and Lng Term Stability f the Ande Supprting Type SOFC(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 37 [9] (2000). 14. H. Mn, H.-W. Lee, J.-H. Lee, and K.-H. Yn, Crrelatin between the Micrstructure and the Electrical Cnductivity f SOFC ande, Ni-YSZ: I. Micrstructure Analysis(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 37 [5] (2000). 15. H. Mn, H.-W. Lee, J.-H. Lee, and K.-H. Yn, Crrelatin between the Micrstructure and the Electrical Cnductivity f SOFC ande, Ni-YSZ: II. Tempral Variatin(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 37 [12] (2000). 16. J.-W. Mn, G. D. Kim, K.-T. Lee, and H.-L. Lee, Effect f YSZ Particle Size and Sintering Temperature n the Micrstructure and Impedance Prperty f Ni-YSZ Ande fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cell(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 38 [5] (2001). 17. J. W. He, D. S. Lee, J.-H. Lee, J. D. Kim, J. Kim, H.-W. Lee, and J. H. Mn, Effect f the Pre Structure n the Andic Prperty f SOFC(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 39 [1] (2002). 18. H. Y. Jung, K.-S. Hng, H.-G. Jung, H. Kim, H.-R. Kim, J.- W. Sn, J. Kim, H.-W. Lee, and J.-H. Lee, SOFCs with Sc- Dped Zircnia Electrlyte and C-Cntaining Pervskite Cathdes, J. Electrchem. Sc., 154 [5] B480-85, (2007). 44«12y(2007)

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