I 64 I Preparatin f Pt-, Ni- and Cr-Decrated SnO Tubular Nanfibers and Their Gas Sensing Prperties Fig.. Scanning electrn micrscpy image f (a) as-spun

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1 Jurnal f Sensr Science and Technlgy Vl. 3, N. 3 (014) pp pissn /eISSN Pt, Ni, Cr 이도포된튜브형 SnO 나노섬유의합성과가스감응특성 김보영 1 이철순 1 박준식 이종흔 1,+ Preparatin f Pt-, Ni- and Cr-Decrated SnO Tubular Nanfibers and Their Gas Sensing Prperties B-Yung Kim 1, Chul-Sn Lee 1, Jn-Shik Park, and Jng-Heun Lee 1,+ Abstract The Pt-, Ni- and Cr-decrated tubular SnO nanfibers fr gas sensrs were prepared by the electrspinning f plyvinylpyrrlidne (PVP) nanfibers cntaining Pt, Ni, and Cr precursrs, the sputtering f SnO n the electrspun PVP nanfibers, and the remval f sacrificial PVP parts by heat treatment at 600 C fr h. Pt-decrated tubular SnO nanfibers shwed high respnse (R a /R g =10.5, R g : resistance in gas, R a : resistance in air) t 5 ppm C OH at 350 C with negligible crss-respnses t ther interference gases (5 ppm trimethylamine, NH 3, HCHO, p-xylene, tluene and benzene). Cr-decrated tubular SnO nanfibers shwed the selective detectin f p-xylene at 400 C. In cntrast, n significant selectivity t a specific gas was fund in Ni-decrated tubular SnO nanfibers. The selective and sensitive detectin f gases using Pt-decrated and Cr-decrated tubular SnO nanfibers were discussed in relatin t the catalytic prmtin f gas sensing reactin. Keywrds: SnO nanfiber, C OH sensr, Xylene sensr, Electrspinning, Catalyst, Selectivity 1. 서론 미량의폭발성가스, 환경가스, 독성가스등의검지는사회안전확보를위한중요과제이다. 가스의미량검지를위해서감도및선택성이우수한가스센서가요구되고있다. 산화물반도체형가스센서는감응물질의표면과피검가스가반응하여발생하는저항변화를통해가스를검출한다 [1]. 가스감응물질로 SnO [], ZnO[3], In [4], TiO [5] 등의 n-형산화물반도체가주로연구되어왔다. 00~400 C의고온에서 n-형산화물반도체표면에산소가흡착되어음으로대전되므로 (O - 또는 O - ), 고저항의전자공핍층이반도체표면에형성된다. 환원성가스와음으로대전된표면산소가반응할경우전자가반도체형가스센 1 고려대학교공과대학신소재공학부 (Department f Materials Science and Engineering, Krea University) Anam Dng, Sengbuk Gu, Seul , Krea 전자부품연구원차세대융합센서연구센터 (Smart Cnvergence Sensr Research Center, Krea Electrnics Technlgy Institute) 5 Saenari-r Bundang Sengnam Gyenggi, , Krea +Crrespnding authr: jngheun@krea.ac.kr (Received : May. 6, 014, Revised : May. 9, 014, Accepted : May. 30, 014) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms f the Creative Cmmns Attributin Nn-Cmmercial License ( licenses/bync/3.0) which permits unrestricted nn-cmmercial use, distributin, and reprductin in any medium, prvided the riginal wrk is prperly cited. 서에주입되므로, 가스농도에비례하는저항의감소를센서신호로얻을수있다. 높은가스감응특성을달성하기위해서는가스의확산이원활하면서도비표면적이큰나노구조가유리하다. 나노섬유 (nanfiber)[6], 나노선네트워크 (nanwire netwrks)[7,8] 중공구조 (hllw spheres)[4], 계층구조 (hierarchical structures)[3,4,8,9] 등나노구조간의응집이작은경우, 빠른응답속도와높은가스감응특성을동시에얻을수있는것으로알려져있다. 전기방사법은나노섬유제조에용이한공정이며, 전기방사에의해제조된나노섬유는큰비표면적과높은기공성, 우수한기공들의연결구조등으로가스센서의성능을향상시킬수있다. 본연구에서는 Ni, Cr, Pt 등의촉매가내부에도포된튜브형 SnO 나노섬유를전기방사와 Sputtering공정을결합하여합성했으며, 이들의가스감응성을평가했다. Cr-이첨가된 SnO 나노튜브는 xylene에대한선택성을나타내었으며, Pt가첨가된 SnO 나노튜브는 C OH 가스에대해높은감도와선택성을나타내었다.. 실험방법.1 Pt, Ni, Cr이도포된 SnO 나노섬유의합성내부에 Pt가도포된 SnO 나노섬유를합성하기위하여 PtCl 11 J. Sensr Sci. & Tech. Vl. 3, N. 3, 014

2 I 64 I Preparatin f Pt-, Ni- and Cr-Decrated SnO Tubular Nanfibers and Their Gas Sensing Prperties Fig.. Scanning electrn micrscpy image f (a) as-spun Ni-precursr/PVP nanfibers and (b) Pt-decrated SnO nanfibers after heat treatment at 600 C fr h. Fig. 1. Flw sheets t prepare Ni-, Cr, and Pt-decrated SnO hllw nanfibers. (98%, Sigma-Aldrich C., Ltd., USA) g을 N,NDimethylfrmamide (99.5%, Samchun C., Ltd., USA) 0 g에 용 해시킨 후 PVP (plyvinylpyrrlidne, MW 1,300,000, SigmaAldrich C., Ltd., USA) 3 g을 첨가하여 4 시간 동안 교반했다. Cr-precursr/PVP와 Ni-precursr/PVP 전기방사 용액도 위와 같 은 방법으로 제조하였다. Cr 및 Ni 원료와 첨가된 양은 Fig. 1 에 나타내었다. 제조된 Pt, Cr 및 Ni 용액을 주사기에 넣고 5-guage 바늘에 ml/h의 속도로 용액을 주입하며 바늘과 모집판 사 이(거리 15 cm)에 17 kv를 인가해, Ni, Cr, Pt가 각각 첨가된 PVP 나노섬유를 제조하였다. Ni, Cr, Pt가 포함된 PVP 나노섬유 표면 에 Ar플라즈마를 이용한 rf sputtering 방법으로 0 nm 두께의 SnO 박막을 형성하였다. 이후 고온 열처리(열처리 온도 600 C, 열처리 시간 h, 공기분위기) 과정으로 내부의 PVP 성분을 제 거하여, 내부에 소량의 Ni, Cr, Pt가 도포된 튜브형 SnO 나노섬 Fig. 3. TEM images and EDS elemental mapping f (a) Ni-decrated SnO nanfibers, (b) Cr-decrated SnO nanfibers, and (c) Pt-decrated SnO nanfibers after heat treatment at 600 C, h. 유를 합성했다. 내부에 Pt, Cr 및 Ni이 도포된 튜브형 SnO 나노 섬유의 구조와 촉매의 형상을 분석하기 위하여 Field-emissin 주 사전자현미경(FE-SEM, S-4700 Hitachi C., Ltd., Japan) 과 투과 전자현미경(HR-TEM, Tecnai F0)이 사용되었다 로 고정하였고, 5 ppm의 C H OH, HCHO, trimethylamine (TMA),. 센서 소자 제작 및 측정 5 NH, benzene, tluene, p-xylene 각각의 7가지 가스들에 대하 3 여 300, 350, 400 C의 동작온도에서 가스 감응특성을 확인하였다. Ni, Cr, Pt가 내부에 도포된 튜브형 SnO 나노섬유를 증류수와 혼합하여 slurry 형태로 만든 후, Au 전극이 패터닝 된 알루미나 3. 결과 및 고찰 기판 위에 도포했다. 상기의 감응 소자를 기판 후면에 설치된 히 터를 이용하여 450 C에서 3시간 열처리시켜 잔류수분을 제거하 였다. 가스감응 특성을 측정하기 전 각각의 센서 동작온도에서 합성된 나노섬유의 모양 시간 동안 센서를 안정화시켰다. 가스의 유속은 500 cm /min으 3 1 J. Sensr Sci. & Tech. Vl. 3, N. 3, 014

3 B-Yung Kim, Chul-Sn Lee, Jn-Shik Park, and Jng-Heun Lee I 65 I 촉매제와 PVP가포함된섬유 (Fig. a) 를전기방사로합성한이후 SnO 를증착시키고열처리한결과옆면이잘린대롱모양의튜브형 SnO 나노섬유가제조되었다 (Fig. b). 합성된금속촉매 /PVP 나노섬유및열처리이후의옆면이잘린촉매첨가 SnO 나노섬유의직경은약 00 nm이었다. 옆면이잘린잘린모양은스퍼터링중윗면은증착되지만아래쪽은가려서증착이되지않는 shadwing 효과에기인한것으로판단된다. TEM과 EDS 분석을통해 Ni, Cr, Pt의나노섬유내분포를조사했다 (Fig. 3). 세가지섬유모두대부분옆면이잘린튜브형모양을나타내었으며, Ni, Cr, Pt 성분이 SnO 나노섬유내부에균일하게분포하고있음을알수있다. 본방법을활용할경우 SnO 를증착시키는양을조절하여튜브의두께를조절할수있을것으로기대되며, 다양한금속전구체를포함하는 PVP 나노섬유를이용하여, 여러가지촉매가균일하게첨가된튜브형나노섬유가스센서를설계할수있을것으로기대된다. 이는가스센서의감도, 선택성등의설계에유용하게활용될수있을것으로판단된다. 3. 가스감응특성평가 Ni, Cr, Pt 가내부에코팅된튜브형 SnO 나노섬유의가스감응성을 300, 350, 400 C에서측정했다 (Fig. 4). Ni-첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유는 300, 350, 400 C에서 5 ppm C OH 에대한감도 (R a /R g ) 가각각 31.1, 38., 35.3 이다 (Fig. 4a). 전온도에서 5 ppm C OH 에대한감도는동일농도의 HCHO, NH 3, TMA, benzene, tluene, p-xylene에대한감도보다높았다. 그러나, 모든온도에서 5ppm HCHO에대한감도가상대적으로높아 (R a / R g =19.0~8.0) C OH에대해매우우수한선택성을얻을수는없었다. Cr- 첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유의경우에는 300 C 에서는 5ppm C OH에대한감도 (R a /R g =4.6) 가가장높았으며 (Fig. 4b-1), 400 C 에서는 5 ppm p-xylene에대한감도 (R a /R g =18.3) 가가장크게나타났다 (Fig. 4b-3). 일반적으로 bezene, xylene, tluene과같은 BTX가스는분자량이크고반응성이작아, 표면에흡착된 O - 와반응하여산화하기위해상태적으로고온의가스감응온도가필요하다. 따라서, BTX 가스들에대한감도의최대치를보이는온도가 C OH에대한감도의최대치를보이는온도가일반적으로높다. 또 Cr 첨가제는 methyl기에대한촉매활성이높아 xylene과 tluene에대한가스선택성을높이는것으로보고되고있다 [10]. 따라서, 400 C의감응온도에서 Cr- 첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유가 xylene에대해가장큰감도를보이는것은 Cr 의 methyl기에대한촉매활성과, 가스감응반응온도의저하등에의한복합적인효과로판단된다. 반면, 400 C에서 C OH에대한감도가상대적으로낮은것은산화촉매 (Cr ) 에의해피검가스가감응표면에도달하기전에감도가낮은 CO 또는 H O 등으로일부변환되었기때문으로판단된다. 상기결 Fig. 4. Gas respnses f (a) Ni-decrated SnO nanfibers, (b) Crdecrated SnO nanfibers, and (c) Pt-decrated SnO nanfibers t 5ppm C OH (E), HCHO (F), NH 3 (A), TMA (t), benzene (B), tluene (T), p-xylene(x) at 300, 350, and 400 C, respectively. 과는새집증후군을유발하는것으로알려진대표적인실내오염원인 xylene 가스를 ppm 단위로선택성있게검출할수있는가능성을제시한다. Pt- 첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유는 Ni- 첨가나노섬유와같이전온도에서 C OH에대해가장높은감도를나타내었다 (Fig. 4c). 특히센서동작온도가 350 C에서가장높은감도 (R a /R g =10.5) 와선택성을보였다 (Fig. 4c-). 가스의선택성을정량적으로조사하기위해서 5 ppm C OH에대한감도 (S ethanl ) 과동일한농도의타가스 (S gas ) 에대한감도의비를계산했다. HCHO, NH 3, TMA, benzene, tluene, p-xylene에대해 S ethanl /S gas 값은각각 9.4, 4.9, 43.9, 16.8, 11.7, 11.5를나타내었다. 이는 Pt- 첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유가 C OH에대한선택성이매우우수함을보여준다. Pt는피검가스와표면산소의반응을촉진하는대표적인촉매물질로알려져있으며, Pt를첨가할경우 SnO [11], In [1], W [13] 등의다양한가스센서의가스감도를크게증가시키는것으로보고되고있다. 본연구에서는 Pt의첨가가특히 350, 400 C에서의가스감도를증가시켰다. 400 C의온도에서는상대적으로 C OH을제외한타가스에대한감도도크게증가하여 C OH에대한선택성이저하된것으로판단된다 (Fig. 4c-3). 따라서, Pt 첨가는 C OH에대한감도를 350 C에서큰폭으로증가시켜고감도, 고선택성의 C OH 센서를가능하게하는것으로해석된다. 가스감응및회복의속도를측정하기위해, 5 ppm C OH J.Sensr Sci.&Tech.Vl.3,N.3,014 13

4 I 66 I Preparatin f Pt-, Ni- and Cr-Decrated SnO Tubular Nanfibers and Their Gas Sensing Prperties 우높은감도와선택성을동시에나타내었으며, sub-ppm 수준의미량의 C OH 가스를재현성있게측정하는데활용될수있을것으로기대된다. 감사의글 본연구는지식경제부 (MKE) 및한국산업기술평가관리원 (KEIT) 의 SW융합형부품기술개발사업 ( ) 과중소기업청에서지원하는 011년도산학연협력기술개발사업 (N. R110555) 의연구수행으로인한결과물임을밝힙니다. REFERENCES Fig. 5. Dynamic sensing transients t 5 ppm C OH: (a) Ni-decrated SnO nanfibers, 350 C, (b) Ni-decrated SnO nanfibers, 400 C, (c) Cr-decrated SnO nanfibers, 350 C, (d) Cr-decrated SnO nanfibers, 400 C, (e) Pt-decrated SnO nanfibers, 350 C, and (f) Pt-decrated SnO nanfibers, 400 C. 에노출시킨후정상상태센서저항의 90% 에도달하는 90% 응답시간 (t res ) 및공기에노출되었을때정상상태저항의 90% 에도달하는 90% 회복시간 (t rec ) 을측정했다 (Fig. 5). 세가지센서모두 90% 응답시간은수초대로매우짧게나타났다. 이는튜브형의나노섬유표면에피검가스가확산하고이후표면산소와반응하는데단시간이소요됨을의미한다. 반면, 90% 회복시간은수백초로길게나타났다. 짧은반응시간을고려할때, 가스의확산은비교적빠른것으로판단되므로, 장시간의회복반응은산소의표면흡착, 원자화, 이온화에걸리는시간이길기때문으로판단된다. 4. 결론 Ni, Cr, Pt 가포함된 PVP 나노섬유를전기방사법으로합성한후, 표면에 SnO 층을 sputtering으로코팅하고열처리하여내부가 Ni, Cr, Pt 로코팅된튜브형 SnO 나노섬유를합성하고, 이들의가스감응성을평가했다. Cr-첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유는 400 C에서 p-xylene에대해선택적인가스감응을나타내었다. xylene가스의선택성은 Cr의촉매활성과고온에의한 xylene의가스감응촉진에기인한것으로판단된다. Pt-첨가튜브형 SnO 나노섬유는 350 C에서 5 ppm의 C OH에대해매 [1] N. Yamaze, Tward innvatins f gas sensr technlgy, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 108, pp. -14, 005. [] D. D. Vung, G. Sakai, K. Shimane, and N. Yamaze, Preparatin f grain size-cntrlled tin xide sls by hydrthermal treatment fr thin film sensr applicatin, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 103, pp , 004. [3] J. Xu, Q. Pan, Y. Shun, and Z. Tian, Grain size cntrl and gas sensing prperties f ZnO gas sensr, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 66, pp , 000. [4] T. Waitz, T. Wagner, T. Sauerwald, C. D. Khl, and M. Tiemann, Ordered mesprus In : Synthesis by structure replicatin and applicatin as a methane gas sensr, Adv. Funct. Mater., Vl. 19, pp , 009. [5] A. M. Ruiz, G. Sakai, A. Crnet, K. Shimane, and J. R. Mrante, Cr-dped TiO gas sensr fr exhaust NO mnitring, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 93, pp , 003. [6] Y. J. Chi, I. S. Hwang, J. G. Park, K. J. Chi, J. H. Park, and J. H. Lee, Nvel fabricatin f a SnO nanwire gas sensr with high sensitivity, Nantechnlgy, Vl. 19, p , 008. [7] I. S. Hwang, S. J. Kim, J. K. Chi, J. J. Jung, D. J. Y, K. Y. Dng, B. K. Ju, and J. H. Lee, Large scale fabricatin f highly sensitive SnO nanwire netwrk gas sensrs by single step vapr phase grwth, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 165, pp , 01. [8] J. H. Lee, Gas sensrs using hierarchical and hllw xide nanstructures: Overview, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 140, pp , 009. [9] H. R. Kim, K. I. Chi, J. H. Lee, and S. A. Akbar, Highly sensitive and ultra-fast respnding gas sensrs using selfassembled hierarchical SnO spheres, Sens. Actuatr B- Chem., Vl. 136, pp , 009. [10] H. J. Kim, J. W. Yn, K. I. Chi, H. W. Jang, A. Umar, and J. H. Lee, Ultraselective and sensitive detectin f xylene and tluene fr mnitring indr air pllutin using Crdped NiO hierarchical nanstructures, Nanscale, Vl. 5, pp , 013. [11] K. Y. Dng, J. K. Chi, I. S. Hwang, J. W. Lee, B. H. Kang, D. J. Ham, J. H. Lee, and B. K. Ju, Enhanced H S sensing 14 J. Sensr Sci. & Tech. Vl. 3, N. 3, 014

5 B-Yung Kim, Chul-Sn Lee, Jn-Shik Park, and Jng-Heun Lee I 67 I characteristics f Pt dped SnO nanfibers sensrs with micr heater, Sens. Actuatr B-Chem., Vl. 157, pp , 011. [1] W. Zheng, X. Lu, W. Wang, Z. Li, H. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Xu, S. Li, and C. Wang, Assembly f Pt nanparticles n electrspun In nanfibers fr H S detectin, J. Cllid and Interface Sci., Vl. 338, pp [13] J. W. Shin, S. J. Chi, D. Y. Yun, and I. D, Kim, Exhaled VOCs sensing prperties f W nanfibers functinalized by Pt and IrO nanparticles fr diagnsis f diabetes and halitsis, J. Electrceram., Vl. 9, pp J.Sensr Sci.&Tech.Vl.3,N.3,014 15

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