03-강경원

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1 대한응급의학회지제 21 권제 4 호 Volume 21, Number 4, August 2010 원 저 Six sigma 활동이 STEMI 환자에서경피적관상동맥술을이용한재관류요법을실시하는시간에미치는영향 CHA 의과학대학교분당차병원응급의학과, CHA 의과학대학교강남차병원심장내과 1, CHA 의과학대학교구미차병원심장내과 2 강경원 김옥준 최성욱 김의중 박영태 조윤경 1 황희정 고대이 2 Effect of the Six Sigma Protocol on the Time Required to get STEMI Patients to Reperfusion Therapy Via PTCA Kyeong Won Kang, M.D., Ok Jun Kim, M.D., Sung Wook Choi, M.D., Eui chung Kim, M.D., Yeong Tae Park, M.D., Yun Kyung Cho, M.D. 1, Hee Jeong Hwang, R.N., Tae I Ko, M.D. 2 Purpose: To minimize the process that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients have to go through when visiting the emergency room (ER), and thus to provide prompt reperfusion therapy using the six sigma protocol, a business management renovation strategy to standardize the clinical process. Methods: Analysis was done on data obtained both before and after implementation of the six sigma protocol. Data were collected from ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who visited the ER between February 2006 and March 2009 and received reperfusion therapy. For statistical analysis used we used an unpaired t-test. Results: After the six sigma protocol was put into practice, total visiting time was reduced from 124.4±76.1 minutes to 91.5±50.3 minutes, and the reduction was statistically significant (p<0.0045). Six sigma (6 σ) means 3.4 PPM, that is, among 1 million cases no more than 3.4 cases should exceed the time limit of 90 minutes from the arrival of the patient to the needle puncture, making the task hard to achieve. σscore was greatly elevated-from 1.48 σto 2.48 σ and the σerror rate (the proportion of cases that exceeded 책임저자 : 조윤경서울특별시강남구역삼1동 CHA 의과학대학교강남차병원심장내과 Tel: 02) , Fax: 02) yunkyungcho@gmail.com 접수일 : 2010년 4월 5일, 1차교정일 : 2010년 4월 16일게재승인일 : 2010년 5월 16일 min) improved from 62% to 45%. Conclusion: In this study we verified that applying the six Sigma protocol significantly reduced the time to reperfusion therapy for AMI patients. The reduction in time was due to changes in software (developed from the existing system) rather than to hardware improvements such as changes in test facilities or manpower amplification. The entire process, from a patient arriving at the ER until the patient received reperfusion therapy was viewed as one systemic flow and applying the six Sigma protocol to such flow was successful as shown by the result of this study. This shows that the six sigma protocol can be applied to a medical system if configured effectively. Further, this method can be useful not only for AMI patients, but also for many other urgent procedures such as acute cerebral infarction patients who require prompt diagnosis and hemolytic therapy, when the definition of the error rate is corrected according to the specific patients groups. Key Words: Total quality management, Reperfusion, Myocardial infarction Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, The CHA University, Bundang, Korea, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The CHA university, Gangnam, Korea 1, Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, The CHA University, Gumi, Korea 2 서 심근경색증은현대인에게주요한사망원인중하나이며우리나라전체사망원인의약 5% 를차지하고있으며발병연령이점차낮아지고있기때문에진단과치료가중요한문제로대두하였다 1). 실제로급성심근경색증으로사망하는사람의 2/3가병원에도착하기전에사망하며, 발작 24시간내사망이본질환으로인한전체사망의절반을넘었다고미국의예는전하고있다 2). 미국예일의과대학역학공중 론

2 430 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 4 호 2010 보건학교실은 ST 분절상승심근경색증환자의사망률과이환율이병원에도착한후경피적관상동맥술까지의시간 (door-to-balloon time) 감소와관련이있음을보고하였다 2). 그러므로흉통을호소하는환자에서빠른평가는조기처치를결정지어사망률을감소시키므로매우중요하다 3,4). 따라서급성심근경색환자가응급의료센터에도착해서재관류요법시행을받기까지의과정을하나의 process로가정하여이를품질경영관리시스템인 six Sigma를도입하여보다효율적으로발전시켜본다면그지연시간을줄일수있게되고결국은환자의사망률과이환율을줄이는데기여할수있지않을까하는생각에서본연구는시작되었다. 본연구의목적은최근경영기법으로각광받고있는 six sigma 활동을도입해응급실에도착한 (ST elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI) 를보이는급성심근경색환자가경피적관상동맥술을통한재관류요법을받는데까지의기능형 process를분석및발전시켜활용하여그소요시간을단축시키는지살펴보고이를임상에적용하는데있다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상 2006년 2월부터 2009년 2월까지본원응급센터에방문하여급성심근경색진단을받은환자를대상으로하였다. 심근경색의진단은 30분이상지속되는흉통이응급실내원 6 시간이내있었던경우와함께 ECG에서연속적인두개이상의사지유도에서 1 mm 이상의 ST 분절상승이있는경우와연속적인두개이상의흉부유도에서 2 mm 이상의 ST 분절상승이있는경우혹은새롭게생겨났거나새로이생겨난것으로추정되는좌각차단 (left bundle branch block) 파가있는경우로하였으며이들대상자가운데추후관상동맥조영촬영술을통해급성심근경색임이확인이되어재관류요법을받은환자를대상으로하였다 5). 또한상기조건을만족하는경우라하더라도 six Sigma 의기능형 process의흐름에서벗어나는경우, 즉진료도중환자가사망한경우, 심정지및활력증후가불안정하여심폐소생술을실시하느라시간이지연혹은재관류요법을실시하지못한경우, 환자혹은보호자가재관류요법을거부하여실시하지못한경우는제외하였다. 2. 연구방법 STEMI 환자가응급실에내원후재관류요법을받기까지의체계적 process를세운뒤이를실제임상에적용하여그전후간의소요시간을의무기록을통해측정조사하 여자료를구성하였으며그흐름도는환자도착 - 간호사예진 - 인턴예진 - 심전도검사 - 응급의학과전공의진료 - 심장내과전공의호출 - 심장내과전공의도착 - 심장재관류시술전처방 - 보호자동의서작성완료 - 시술준비 - 카테터이송 - 카테터시술준비완료 - 심장내과전문의도착 - 주사친삽입순서로정하였으며각단계별시간차를각각 Gap1부터 Gap14까지정하고그누적시간을구하였다. 응급센터에내원한급성심근경색환자의재관류요법을시행받기까지의관련된구성원 ( 응급실간호사, 응급의학과인턴및레지던트, 심장내과전공의, 심장내과교수, 간호보조, 심도자실 ) 의 DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) 과정을통해 six sigma 활동을진행하였으며 DMAIC 과정은다음과같다. 1 Define: 2008년 1월 3일부터 2008년 4월 30일까지진행되었는데, 이기간중수차례의관련부서회의를거쳐응급센터에내원한급성심근경색환자가재관류요법시행을받고입원하는환자중, 6 σ값을산출하기위한응급센터체류시간불량의정의를미국심장협회지침에따라 90분이상된환자라고정의하였다 6). 2 Measure: 기초자료수집기간인 2006년 2월부터 2007년 12월동안응급의료센터내에서진행되는 process 각단계의시간을측정하였다. 3 Analyze: 2008년 3월 2일부터 4월 18일까지수집된자료를통해각단계별시간지연의원인을분석하였다. 4 Improve: 2008년 4월 19일부터 5월 14일까지분석된자료를바탕으로개선안마련즉, 수련의및전공의에대한급성심근경색교육및전산처방프로그램에 STEMI 호출버튼을신설하여버튼을누르면당직스케줄에따른심장내과전공의와교수에게휴대폰으로 응급실에 STEMI 환자가발생했습니다. 지금즉시연락바랍니다. 라는메시지가자동으로전송되도록하는호출시스템을개발하였으며이와연계하여 STEMI team을조직하여신속하고유기적인협조체제를유지할수있도록교육및모의훈련을실시하였다. 5 Control: 2008년 5월부터 2009년 2월까지개선된내용이잘유지되기위한과정을거쳤다. 또한대상환자는 six sigma 활동이전인 2006년 2월부터 2007년 12월과활동이후인 2008년 5월부터 2009년 2월까지의자료를비교 분석하였으며수집된자료의 6 σ값을구하기위하여 minitab을사용하였으며그외에통계분석 program 은 SPSS ver 12.0 kor를사용하였고, 검증방식은 unpaired t-test를사용하였으며, p<0.05인경우를통계학적으로유의하다고판단하였다. 이를바탕으로시간지연의원인변수를분석후그개선안을마련해보았다.

3 강경원외 : Six sigma 활동이 STEMI 환자에서경피적관상동맥술을이용한재관류요법을실시하는시간에미치는영향 / 431 1) 시간지연의원인변수응급의료센터의 process map에서보았을때환자가도착해서심장내과전공의를호출하게되기까지의과정인 Gap (T1) 은주로응급의학과의비중이크게작용하며보호자동의를얻어서재관류요법을하기위한전처치를하는데까지과정인 Gap (T2) 까지는심장내과의비중이주 로작용하게되며그후로재관류요법을실시하게되는마지막단계 (T3) 까지는그외에보조인력즉, 심도자실직원, 간호조무사, 간호사등의역할이주로시간지연에비중을담당하게된다 (Fig. 1) 7). 진료 process 중에서각단계별누적시간이전체누적시간에미치는영향을살펴보면응급의료센터에는항시간 Fig. 1. Process map * Interval time Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Fig. 2. Fish bone diagram and factors associated with longer emergency department length of stay. * Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Cardiology medicine

4 432 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 4 호 2010 호사, 인턴, 응급의학과전공의가상주해있어서 Gap5까지누적시간은전체누적시간에미치는영향이작았으며특히 Gap3까지는 1분이내로간호사예진, 인턴예진이거의동시에이루어짐을알수있었으며심전도검사를하여이를확인하는데에 T1영역의거의대부분의시간을차지함을알수있었다. T2영역에서가장많은비중을차지하는부분은심장내과전공의가환자를진료한뒤에환자상태에맞는전산처방을입력하는시간 (Gap8) 과보호자에게재관류요법에대한설명과부작용등을설명하고그동의서를받아내는시간 (Gap9) 이었다. 의료보조인력이큰영향을미치게되는 T3영역에서는심장내과전문의 ( 교수 ) 가심도자실에도착하게되는시간 (Gap13) 이차지했다. 또한각단계별시간지연에영향을줄수있는요소를 fishbone diagram 이라고불리는 Ishiakawa diagram으로구성한후이결과를토대로각단계별시간지연원인을다음과같이분석하였다 (Fig. 2) 8,9). T1: 환자가내원후심전도자료를확보하는데까지의과정에서간호사 - 인턴 - 응급의학과전공의로의흐름이체계적이지못한데에서비롯되었다고판단되었다. T2: 심장내과전공의의처방지연은전산프로그램을통한처방을일일이입력하는데에따른시간지연, 보호자에게동의서를받아내는데까지시간지연은보호자가시술에따른부작용의위험성과이해부족으로인해단독결정을하지못하고다른보호자와상의하는데에따른시간지연으로생각되었고, 심장내과임상적판단결정후, 교수연락까지시간지연은심장내과전공의의즉각적인진료대응미흡으로파악되었다. T3: 처치완료후환자가심도자실까지이송하는데걸리는시간지연은간호보조의과다한업무로인력이부족하고심도자실이다른층에있어서이송시간이오래걸리는것 으로파악되었고, 심장내과교수가연락을받은후심도자실도착까지걸리는시간지연은주로야간, 휴일등정규진료외시간에집에서병원에도착하는시간지연에따른것으로파악되었다. 2) 개선안 Process map의전과정을최대한단축시키는방안및주된시간지연요소를중점적으로관리할수있는방안을연구및실시하였다. 우선 T1 의시간지연요소해결을위해응급센터근무의료진모두에게미국에서사용하고있는중증응급환자질지표 (STEMI 관리 ) 의공식화된업무규정, 지침교육을실시하였고특히인턴과응급의학과레지던트에게는심전도판독능력향상을위한교육을실시하였다 (Fig. 3) 10). 다음으로 T2의시간지연요소해결을위해심장내과의사호출을할때 dual call system 즉, 심장내과당직의사를호출할때당직레지던트 1명과당직교수 1명에게동시에호출이갈수있도록하였으며또한전산처방화면에 STEMI 버튼을신설하며따로전화할필요없이버튼만누르면자동으로문자전송이될수있도록하였다 (Fig. 4). 또한응급센터와심장내과의공식화된업무 flow STEMI 등록으로응급환자에대한의사소통을신속하고원활히할수있도록하였으며처방지연시간단축을위해전산처방에서 STEMI 환자에대한약속처방을마련하여한번만클릭하면모든처방이한번에이루어질수있도록하여환자에따라추가혹은삭제만하게끔정립하여처방이신속하고쉽게이루어질수있도록하였다 (Fig. 5). 마지막으로 T3의시간지연요소해결을위해심도자실이 2층에위치해있어부득이하게엘리베이터를사용해야하는데이의대기시간이지연요소로작용하는점을생각 Fig. 3. Options for transportation of patients With STEMI and initial reperfusion treatment (reperfusion in patients with STEMI can be accomplished by fibrinolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) approaches. If fibrinolysis is the primary method, it should be done within 30 minutes, On the other hand, if PCI is available, its door to balloon time must be within 90 minutes. Considering the variability in case, ether method may provide optimal outcome if the total ischemic time is maintained within 120 minutes.

5 강경원외 : Six sigma 활동이 STEMI 환자에서경피적관상동맥술을이용한재관류요법을실시하는시간에미치는영향 / 433 하여심도자실의위치를변경하기가현실적으로힘들어서환자를심도자실로옮기기직전지정엘리베이터를비상운용하여신속한이송이이루어질수있도록하였다. 경우수일, 혹은수주부터만성흉통이있던환자가있었으나이런경우에는만성통증의급성악화시점을증상발생시점으로간주하여시간을측정하였다. 결과 1. 연구대상환자의특성과현황조사대상환자수는시행전 66명, 시행후 62명을조사하였고평균나이는 60.1세였으며남자 : 여자비율은 99:29명으로 3배이상남자가많았다. 또한 six sigma 활동전, 후연구대상환자의특성을살펴보면증상발생후응급의료센터에도착하기까지각각 85.6(±66.1) 분, 102.7(±83.8) 분이걸렸으며이는본원에서시행한 six sigma활동과는관련이없는부분이어서본연구에서는참고자료로만활용하였다. 다만, 시간측정시일부환자의 2. 응급의료센터의 Process map 응급의료센터에내원한 STEMI 환자들은 Fig. 1과같은흐름을거쳐재관류요법을시행받게되는데각단계별소요시간을 six sigma 전 후로비교해보았을때환자내원시부터재관류요법을실시하는데까지걸린시간은 six sigma 활동전에는 124.4(±76.1) 분이걸렸던것에반해 six sigma 활동후에는 91.5(±50.3) 분으로확연히줄어든것으로나타났으며 p value 도 로유의한것으로나타났다 (Table 1). 또한응급의료센터의 process map을단순화시켜서 T1, T2, T3를정의해서결과를분석해보았을때전체누적시간은 six sigma 전 T1, T2, T3는각각 6.0±14.7분, Fig. 4. STEMI dual call system. Fig. 5. STEMI standing order. Table 1. Factors associated prolonged emergency repartment stay time & improvement Before six sigma SD* After six sigma SD p value Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± Gap ± ± *: standard deviation : p value is derived by group t-test : accumulated time of each stage

6 434 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 4 호 ±74.7분, 124.4±76.1분이었으며 six sigma 후 T1, T2, T3는각각 3.9±10.3, 64.1±51.3, 91.5±50.3분으로감소됨을볼수있었고전체과정에서 T1, T2, T3가미친영향을살펴보면 six sigma 전 2%, 37%, 61% 에서 six sigma 후 2%, 38%, 60% 라는결과를보여주었다 (Fig. 6). 이는전체적으로 six sigma활동후그이전보다지연시간의감소를보여주는것이며 T1보다는 T2와 T3에서많은지연시간감소효과를보여주는것이며전체과정에서각구간별백분율이 six sigma활동후에도큰변화를보이지않는점으로미루어보아이번 six sigma활동이 T1, T2, T3 각영역에골고루영향을미쳤다는것을알수있었다 (Fig. 6). 3. 개선효과 Six sigma 활동시행후환자의전체체류시간은 ±76.1분에서 91.5±50.3분으로감소되었고 p-value 로의미있는감소를보여주었다. Six sigma(6 σ) 는 3.4 PPM 즉, 환자도착후 needle puncture time까지 90분을초과하는경우가 100만번당 3.4건을초과하지않는다는의미여서이수치를맞추기에는현실적으로어려우나 σ값도 1.48 σ에서 2.48 σ로큰향상을보여주었다. σ 불량률 ( 평가기준인 90분을초과한경우 ) 도 62% 에서 45% 로개선된결과를보여주었다 (Table 2). Table 2. Sigma level associated prolonged emergency department stay time of six sigma improvement activity Before (σ) After (σ) T T T Sigma error rate 62% 45% 고찰본연구에따르면본원에서 six sigma활동시행전급성심근경색환자의전체응급실체류시간은 124.4±76.1분으로측정되어 six sigma 불량률정의기준인 90분의 38% 나초과하는결과를보여주었다. 그리고이렇게시간지연이되는원인을알아보기위해응급센터의 process map을바탕으로그원인을분석하고개선안을마련후실제로임상에적용하여그효과를검증한결과급성심근경색환자의응급실체류시간이 91.5±50.3분으로목표치에매우근접한고무적인결과를보여주었다. 따라서이를꾸준히임상에적용하고또유지하기위한계획을다음과같이실행하였다. 환자도착후 needle puncture time까지걸리는시간의단축을지속적으로유지하고불량률을감소시키기위한사후관리로각영역별효율을높이기위한방안을계속적으로개발하고이를실행에옮겨환자의응급실체류시간을줄이는데기여하도록할계획이다 11). T1영역에서는매달순환근무되는응급의학과인턴인력의지속적인교육과신규응급의학과전공의교육을지속적으로할계획이며심전도자료를전산처방프로그램과같이연동할수있도록프로그램을계발중이다. 또한무선랜을설치하였으며이를이용하여 119 구급대와의빠른정보교환을활성화하여환자도착전 STEMI 팀이미리대비할수있도록연습을하고있다. T2 영역에서는심장내과전공의에의한의사결정시간을단축시키기위해 Fig. 7과같이실제진료시간을전산처방프로그램에입력하게함으로써심장내과전공의의주의를환기시키도록할계획이다. T3 영역에서환자가심도자실까지가는데걸리는시간의단축을위해기존의간호보조외에원내보안요원의협 * * A B Fig. 6. Factors associated prolonged emergency department stay time & percentile result of six sigma improvement activity. * T1: accumulated time of arrival to CM call T2: accumulated time of CM call to complete procedure T3: accumulated time of complete procedure to needle puncture time

7 강경원외 : Six sigma 활동이 STEMI 환자에서경피적관상동맥술을이용한재관류요법을실시하는시간에미치는영향 / 435 조를통해환자가위치해있는곳과엘리베이터및심도자실까지이동하는과정에서의장애물제거및비상엘리베이터가동을협조받을수있도록할계획이다. 본연구에서는기업의경영혁신활동인 six sigma를임상진료에적용하여급성심근경색환자들이재관류요법을실시하는데까지걸리는시간이의미있게단축되었음을확인할수있으며시간지연의원인을분석하는과정에서대체로시간지연의원인이많은부분에서검사장비나인력확충등하드웨어적인문제보다는기존의진료체계시스템을변용발전한소프트웨어개선의많은변화로인해시간단축을이룰수있었음을확인했다. 물론 6 σ의개념으로본연구의기준을적용하게된다면 100만명의급성심근경색환자가본원에내원했을때재관류요법을실시하는데걸리는시간이 90분을넘어가는환자수가 3.4명이하로낮추어야하겠지만그건현실적으로달성하기힘든이상적인수치이다. 원래 6 σ혁신활동의개념은미국의모토롤라에서휴대폰을생산하는전체공정중제품백만개당불량품을 3.4개이하로줄이기위한운동의일환으로도입된개념이므로이를환자에적용하기에는많은무리가따른다 (Table 3). 그러나, 효율적인시스템의개선으로설계에서부터최종조립및도색까지한대의휴대폰이만들어지듯환자가도착해서여러가지 process를거쳐재관류요법을시행하게되기까지를하나의시스템의흐름으로보고이에 6 σ혁신활동을도입해보았던이번연구는그 결과가말해주듯의료시스템에도효율적인방법으로변용하여적용해볼수있음을검증해주었다. 이는6 σ혁신활동이단순히급성심근경색환자에게만적용되는것이아니라그불량률의정의만바꾼다면시간단축을요하는다른경우, 즉급성뇌졸중환자에서빠른진단과혈전용해제치료에도사용할수있을것이며특정질환혹은상황 ( 일반병실입원환자의급성심정지, 병원내화재발생시대처요령, 재난및대량환자발생시응급센터에서의효율적인대처요령등 ) 에적용해볼수도있을것이므로여러모로유용할것으로생각된다. 제한점은첫째, 본연구에서개발한 6 σ혁신활동은본원에만적용할수밖에없다는단점이있다. 병원마다각자나름대로의시스템이있고다른하드웨어를가지고있기때문이다. 둘째, 6 σ혁신활동은불량률을정의해서이를수치화시켜서결론을얻어내는과정이므로수치화시킬수없는부분, 이를테면보호자동의를얻는과정에서보호자개개인의특성에따라결정을내리지못해시간이지연되는경우나보호자가제시간에응급센터에도착하지못하는경우등수치화시킬수없는부분에는적용을시킬수없다는단점이있다. 셋째, 6 σ혁신활동을통해원인변수를찾아내었다하더라도현시점에서신속한개선을할수없는부분, 즉하드웨어의큰부분을바꾸어야되는부분인전용엘리베이터를설치한다든가하는문제는큰경제적 물리적으로큰부담이되므로바로조치를취할수없다는데에한계점이있다고본다. 결 론 Fig. 7. The real standard delay time in OCS (order communicating System) registration. 6 σ혁신활동을병원환경에적용하여불량률을정의하고분석후개선하여유지하는과정을거쳐급성심근경색환자의신속한재관류요법을실시해환자의응급실체류시간을단축하는데에기여할수있었다. 본연구에서 6 σ활동결과상당부분의시간단축효과를얻을수있었으며앞으로진료환경의여러분야에적용하 Table 3. Sigma level Sigma level Defect per million opportunities % 1 Sigma 690, % Sigma 308, % Sigma 066, % Sigma 006, % Sigma %000 6 Sigma %

8 436 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 21 권제 4 호 2010 여보다나은의료서비스개선과환자와보호자의만족도를높이고더나아가병원이미지개선에이바지할수있도록기대해본다 12,13). 참고문헌 01. Available at: Accessed Feburary 13, Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Braniff BA, Brooks NH, Califf RM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 ;28: Peacock F, Morris DL, Anwaruddin S, Christenson RH, Collinson PO, Goodacre SW, et al. Meta-analysis of ischemia-modified albumin to rule out acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department. Am Heart J 2006; 152: Ryan TJ, Melduni RM. Highlights of latest American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines for management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiol Rev 2002;10: Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 2004;110:e Braunwald E. Myocardial reperfusion, limitation of infarct size, reduction of left ventricular dysfunction, and improved survival. Should the paradigm be expan-ded? Circulation 1989;79: Emergency department: rapid identification and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee, 60 Minutes to Treatment Working Group. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23: Available at: Available at: Based on the ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: ACC/AHA pocket Guideline. 11. Cummings P. Improving the time to thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction by using a quality assurance audit. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21: Shin SD, Jo YH, Cheon SB, Jung SK,Kwak YH, Rhee JE, et al. Effect of emergency department overcrowding on the outcome of patient care: A pilot study. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 2004;15: Sun BC, Adams J, Orav EJ, Rucker DW, Brennan TA, Burstin HR. Determinants of patient satisfaction and willingness to return with emergency care. Ann Emerg Med 2000;35:

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<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

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