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1 Journal o the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 238~244, Stress Analysis or Fiber Reinorced Composites under Indentation Contact Loading Kyung Soon Jang, Tae Woo Kim, Chul Kim, Sang Kuk Woo*, and Kee Sung Lee School o Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul , Korea *Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Institute o Energy Research, Daejeon , Korea (Received April 1, 2008; Accepted April 28, 2008) w w y w w Á½k Á½ Á *Á» w» œw *w» w l ( ; ) ABSTRACT Modeling and FEM analysis on Boron Nitride and/or Pyrolytic Carbon coating layers on SiC ibers under indentation contact loadings are investigated. Especially this study attempts to model the mechanical behavior o the SiC ibers with and without coatings. Tyranno S grade and Tyranno LoxM grade o SiC are selected or iber and Boron Nitride and/or Pyrolytic Carbon as coating material. The modeling is perormed by SiC iber without coating layer, which includs single(bn or PyC) and double(bn-pyc or PyC-BN) coating layer. And then the analysis is perormed by changing a type o coating layer, a type o iber and coating sequence. In this study, the concepts o modeling and analysis techniques or optimum design o BN and PyC coating process on SiC iber are shown. Results show that stresses are reduced when indentation contact loading applies on the material having lower elastic modulus. Key words : FEM, Indentation, Fiber Reinorced Composites 1. w ƒ š, ü y, ü, ü, š w w ky³ (SiC) w œ w. 1-5) š SiC w C /SiC SiC /SiC w l(radiation heater), t, w ƒ l t, y» w w k, ƒ þƒx 4 w» w w š. 6,7) w» (matrix) w p w j» w,, { (whisker) g w w. ù { y w q j ù w š, y w» ƒw, ƒ ³ q w q w k Corresponding author : Kee Sung Lee keeslee@kookmin.ac.kr Tel : Fax : ) SiC, Tyranno SA TM w š. ƒ š, ƒ ü p w». 8,14) SiC» w w» w SiC gqw SiC» x (preorm) ü x g e w w., y š š p, š ƒ w» y x ( w,, x ) w» p š ƒ. w x w» w gq(coating) w y» d(interphase or interlayer) x j. w d w k (pyrolytic carbon, PyC) y (boron nitride, BN) š. 9-12) Fig. 1 l(radiation heater) SiC /SiC w w š ƒ w, w ƒw w w w w» w w w v ABAQUS 13) w w w 238

2 압입접촉하중이 작용하는 섬유강화 복합재료의 응력해석 239 유와 코팅층에 발생하는 응력과 최대 변위량을 관찰하여 복합재료의 최적 설계를 위한 해석을 수행하였다. 이 때, SiC 섬유의 종류, 코팅층의 재료와 적층순서를 변화시켜 탄성응력 측면에서 고찰하였다. 2. 유한 요소 해석 물성값 탄화규소 섬유(SiC ) 본 연구에서 사용한 탄화규소 섬유(SiC )는 일본 UBE Industries사 ( 자재인 Tyranno Grade S ceramic high temperature iber (type : TY-S1H16PX, Bobbin No K0724)와 Tyranno Grade LoxM ceramic high temperature iber (type : TM-S1E08PX, Bobbin No K0703)이다. Tyranno Grade S ceramic high temperature iber는 50.4 at.% Si, 29.7 at.% C, 17.9 at.% O와 2.00 at.% Ti으로 구성되어 있으며, ilament 의 직경은 11.0 µm로 800 il./yarn으로 제조되어 있다. Tyranno Grade LoxM ceramic high temperature iber는 55.4 at.% Si, 32.4 at.% C, 10.2 at.% O와 2.00 at.% Ti으 로 구성되어 있으며, ilament의 직경은 11.0 µm로 800 il./yarn으로 제조되어 있다. 또한 섬유의 물성값은 Tyranno S는 170 GPa, Tyranno LoxM은 187 GPa로 적용하였으며, 프와송 비는 0.2로 가정하였다 코팅재(coating materials) 섬유 강화재와 기지 물질의 중간층에 형성 시키는 섬유 의 코팅 재료로 질화붕소와 열분해 탄소를 사용하였다. 물 성값은 Boron Nitride는 10.3 GPa, Pyrolytic Carbon은 29.4 GPa로 적용하였으며, 프와송 비는 0.2로 가정하였다. 유한 요소 모델 예비형상 및 해석 부위 예비형상(preorm)은 반경 3.18 mm의 구형 압입자의 하 단면을 섬유 또는 섬유와 코팅층으로 이루어진 시편의 상 단에 위치시켰다. 이 때, 압입에 의한 섬유와 코팅층에 발 생되는 응력 거동과 변형만을 관찰하기 위해 코팅층 상 부의 세라믹 기지상은 모델링에서 제외하였다. 구형 압입 자와 하중의 대칭성을 이용하여 유한 요소 해석은 축대 칭해석을 하였으며, 해석시간을 단축하기 위하여 구형 압 입자의 축 대칭 단면의 하부 1/2만이 모델링 되었다. 모 델링을 위해 섬유로 이루어진 다발(bundle)의 두께는 약 1 mm로 측정 되었다. SiC 를 단층으로 모델링하여 해석 할 경우에는 섬유의 두께를 1 mm로 적용하였다. SiC 와 한 개의 코팅층을 모델링하여 해석할 경우에는 섬유의 두 께를 0.8 mm, 코팅층의 두께를 0.2 mm로 적용하였다. SiC 와 두 개의 코팅층을 모델링하여 해석할 경우에는 섬유 의 두께를 0.6 mm, 각각의 코팅층의 두께를 0.2 mm로 적 2.1. Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams o (a) radiation heater and (b) modeling Fig. 2. Diagrams showing inite element model ; (a) iber, (b) one coating layer on iber and (c) double coating layer on iber. 용하였다. Fig. 2는 구형 압입자가 시편에 압입 접촉하중 을 가하는 예비형상을 나타낸 것이다. 세 가지 예비형상 을 바탕으로 구간별로 물성값을 바꾸어 가며 시편 상단 에 위치한 구형 압입자와 시편에 접촉 하중을 가해 응력 해석을 실행하였다. 해석 부위는 코팅층을 포함하는 각각 의 시편에 발생하는 면내 최대 주응력과 섬유에 발생하 는 최대 변위를 관찰하였으며, 결과를 비교하였다 유한 요소 해석에 사용된 요소는 축대칭 사변형 요소를 사용하였 으며, 구형 압입자는 형상이 변하지 않도록 2차원 강체쉘 축대칭 해석(2D analytic rigid shell)을 사용하였다. 유한 요소 해석 프로그램(ABAQUS)의 CAX4R요소를 사용하 제 45 권 제 4호(2008)

3 240 Á½k Á½ Á Á» Fig. 3. Displacement and boundary conditions o the modelling in this study w w w l(radiation heater) w d š š, d w w. w» w Fig. 3 ùkü w w. x, y w š w š, g qd sww e x w š w. x x w z w z wš, w w y w w 0.1 mmƒw. w k w w. 3. š w j gq w SiC d w r, SiC w gqd x w w 1d gq r, SiC gqd x w w 2d gq r ù ww. š ƒƒ gqd sww r ü d w š, r w d w, sƒ w r w Fig. 4, gqd w ƒw w ü ùkü, Tyranno S grade Tyranno LoxM Fig. 5. Analysis results on the SiC o extension & compression area. grade, w ùkü y w. Fig. 4 ùkü w Á ew. w w ü Fig. 5 k ƒ Tyranno S grade ƒ 3.5 GPa k ƒ j Tyranno LoxM grade ( 3.8 GPa) ùkü. ü w Tyranno S grade t ùk ü, Tyranno LoxM grade w v ùkü. y w 0.1 mm y w» r w d gq r w w gqd s Tyranno S grade w ƒw ùkù ü y Fig. 6 ùkü. (a), (c) r w ü, (b), (d) w ùkü. gqd x Fig. 4. Max. in-plane principal stress contour which appears in the SiC ; (a) Tyranno S grade iber and (b) Tyranno LoxM grade iber. w wz

4 압입접촉하중이 작용하는 섬유강화 복합재료의 응력해석 Fig. 6. Fig The general contour which appears in the Tyranno S grade iber with one coating layer ; (a),(c) Max. in-plane principal stress o specimen which includes BN or PyC coating layer ; (b),(d) Displacement o iber which includes BN or PyC coating layer. Analysis results o stress on the SiC with one coating layer ; (a) or all, (b) only iber, and (c) results o displacement in the iber. 제 45 권 제 4호(2008)

5 장경순 김태우 김철 우상국 이기성 242 의해 면내 최대 주응력이 1 order정도 크게 감소함을 확 인할 수 있었으며, 이 때, BN을 코팅층으로 하는 시편의 면내 최대 주응력이 더 적게 발생하였다. 또한, PyC를 코 팅으로 하는 시편의 경우에는 구형 압입자와 접촉되는 코 팅층의 윗면에서 면내 최대 주응력이 발생한 반면, BN을 코팅층으로 할 경우에는 섬유와 코팅층의 계면에서 면내 최대 주응력이 발생하였다. 따라서 코팅층의 종류에 따라 발생하는 응력 거동의 결과에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었 다. 섬유의 변위를 고찰한 결과 역시 BN을 코팅층으로 하는 시편의 경우에 섬유의 변위가 상대적으로 작았다. Fig. 7에 코팅층 뿐만 아니라 섬유에 나타난 최대, 최소 응력과 최대변위를 정리하여 도시하였다. Fig. 7의 (a)와 (b)에 나타난 바와 같이, BN이 코팅된 시편은 코팅층을 포함하는 시편과 코팅층을 제외한 섬유의 면내 최대 주 응력은 동일하였다. 반면에, PyC가 코팅된 시편은 코팅층 을 포함하는 시편과 코팅층을 제외한 섬유의 면내 최대 주응력이 서로 다른 결과를 나타내었으며, 따라서 코팅층 의 종류에 따라 면내 최대 주응력이 발생하는 부분이 다 르다는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이와 같은 거동이 발생하는 이유는 압입자가 상대적으로 탄성계수가 작은 BN에 접 촉을 하는 경우, BN층이 큰 변형을 일으키며 응력을 완 화 시키므로 아래층의 섬유에 국부적으로 발생시키는 응 력의 전달을 억제하기 때문이라 생각된다. 반면에, PyC에 접촉을 하는 경우에는 탄성계수가 크기 때문에 변형에 저 항하는 특성이 강해져서 더 큰 응력이 발생하고, 이것이 아래층의 섬유에 전달되어 BN을 코팅하였을 경우보다 상 대적으로 큰 응력이 발생되는 것으로 생각된다. Fig. 7(c) 는 섬유의 최대 변위량을 나타낸 것으로, 면내 최대 주응 Fig. 8. 력이 적은 BN을 코팅하였을 경우에 섬유가 더 적은 최 대 변위량을 보였다. 따라서, 외부에서 하중이 가해지더 라도 BN을 코팅층으로 사용한 경우 섬유의 변형을 더 억 제할 수 있다. 층 코팅 시편의 구조 해석 결과 두 개의 코팅층이 도포된 Tyranno S grade 섬유에 압입 접촉 하중을 가했을 경우에 나타나는 면내 최대 주응력 과 변위의 변화량을 Fig. 8에 나타내었다. (a), (c)는 시편 에 작용하는 면내 최대 주응력, (b), (d)는 섬유에 작용하 는 변위의 대표적 거동을 나타내었다. Fig. 9의 (a)와 (b) 에 나타난 바와 같이 BN을 상부의 코팅층으로 하는 시 편이 PyC를 상부의 코팅층으로 하는 시편의 면내 최대 주응력보다 더 적게 발생하였으며, PyC가 상부의 코팅층 으로 하는 시편의 경우 오히려 한 개의 코팅층으로 하는 시편보다 면내 최대 주응력이 증가하였다. 따라서 코팅층 의 종류와 적층 순서에 따라 해석 결과에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 코팅층이 한 개일 때와는 다르게 모든 시편이 구형 압입자와 접촉되는 코팅층의 윗면에서 면내 최대 주응력이 발생하였다. 이와 같은 거동이 발생 하는 이유는 압입자가 상대적으로 탄성계수가 작은 BN 층에 먼저 접촉을 하는 경우, 탄성계수가 가장 낮은 BN 층에 큰 변형이 발생하는 동안 아래의 PyC층에 전달되는 응력을 완화 시키고, BN층 보다 높은 탄성계수를 갖는 PyC층은 완화된 응력을 차단하여 섬유에 발생하는 응력 을 단계적으로 감소시키는 것으로 생각된다. 반면에, PyC 가 먼저 접촉하게 되면 아래의 BN층의 탄성계수가 더 낮 기 때문에 접촉되는 부분에 더 큰 응력을 발생시키는 것 The general contour which appears in the Tyranno S grade iber with two Coating Layers ; (a),(c) Max. in-plane principal stress o specimen which includes BN-PyC or PyC-BN coating layers ; (b),(d) Displacement o iber which includes BN-PyC or PyC-BN coating layers. 한국세라믹학회지

6 w w y w w 243 Fig. 9. Analysis results o stress on the SiC with two coating layers ; (a) or all, (b) only iber, and (c) results o displacement in the Fiber. ƒ. Fig. 9(c) ùkü, Fig. 7(c) w ƒ 2dgq š, BN, PyC ƒ x. w k ƒ j Tyranno LoxM, gqd¾ w x w w k ƒ j x ww p w» ü w ù kù ƒ. 4. w ƒw ky³, k BN PyC 1d 2d gq dw ü, sƒw. w ƒƒ d w ü sƒw w d. 1. SiC k ƒ Tyranno S ü. 2. BN 1d gqw gqd ü w PyC 1d gqw w gqd ü w. BN gqw ƒ PyC gq w û w. 3. gqd w, BN gq PyC gq ew w gqd w ü ƒ w ù w, PyC gq BN gq e w w gqd w ü ƒ ƒw., gqd k ƒ 45«4y(2008)

7 244 Á½k Á½ Á Á» gqd ƒ ew ü ƒ w y w. gqd l w w /w ww, wz SiC» sww l w /w, w /w, gqd Ì y /w ww ww z. Acknowledgment w» w. REFERENCES 1. Y. I. Lee, S. H. Lee, and Y. W. Kim, Technology Trends o Silicon Carbide Ceramics, Ceramist, 6 [3] (2003). 2. W. L. Vaushn and H. G. Maahs, Active-Passive Transition in the Oxidation o Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride in Air, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73 [9] (1990). 3. S. Ogihara, K. Maeda, Y. Takeda, and K. Nakamurata, Eect o Impurity and Carrier Concentrations on Electrical Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity o SiC Ceramics Containing BeO, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 68 [1] c16-8 (1895). 4. L. J. Schioler, Heat Engine Ceramics, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 64 [2] (1986). 5. S. K. Woo, I. S. Han, Technology Trend and Prospect o Silicon Carbide Based Ceramics or Energy and Environment Application(in Korean), Ceramist, 10 [4] (2007). 6. R. H. Jones, L. L. Snead, A. Kohyama, and P. Fenici, Recent Advances in the Development o SiC/SiC as a Fusion Structural Material, Fusion Engineering and Design, 41 [1-4] (1998). 7. D. W. Freitag and D. W. Richerson, Opportunities or Advanced Ceramics to Meet the Needs o the Industries o the Future, DOE/ORO 2060 (1998). 8. A. R. Raray, R. Jones, G. Aiello, M. Billone, L. Giancarli, H. Golier, A. Hasegawa, Y. Katoh, A. Kohyama, S. Nishio, B. Riccardi, and M. S. Tillack, Design and Material Issues or High Perormance SiC /SiC-based Fusion Power Cores, Fusion Engineering and Design, 55 [1] (2001). 9. R. J. Kerans, R. S Hay, and N. J. Pagano, The Role o the Fiber-matrix Interace in Ceramic Composites, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 68 [2] (1989). 10. R. A. Lowden and D. P. Stinton, Interace Modiication in Nicalon/SiC Composites, Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 9 [7-8] (1988). 11. O. Dugne, S. Prouhet, A. Guette, and R. Naslain, Interace Characterization by TEM, AES and SIMS in Tough SiC (ex-pcs) Fibre-SiC (CVI) Matrix Composites with a BN Interphase, J. Materials Science, 28 [13] (1993). 12. J. Y. Park, Fabrication and Application o SiC /SiC Composites(in Korean), Ceramist, 10 [4] 31-7 (2007). 13. ABAQUS user s manual, HKS, U.S.A. (2006). w wz

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