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1 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 9 호 pp September 2018 / 829 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 35, No. 9, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 특집 국내적층제조연구동향및이슈 한국의 3D 프린팅최신연구동향 Latest Research Trends of 3D Printing in Korea 최성종 1, 배용환 2, 이인환 3, 김호찬 4,# Sung Jong Choi 1, Yong Hwan Bae 2, In Hwan Lee 3, and Hochan Kim 4,# 1 안동대학교신뢰성교육연구센터 (Education and Research Center for Reliability, Andong National. University) 2 안동대학교기계교육학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National. University) 3 충북대학교기계공학부 (School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National. University) 4 안동대학교기계자동차공학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andong National. University) # Corresponding Author / hckim@anu.ac.kr, TEL: ORCID: KEYWORDS: 3D Printing (3D 프린팅 ), Research trends ( 연구동향 ), Additive manufacturing ( 적층가공 ) 3D printing technology was developed in the early 1990s, and continues to grow to the present day. Globally, 3D printing technology developed as processing technology, but now progresses to various application technologies. Korea had an initial interest in overseas 3D printing technology, but the first prototype industries were limited. Recently, 3D printing technology has been attracting attention as a future technology, and the interest of people and research have been greatly increased. In Korea, it is known that many researches related to 3D printing are performed recently. However, it is true that research on the quantitative counting of specific research fields and analysis has not been sufficiently reviewed. Therefore, this paper introduces study results to understand trends of 3D printing research in Korea and to extract the mainstream fields, focusing on the articles published in Korean journals. This paper shows various indexes, such as the number of papers per year, as well as research fields and tendency of increases and decreases calculated and introduced with this topic. Manuscript received: June 28, 2018 / Revised: July 30, 2018 / Accepted: July 30, 서론 1987년 3D System사에서최초로광조형장치 (Stereolithography Apparatus, SLA) 를개발하여판매하기시작한이래로 3D 프린팅산업은꾸준히빠른속도로발전하고있다. 1 3D 프린팅공정과그응용기술에관한연구역시꾸준히증가하고있다. 2 3D 프린팅은절삭, 주조, 단조등기존의제조기술과는달리재료를추가함으로써제품을생산하는기술로, 생산을위한공정계획등의전문화된작업이완전자동화가가능할것으로기대되어, 4차산업혁명에서제조기술의보편화와자동화등을이룰수있는핵심기술로주목받고있다. 3D 프린팅은적층조형 (Layered Manufacturing, LM) 제조의기술을사용하므로기존의제조기술들이크게발전하지않은나라에서도제조기술선진국들과의큰격차없이경쟁할 수있는분야로기대되어많은후발국가들이이기술의개발을위하여매진하고있다. 한국은 3D 프린팅기술이선보인 1990년대초반에서부터관심을가지고산업체와학계에서기술을벤치마킹하거나연구하기시작하였다. 그러나, 해당시기에는 3D 프린팅기술을적용할수있는주요범위가시제품의제작에한정되어있어크게발전하지못하였다. 이후 2012년세계경제포럼과 2103년오바마미국대통령의연두기자회견등을거치면서 3D 프린팅이제조혁신을위한핵심기술로주목되어국내에서는이기술의중요성을모두가다시인식하여활발한연구개발이이루어지고재도약하는계기가되고있다. 연구가많이이루어지고있다는것은학술대회의발표로보아분명하지만그수량과주요관심분야를구체적으로조사한연구 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 830 / September 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 9 호 보고는매우드물다. 그러나, 이러한동향의조사및분석은이제까지의국내연구동향을재점검함은물론, 향후의진행추이를전망할수있도록할수있다. 나아가이러한전망을통하여향후의연구개발분야에서주력이될만한사업들을발견하는등의기초자료로활용될수있을것이다. 2. 국내연구동향의조사방법 2.1 조사대상 3D 프린팅은 ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) F42위원회에의하여 Additive Manufacturing로정의되어있으며한국어로는부가제조에해당한다. 그러나일반적으로종이프린터와같은제조의편리성에착안하여 3D 프린팅또는 3D 프린터로널리사용된다. 또한관련기술은 Table 1에나타내는것과같이 7종의제조방식으로분류되었으며, 사용하는소재 ( 원료 ), 장치구성및구동방식에각각특화되어있다. 특히 2000년대이후 10년간의기술확립기간을거치고, 2010년 Table 1 Additive manufacturing categories as ASTM-F42 Category Description Binder jetting Material jetting Powder bed fusion Direct energy deposition Sheet lamination Vat photopolymerization Material extrusion Table 2 Retrieval conditions and results Liquid bonding agent selectively deposited to joint powder Droplets of build materials selectively deposited Thermal energy selectively fused regions of powder bed Focused thermal energy melts materials as deposited Sheet of material bonded together Liquid photopolymer selectively cured by light activation Material selectively dispended through nozzle or orifice 부터발전기에진입한, 금속소재를이용하는 3D 프린팅관련장치및응용기술이미국, 일본, 독일, 중국등을중심으로비약적으로발전하고있다. 최근에는 3D 프린팅장치와가공장비를일체화함으로서소량다품종특성을가자지는고기능성첨단제품의효율적인생산을시도하고있는실정이다. 본연구에서는, 최근 (2014년이후 ) 의국내 3D 프린팅관련기술의연구논문데이터를조사하여전문분야별, 주제별, 학회및학술지별로분류하여연구동향을분석하고자하였으며, 이러한검토를통하여국내 3D 프린팅관련연구의현황을파악하고자하였다. 조사를위한검색엔진은 DBpia ( 를이용하였으며, 검색어및검색조건은 Table 2에나타내는것과같다. 2.2 분류및분석모든논문은발행연도를기준으로하여, 연도별로분류하고, 주요연구내용에따라 (1) 소재, (2) 공정및장치, (3) 시스템및소프트웨어, (4) 응용및기타와같이 4종류로분류하였다. 또한분야별분류에있어서는, 발행주체 ( 학회 ) 명및발행지명을기준으로하여, 공학 (13개학회지또는논문집 ), 의료-재활-치과 (4개학회지또는논문집 ), 토목-건축 (5개학회지또는논문집 ), 소재 (3개학회지또는논문집 ), 디자인-의상 (5개학회지또는논문집 ), 정보-멀티미디어 (6개학회지또는논문집 ), 과학기술정책 (3개학회지또는논문집 ), 기타 8분야로구분하여집계후분석하였다. 3. 동향조사결과 3.1 정량조사위의검색조건으로검색된전체논문수는 217건이었으며, 연도별로발표건수는 Fig. 1의그래프내에표시것과같이증가하는추세를보이고있었다. 2010년이후해외연구동향으로는, 폴리머 / 복합소재를대상으로하는 3D 프린팅관련기술연구뿐만아니라금속소재를대상 Keyword [3D Printing] OR [3D 프린팅 ] Research fields DBPia classification Type 전자저널 Years Searching Classification 자연과학, 공학, 의약학, conditions 건축, 디자인, 복합학 Journal type 학술저널 Language 한국어, 영어 Items 217 papers ( ) Related keywords 3d 프린팅, 3D Printing(3 차원프린팅 ), 3d print, 3D printing(3d 프린팅 ), 3d Additive Manufacturing( 적층가공 ), 3D 프린팅 (3D Printing), 3d printing, 3 차원프린팅, 3d printing 연구 Fig. 1 Number of journal papers in
3 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 9 호 September 2018 / 831 으로하는연구개발이활발하게진행되고있으며, 제작및가공을일체화하는 (3D printing + CNC Machining) 연구및장비가개발 / 시판되고있다. 그러나장비가격이대당 10억원이넘는고가인관계로국내에서는아직활성화되고있지않은상황이어서이분야연구가정체되고있다고추측된다. Fig. 2에는연구주제별로분류한결과를나타낸다. Fig. 2(a) 는각연도마다의주제별논문수구성을보여주고있으며, Fig. 2(b) 는 4종류로분류된각주제별논문의전체논문에대한비율을나타내고있다. 3D 프린팅기술을적용하여시제품을개발하는응용및기타연구가 55.8% 로거의과반을차지하고있었다. 3D 프린팅분야의핵심기술로볼수있는장비및공정개발관련기술, 소프트웨어및시스템개발관련연구도 2014년이후가파르게증가하고있으며, 각각 17.0%, 11.5% 를차지하고있었다. 이러한핵심기술분야의연구활성화는국내 3D 프린팅기술의세계적경쟁력확보를위하여매우바람직한현상이라판단된다. 또한응용연구와동반하여, 프린팅조건및프린팅경로등에따른소재의물성및특성평가등에관한소재관련연구도 15.7% 를차지하고있었다. Fig. 3에는논문집발행주체및학회를 8개분야별로구분하여분석한결과를나타내고있으며, 정밀, 기계, 자동차, 가공학회를중심으로하는 13개학회지및논문집이차지하는공학분야비율이 48.9% 로가장높았다. 그다음으로는디자인-의상, 정보-멀티미디어, 재료-소재, 의- 치-약학, 토목-건축분야순으로나타났다. 디자인 -의상분야의경우는, 제품의개발단계에서이루어지는시제품등, 다품종소량생 산이강하게요구되는분야의특성이반영되고있다고판단된다. 개인별로형상이달라 3D 프린팅적용시효용성매우클것으로기대되어많은연구가이루어지고있는, 의-치- 약학분야의연구가토목-건축, 재료-소재분야보다적은것은, 국내의공학분야연구기반이소규모이고상대적으로지원이부족하기때문으로판단되나, 치과및정형외과의경우에는향후비약적인발전이기대된다. Fig. 4에는공학분야논문 (106건) 의연도별, 연구주제별분포및동향을나타내고있다. 제품개발에 3D 프린팅적용에관한응용및기타연구가 37.7% 로가장많으며, 다음으로공정및장치에관한연구가 20.3%, 시스템및소프트웨어개발관련연구가 19.8%, 소재관련연구가 14.2% 를차지하고있었다. 3D 프린팅기술의핵심이라고할수있는공정및장치, 시스템및소프트웨어관련연구를합하면 40.1% 로비교적높은점유율을보이고있었다. 이러한사실은공학분야에서발표되는논문의상당수가 3D 프린팅관련핵심적기술분야를연구하고있다고볼수있으며, 이분야의세계적경쟁력확보및국내기술발전을위하여매우바람직한현상이라고판단된다. Fig. 5에는현재 3D 프린터가상업적으로많이활용되고있는공학분야와의-치- 약학분야의논문 (3D 프린팅기술응용의주요분야인공학분야 106건, 의-치- 약학분야논문 27건, 합계 133건 ) 에대한연도별, 연구주제별분포및동향을제시하였다. 전체 217건에대하여공학분야가 48.9%, 의-치-약학분야는 12.4% 정도를차지하며, 합계 133건의경우약 61.3% 정도가되어, 이두분야의 3D 프린팅관련연구가국내연구의과반이상임을알수있다. 이경우에있어서도연구주제별로분류하면, 3D 프린팅기 Fig. 2 Number of journal papers and ratios on research fields Fig. 3 Number of journal papers and ratios on field of study
4 832 / September 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 9 호 술의핵심이라고할수있는공정및장치, 시스템및소프트웨어분야가각각 22.5% 및 17.4% 로서합하면약 39.9% 를차지하고있었으며, 매우바람직한상황이라고판단된다. 다음으로제품생산에의적용에관한응용및기타분야가 37.6% 를차지하고있었다. Fig. 6에는최근국내및해외의3D 프린팅분야에서가장경쟁적으로연구되고있는것으로추정되는분야별비교를제시하였다. 즉실제산업부품의금속소재를적용한금속 3D 프린팅분야, 환자와환부에따라다른맞춤형제조가가능하여다품종소량생산에서가장효율적으로기대되는의료-치과분야, 그리고항공기엔진터빈블레이드및로켓엔진부품 3 등과같은항공우주분야대형소량생산첨단부품분야논문을별도로분류하여검토한결과 ( 금속프린팅분야 35건, 의료-치과분야 27건, 항공우주분야 1건 ) 를나타낸다. 금속프린팅연구논문은 35건으로, 공학분야논문 106건의약 33.0% 를차지하고있었으며, 또한전체논문 217건에대해서는 16.1% 로서 3D 프린팅에의금속소재적용에관한연구가국내에서도활발하게진행되고있음을시사하고있었다. 향후, 첨단자동차분야, 의료-치과분야를중심으로한관련연구가확산될것으로기대된다. 그러나, 항공우주분야에서의논문건수를보면거의발표되고있지않는것으로나타나고있으나, 이러한결과는항공우주분야의기술정보보호정책혹은연구가활발하지않았기때문으로추정된다. 3.2 주요응용기술이절에는본조사를거치면서국내에서활발히연구되고있으며향후산업적으로영향이클것으로기대되는몇몇주요응용분야를소개하고자한다 고기능성금형제작사출금형및핫스탬핑 (Hot Stamping) 4 금형은고온에서사용되기때문에제품의정밀도및안정성, 금형의내구성, 작업의효율성등을위해서는최적의냉각수로설치가필수적이다. 그러나기계가공을기본으로하는기존의가공방법으로는자유곡선형의냉각수로를금형내에가공및설치하는것은매우어렵다. 소재 Fig. 5 Number of journal papers and ratios on study field of engineering, medical and material Fig. 4 Number of journal papers and ratios on study field of engineering Fig. 6 Number of journal papers on research field of aerospace, medical and 3D metal printing
5 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 9 호 September 2018 / 833 를용융시켜적층으로쌓아올리는 3D 프린팅기법에착안하여, 이러한금형내에자유형상의수로를설치함으로써최적의냉각효과를가지는고기능성금형을제작하려는연구가국내에서도진행되고있다. 5-7 초기에는사출금형개발에서출발하였으나, 최근에는다이캐스팅금형, 열간프레스금형, 열간단조금형및핫스탬핑금형의개발과같이점차고온금형의개발경쟁이세계적으로확대되고있는상황이며, 8 소재개발, 공정개발, 후가공기법개발등관련연구가진행되고있다. 특히 1.5 GPa 급이상의초고장력강판의핫스탬핑금형개발연구는국내자동차산업의경쟁력확보뿐만아니라광범위한산업영역에영향을미칠것으로기대된다. 다광범위한분야의연구가요구되는상황으로추정된다. 특히, 항공우주분야에있어서는기술보호정책의영향이예상되지만, 발표된문헌수만으로보면, 관련연구는극소수로판단되며, 향후정책적인고려가필요하다고판단된다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 이논문은 2017년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No. NRF-2017R1A2B ) 고성능자동차부품제작적층제조라는기법이가지는장점에착안하여, 절삭가공, 주조, 용접등과같은기존제조공정기술의한계를넘어서는고기능성및고성능자동차부품제조기술을확보하고자하는노력이다방면에서이루어지고있다. 특히, 미국, 일본, 유럽을중심으로하는자동차제조선진국에서는엔진부품, 트랜스미션부품, 보디및차체부품, 냉각계통부품, 각종플라스틱부품등자동차부품전반의제조공정을재검토하고 3D 프린팅기술적용을통한기술혁신이경쟁적으로이루어지고있다. 최근에는국내에서도금속소재를이용한자동차부품제작에관한연구가진행되고있으며, 9-12 향후전기자동차를중심으로하는친환경자동차부품개발에의적용확산을위해많은연구가수행될것으로추정된다 의료-치과분야의응용소량다품종으로환자맞춤형이라는특성이강하게요구되는의료-의공-치과분야에서는 3D 프린팅기술이가지는특징및장점과부합하는점으로부터주목을받으며, 3D 프린팅기술의도입단계부터국내외에서많은연구가이루어져왔다. 환자에게최적의치수와형상이요구되는인공뼈및인공관절, 치과교정용마우스피스 (Mouthpiece), 수술용서지컬가이드 (Surgical Guide) 및인공치아, 두개골, 대퇴부등과같은의료용임플란트 (Implant) 뿐만아니라재활및보조기구에이르기까지다양한분야가연구되고있으며, 국내에있어서는치과분야연구에치우친경향이있으나상용화단계에도달하고있다고추정된다 결론국내 3D 프린팅관련기술의연구동향및현황을파악하기위하여, 국내저널논문의학회지및논문집별, 전공분야별, 연구주제별로검색하고분류하여분석하였다. 3D 프린팅기술에관한국내의전반적인연구동향은, 공학분야를중심으로하는연구가해외선진국과거의동일한수준으로이루어지고있다고판단된다. 그러나의료분야연구는치과용임플란트, 보철기구및인공치아관련연구에편중되어있었으며, 인공장기및인공뼈등보 REFERENCES 1. Choi, J.-W. and Kim, H.-C., 3D Printing Technologies-A Review, Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 1-8, Wohlers, T. T. and Campbell, I., Wohlers Report 2017, Wohlers Associates, (Accessed 2 AUG 2018). 3. Cho, W. K., Ha, S. U., Moon, I., Jung, E. W., and Kim, J. H., Perspective of Technology for Liquid Rocket Engines, Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 8, pp , Mori, K., Hot stamping, Nikkan-kogyo-shimbunsya, pp. 1-46, Ahn, D.-G., Kim, S.-H., and Lee, H.-J., A Preliminary Study on the Application of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technologies to Hot Bulk Forming Processes-Example of Preform Design and Investigation of Hot-Working Tool Steel Deposited Surface, Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 12, pp , Lee, S.-Y., Lee, I.-K., Lee, J. W., Lee, S.-B. and Lee, S.-K., Evaluation of Wear Characteristics of AISI H13 Tool Steel Repaired by Metal 3D Printing, Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers, Vol.16, No.4, pp. 9-15, Han, K.-T., Research on Die Machining Using 3D Printing and Cam System, Journal of the Korea Society for Power System Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp , Kyogoku, H. and Ikesyoji T., Basis of Metal 3D Additive Manufacturing, Nikkan-Kogyo-Shimbunsya, pp. 1-29, Kim, M. S., Design and Manufacturing Technology of Heat Exchanger in Air Compressor for Railroad Vehicle by 3D Printing Process, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp , Lee, J. W., 3D Printing in Automobile Development Process, Journal of the Korea Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 38,
6 834 / September 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 9 호 No. 1, pp , Goo, S., Automobile Industry s Future with 3D Printing Technologies, Journal of the Korea Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp , Kim, H,-J, 3D Printing Characteristics of Reverse Idle Gears for Tractor Transmissions, Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 1-8, Baek, J.-W, and Shin, S.-Y., Fixed Prostheses Fabricated by Direct Metal Laser Sintering System: Case Report, Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp , Yun, H. Y. and Kim, H. C., Application of 3D Printing in Nano/ Micro Technology, Journal of Korean Society Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp , Park, S.-H., Park, J. H., Lee, H. J., and Lee, N. K., Current Status of Biomedical Applications Using 3D Printing Technology, Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 12, pp , 2014.
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