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1 Journal of Radiation Industry 8 (1) : 23~27 (2014) Note 공정내기포가산업용 SPECT 의성능에미치는영향 박장근 정성희 * 김종범 문진호 김찬형 1 한국원자력연구원동위원소이용기술개발부, 1 한양대학교원자력공학과 Influence of Void on Performance of Industrial SPECT System Jang Guen Park, Sung-Hee Jung*, Jong Bum Kim, Jinho Moon and Chan Hyeong Kim 1 Radioisotope Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon , Korea 1 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul , Korea Abstract - Industrial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an useful technique to investigate the dynamic behavior of process flow. In the present study, to evaluate the influence of a void on the performance of industrial SPECT, industrial SPECT with various radioisotope sources and gas holdups was modeled by the Monte Carlo simulation. The results are very encouraging; that is, the void little influences the performance of industrial SPECT, which means that industrial SPECT could be a suitable tool to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the flow in a water-air phase process. Key words : Industrial SPECT, Inspection with gamma ray, Gamma Camera 서 산업공정시스템에서요구되는화학반응의메카니즘이더욱복잡해짐에따라공정내부에서흐르는여러유체의분포를정확하게확인하거나예측하는것은가동효율최적화, 생산품질향상등에큰도움을준다 (Chaouki et al. 1997). 이를위하여전산유체역학등의컴퓨터시뮬레이션을통하여산업공정내부의유체거동을예측하고있지만이렇게예측된유체의거동은신뢰도가매우떨어지는한계가있다. 이러한단점을보완 론 * Corresponding author: Sung-Hee Jung, Tel , Fax , . shjung3@kaeri.re.kr 하고보다정확한유체거동의확인을위해국내 외에서방사선기반의비파괴검사를이용하여산업공정내부의유체거동을직접적으로측정하고자연구를수행하고있다 (International Atomic Energy Agency 2008). 1997년도에 Legoupil은공정내유체거동을실시간으로확인하기위하여의료용영상진단기술인단일광자전산화단층촬영법 (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, SPECT) 의원리를이용할것을제안하였으며, 휴대용 SPECT를개발한바있다 (Legoupil et al. 1997). 하지만개발된휴대용 SPECT는 SPECT를통한유체거동확인의가능성을확인하였을뿐그성능이매우좋지않아유체의거동을정확히파악하는데는한계가있었다. 이에한국원자력연구원에서는휴대용 SPECT 를개량한산업용 SPECT를개발하고, 산업용 SPECT의 23

2 24 박장근 정성희 김종범 문진호 김찬형 20 cm 35 cm Fig. 1. Industrial SPECT modeled in the MCNPX code. 성능을향상시키기위하여이중적층법을제안하였다. 제안된이중적층법은시뮬레이션과실험을통해산업용 SPECT가선원이다수일경우에정확성이떨어지는재구성영상을제공하는문제를해결해주었다. 하지만이러한산업용 SPECT의성능평가는실제로산업공정내부에서유체와기체가함께흐르는일이매우빈번함에도불구하고공정내에물만이존재하는단일상조건에서이루어져왔다. 특히, 기포는영상재구성시에고려가되지않기때문에불순물로서재구성영상의품질을저하시킬수있는원인이될수있다. 본연구는공정내부에존재하는기포가산업용 SPECT 의성능에미치는영향을평가하기위하여수행되었다. 기포는공정내부에서균일한분포로존재한다고가정되었으며, MATLAB을이용하여구현되었다. 산업용 SPECT의성능은몬테칼로전산모사를이용한방사선수송해석과영상재구성과정을거쳐획득된영상으로평가를하였으며, NRMSE (normalized root-mean square error) 값을도입하여기포가산업용 SPECT에미치는영향을정량적으로분석하였다. 재료및방법 Fig. 1은 MCNPX 코드를통해구현된산업용 SPECT 의개념도이다 (Wu et al. 2009; Pelowitz 2011). 산업용 SPECT는총6개의검출기배열이육각형형태로배치되어있으며, 한개의검출기배열은 6개의 NaI (Tl) 검출기와콜리메이터로구성되어있다. 검출기의크기는지름 1.25 cm, 길이 2.5 cm이며, 검출기가원하는영역에서부터방출되는감마선만을선별적으로검출하도록하는콜리메이터구멍의크기는지름 1 cm, 깊이 5cm이다. Fig. 2. Uniform void formation for gas holdup of 1 in object with industrial SPECT. 산업용 SPECT의중앙에위치한지름 40 cm 원통형검사대상체의내부매질은물로고려되었다. 기포는 MATLAB을이용하여검사대상체내에서균일한분포를갖도록배치되었다. 난수를발생시켜기포의위치를결정하되, 다른기포들의위치와겹친다면다시위치를결정하고겹치지않는다면해당기포의위치를저장하였다. 기포의위치를결정하기위한과정은미리결정된기포체류량에도달할때까지반복되도록하였다. 기포의지름은 MCNPX 코드가구현할수있는셀의수를감안하여 0.7 cm로고정하였으며기포체류량은 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 2 로고려되었다. 또한, 기포의밀도는공기와동일한 g cm -3 로설정되었다. Fig. 2는기포체류량이 1 로고려되었을경우에대한기포의분포를보여준다. 전산모사에사용된선원은 3cm의지름을가지는원

3 공정내기포가산업용 SPECT 의성능에미치는영향 25 Tc (140 kev) 1 15% 2 68 Ga (511 kev) 1 15% Cs (662 kev) 1 15% 2 Fig. 3. Reconstructed images of radiation source with different gas holdups. 통형 Tc, 68 Ga, 137 Cs 선원이며, 모두검사대상체의중심에위치시켰다. Tc와 137 Cs 선원은각각 140 kev와 662 kev의감마선을방출하는반면에, 68 Ga 선원은양전자를방출한다. 이양전자는물과매우짧은거리내에서반응을하여 511 kev의소멸감마선을생성하기때문에본연구에서는 68 Ga 선원에서 511 kev의감마선이직접방출된다고가정을하여전산모사를수행하였다. 또한, 산란된방사선의검출로인한성능저하를최소화시키기위하여에너지창을선원이방출하는에너지의 ±1 로설정하였다. 몬테칼로전산모사는 MCNPX 2.7 코드를이용하여각기포체류량마다 10 9 개의감마선입 자에대하여수행되었다. 전산모사를통해획득된데이터들은추정하여얻은기댓값 (Expectation) 이최대화 (Maximization) 되는과정을반복하여최적의값을계산하는 ML-EM (maximum likehood-expectation maximization) 알고리즘기반의영상재구성에사용되었다. ML-EM 알고리즘의영상재구성은일반적으로 30~50번의반복을통하여값을획득하며, 본연구에서는 30번의반복을통해영상을획득하였다 (Moon 1996; Wernick et al. 2004; Jung et al. 2012). 또한, 본연구에서는공정내기포가산업용 SPECT의성능에미치는영향을정량적으로평가하기위하여

4 26 박장근 정성희 김종범 문진호 김찬형 Table 1. NRMSE values for different sources and gas holdup fractions. NRMSE fraction 1% fraction 3% fraction 5% fraction 1 fraction 15% fraction 2 fraction Tc 1.55% 2.33% 2.52% % 3.58% 68 Ga 0.66% 1.56% 1.84% 2.04% 2.21% 2.46% 137 Cs 0.45% 1.47% 1.69% 1.98% 2.18% 2.38% NRMSE (normalized root-mean square error) 를이용하였다 (Hyndman et al. 2006). 대조군과실험군의집합을각각 A와 C라고한다면이들은각각식 1 같이표현되고, a 1 a 2 a n c 1 c 2 A= and C=, 이들사이의 RMSE (root-mean squre error) 는다음과같이계산된다. RMSE(A, C) = 또한, NRMSE는 RMSE를참고값의범위로나눠준값으로식 3과같이표현된다. NRMSE = c n n i = 1 RMSE»(a i -c i ) 2 즉, 낮은 NRMSE 값은대조군과실험군의차이가적다는것을의미한다. 결과및논의 Fig. 3은본연구에서고려된선원과기포체류량에따른산업용 SPECT의재구성영상들을보여준다. 각재구성영상내부의백분율은기포체류량을의미하며, 는기포가전혀없이물만이존재하는단일상조건을나타낸다. 본연구에서는기포체류량 의영상을대조군으로, 1~2 의영상을실험군으로두고서로를비교하여공정내기포가산업용 SPECT의성능에미치는영향을평가하였다. Fig. 3에서볼수있듯이, 산업용 SPECT 는선원종류와기포체류량에관계없이선원의위치를아주잘나타내주는것을확인할수있었다. 또한, 각선원에대하여검사대상체내 1~2 의기포체류량조건하에서획득된영상과물만이존재하는단일상조건 ( 기포체류량 ) 하에서획득된영상을비교하였을 (1) (2) (3) 때서로매우비슷한것을볼수있었다. Table 1은공정내기포체류량이산업용 SPECT의성능에미치는영향을 NRMSE를이용하여정량적으로분석한결과를보여준다. 기포체류량이증가함에따라 Tc (140 kev) 선원은 1.55% 에서 3.58% 까지, 68 Ga (511 kev) 선원은 0.66% 에서 2.46% 까지, 137 Cs (662 kev) 선원은 0.45% 에서 2.38% 까지증가하였다. NRMSE 값들은선원의에너지가증가할수록, 기포체류량이감소할수록감소되는경향을보여주었으며, 이는낮은에너지의감마선에비해높은에너지의감마선의감쇠계수가상대적으로더낮기때문으로확인되었다. 전체적으로, NRMSE 값들은모두 4% 이내로계산되었으며이는공정내균일하게존재하는기포가산업용 SPECT의성능에미치는영향은매우미미하다는것을의미한다. 결론본연구에서는공정내존재하는기포가산업용 SPECT 의성능에미치는영향을평가하기위하여여러선원과기포체류량에대한산업용 SPECT의재구성영상을비교하였다. 연구결과, 선원의종류에관계없이공정내기포체류량이 2 이하일경우, 기포가산업용 SPECT의성능에미치는영향은매우적은것을확인할수있었다. 또한, 본연구에서고려된기포체류량과선원에대한 NRMSE 값이모두 4% 이내인것을고려할때그이상의기포체류량에대해서도산업용 SPECT가기포에대한영향을크게받지않을것이라고예상할수있었다. 이는결국공정내부에서흐르는유체와기체의거동을산업용 SPECT를통해확인할수있다는것을의미하며앞으로실험을통하여본연구결과를검증할예정이다. 사사본연구는한국연구재단을통해미래창조과학부의원자력연구개발사업으로부터지원받아수행되었습니다

5 공정내기포가산업용 SPECT 의성능에미치는영향 27 (NRF-2012M2A2A ). 참고문헌 Chaouki J, Larachi F and Dudukovic MP Noninvasive tomographic and velocimetric monitoring of multiphase flows. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36: Hyndman RJ and Koehler AB Another look at measures of forecast accuracy. Int. J. Forecast. 22: International Atomic Energy Agency Industrial Process Gamma Tomography: IAEA TECDOC st ed. Austria; IAEA. Jung SH, Kim JB, Moon JH, Park JG, Kim CH and Kim HS Study on the validation of the computer fluid dynamics modeling for a continuously flowing water vessel with the industrial SPECT using a radiotracer. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 70: Legoupil S, Pascal G, Chambellan D and Bloyet D An experimental single photon emission computed tomograph Method for dynamic 2D fluid flow analysis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 48: Moon TK The expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 13: Park JG, Kim CH, Min CH, Jeong JH, Kim JB, Moon JH and Jung SH Experimental test of double-layer method for industrial SPECT. Nucl. Tech. 175: Park JG, Seo H, Kim CH, Jung SH, Moon JH and Kim YS Double-layer Method to improve image quality of industrial SPECT. J. Instrum. 6:C Pelowitz DB MCNPX TM User s Manual Version st ed. New Mexico; Los Alamos National Laboratory. Wernick MN and Aarsvold JN Emission Tomography: Thd Fundamentals of PET and SPECT. 1st ed. California; Elsevier Inc Wu Y and FDS Team CAD-based interface programs for fusion neutron transport simulation. Fusion Eng. Des. 84: Manuscript Received: April 3, 2014 Revised: May 29, 2014 Revision Accepted: May 29, 2014

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