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1 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298, 2015 한국소음진동공학회논문집제25 권제 4 호, pp. 291~298, ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) 공동주택내부공간의잔향시간특성조사연구 A Study on the Reverberation Time Characteristics of Inside Space of Apartment Buildings 정정호 이병권 * 전진용 ** Jeong Ho Jeong, Byung Kwon Lee and Jin Yong Jeon (Received March 6, 2015 ; Revised April 2, 2015 ; Accepted April 12, 2015) Key Words : Sound Field( 음장 ), Reverberation Time( 잔향시간 ), Correction Method( 보정방법 ) ABSTRACT In this study, the reverberation time of apartment living room was measured and distribution of the reverberation time was analyzed. In addition, sound field characteristics of mock-up test room similar with living room and timber structured bedroom was investigated with addition of furniture and sound absorption material. Average reverberation time of unfurnished apartment unit was 1.11 s, and reverberation time in 630 Hz~2000 Hz bands were longer than 1.2 s. It was found that from the field measurement results, reverberation time characteristic of furnished apartment living room was uniform in most of frequency bands. Averaged reverberation time of furnished living room was 0.48 s and the reverberation time of bedroom was 0.44 s. Standardized sound pressure level correction values were calculated from the average reverberation time of furnished and unfurnished apartment units. The correction value of unfurnished living room was 3.4 db and that of furnished living room was 0.2 db. Measured reverberation time of furnished and unfurnished apartment units indicated that reference reverberation time; 0.5 s, in KS and ISO standards is reasonable also in Korean residential environment. * 1. 서론최근공동주택의층간소음및세대간경계벽의차음성능과같은음향성능에사회적으로도많은관심이집중되고있다. 이와관련된민원및분쟁도지속적으로발생하고있다. 건축물및건물부재관련성능평가방법에대한관심도지속되고있다. 공기전달음차단성능과경량충격음차단성능을 측정하는경우수음실의측정값은해당공간의잔향시간및흡음력과같은음향특성에영향을받게된다. 이를보정하기위해잔향시간과흡음력을기반으로하는표준화및규준화음압레벨 (1,2) 을사용하고있다. 중량충격음차단성능의경우수음실의음장조건에따라중량충격원에의해발생되는최대음압레벨도차이가발생되는것으로알려져있다 (3). 공동주택및소규모공간에서잔향시간측정결과는음원위치, 수음점높이, 샘플링시간및음압레 Corresponding Author ; Member, Fire Safety & Building Environment System Research Team, Fire Insurers Laboratories of Korea jhjeong@kfpa.or.kr Tel : , Fax : * Member, Hanyang University, Technology Research & Development Institute, DAELIM and Architectural Engineering ** Member, Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University Recommended by Editor Myung Jun Kim c The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
2 벨등에의해변화되는것으로나타났다 (4). 공기전달음차단성능에잔향시간이미치는영향을조사한결과최대 3 db 차이가발생할수있는것으로보고되었다 (5). 김명준등 (6,7) 은입주전, 후주거공간의잔향시간을측정한결과입주전의평균잔향시간은 1.2 s, 입주후주거공간의평균잔향시간은 0.3 s~0.5 s 수준이며, 공기전달음차단성능평가량에영향을미치는영향을연구하였다. César etc. (8) 의연구결과중량구조의스페인주택의입주전, 후거실, 침실의잔향시간을측정한결과거실과침실잔향시간이유사하며, 주파수대역별로평탄한특성을갖는것으로나타났다. 영국주택거실의잔향시간측정결과 (9) 에서도주파수대역별로평탄한잔향시간특성을갖는것으로나타났으며, 1000 Hz 대역의잔향시간 0.5 s를기준으로고주파대역은짧고저주파대역은다소긴특성을갖는것으로나타났다. 영국 BRE(Building Research Establishment) 의 30년에걸친잔향시간측정데이터의분석결과 (10) 가구가배치된영국주택거실의잔향시간은점점짧아져 1980년대의경우모든주파수대역에서 0.4 s 이하로나타났다. 박철용등 (11) 은입주전공동주택의경량충격음평가시잔향시간영향에대한연구를수행하여, 잔향시간에따라음장보정값에차이가나타남을보고하였다. 이주원등 (12) 은규준화바닥충격음레벨측정시잔향시간편차요인으로잔향시간의공간분포, 음원종류, 계측기의동특성등이미치는영향을조사하였다. 이주원등 (13) 은잔향시간측정시계측기의동특성 ( 시정수 ) 는 10 ms~35 ms로설정하는것을권장하였다. 또한 800 Hz 이하주파수대역에서는잔향시간측정위치에의한편차가발생되지만규준화바닥충격음레벨이미치는영향은작은것으로보고하였다. 오양기등 (14) 은경량충격음측정, 평가시사용되고있는규준화바닥충격음레벨은등가흡음면적산정을위한용적계산방법에따라편차가발생되는것을보고하였다. 또한표준화바닥충격음레벨의경우도우리나라공동주택거실의잔향시간보다짧은기준잔향시간을적용하여실제환경에서들리는층간소음을측정, 평가하지못하고있다고보고하였다. 주문기등 (15) 은중량충격음현장측정시편차발생은시공상의문제와측정위치등의요인에의 한것으로보고하였다. 정정호등은수음실의잔향시간변화가중량충격음레벨에미치는영향을잔향실과같은실험실 (16) 및실제주거환경과유사한주거실험실 (17) 을대상으로조사하여, 중량충격음측정, 평가에도수음실음장보정이필요함을보고하였다. 공동주택거실의음장특성은흡음력과잔향시간에의해표현되지만실제가구배치의변화에따른잔향시간, 음압레벨분포및중량충격음레벨변화에대한연구는부족한실정이다. 이연구에서는입주전 후공동주택거실의잔향시간을측정하여우리나라공동주택내부공간의잔향시간분포를조사하였다. 또한주거환경시험동거실과목조주택침실을대상으로가구류와흡음재를변화시켜잔향시간변화를조사하였다. 이를통해 KS 표준등에실사용조건을대표하도록규정되어있는기준잔향시간 0.5 s에대한적정성을검토하고자한다. 2. 공동주택잔향시간분포 2.1 입주전공동주택거실입주전공동주택의잔향시간조사를위해약 150 세대거실의잔향시간측정결과를분석하였다. 잔향시간측정대상공동주택의거실의용적및면적 ( 공동주택바닥충격음차단구조인정및관리기준의용적계산방법을적용 ) 은약 23 m 3 ~130 m 3, 9.7 m 2 ~54 m 2 의범위를갖는것으로나타났다. 공동주택거실의표면마감은바닥의경우마루, 천장은석고보드에벽지마감으로되어있으며, 벽체의경우벽지마감과함께대리석또는아트월로로구성된다. 입주전공동주택의경우마감및청소공정에따라바닥마감재를보호하기위한보호종이가설치된경우와설치하지않은경우가있다 (Fig. 1 참고 ). 보호종이는일반적인골판지또는포장지로거실의잔향시간측정결과에영향을줄수있어보양지유무에따른잔향시간차이를비교하였다. Fig. 2는보호종이가설치되지않은경우이며, Fig. 3은보호종이가설치된경우의잔향시간측정결과를나타낸것이다. Figs. 2, 3의실선은평균잔향시간을나타낸것이며, 회색으로표시한부분은각주파수대역별잔향 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
3 (a) Without protective paper (b) With protective paper Fig. 1 Measured unfurnished living rooms 시간분포를나타낸것이다. 바닥마감재보호종이가없는경우는 1000 Hz 대역에서약 1.4 s, 보호종이가설치된경우는 1000 Hz 대역에서약 1.0 s의잔향시간을갖는것으로나타났다. 보호종이가설치되지않은경우의잔향시간이평균 0.28 s높게나타났으며, 630 Hz 이상대역의잔향시간차이가약 0.2 s 이상으로나타났다. 보호종이가공동주택거실의잔향시간이미치는영향은중고주파대역에주요한것으로판단된다. 바닥마감재보호종이유무에따라잔향시간특성차이가발생하지만입주전공동주택거실의잔향시간은 KS 및 ISO 표준에서제시하고있는기준잔향시간인 0.5 s 보다는길게나타났다. 스페인의입주전공동주택의경우 (8) 에도평균잔향시간이 0.7 s~1.5 s 범위로나타나유사한결과를갖는것으로나타났다. 잔향시간은이론적으로측정대상공간의용적에비례하고흡음력에반비례하게된다. 입주전공동 Fig. 4 Reverberation time change with room volume in unfurnished living rooms Fig. 2 Reverberation time of unfurnished living rooms Fig. 3 Reverberation time of unfurnished living rooms with floor protective paper Fig. 5 Reverberation time change with room volume in unfurnished living rooms with floor protective paper Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
4 주택거실의잔향시간측정결과를용적별로분류 (45 m 3 이하, 45 m 3 ~60 m 3, 60 m 3 ~80 m 3 및 80 m 3 이상 ) 하여 Figs. 4, 5에비교하였다. Fig. 4는마닥마감보호종이가설치되지않은거실의용적별잔향시간분포 ( 평균값 ) 를나타낸것이다. Fig. 4에서와같이입주전의빈거실의잔향시간은용적이비례하여증가하는특성을갖는것으로나타났다. 45 m 3 이하거실의평균잔향시간도모든주파수대역에서 0.6 s 이상으로나타났으며, 800 Hz 이상주파수대역의경우 1.0 s 이상의잔향시간을갖는것으로나타났다. 60 m 3 이상용적을갖는거실의잔향시간은일부주파수대역을제외하고는 1.0 s 이상으로나타났다. 바닥마감재보호종이가설치된조건의용적별잔향시간특성은 Fig. 5에서와같이바닥마감재보호종이에의한흡음으로인해용적증가에따른특성이나타나지않고있다. 마감재보호종이가설치된경우의잔향시간도대부분의경우 1600 Hz 이하대역에서 0.8 s 수준으로기준잔향시간보다길게나타났다. 거실의용적이 45 m 3 이하인경우 2500 Hz 이상주파수대역에서만 0.5 s 수준으로나타났다. 상태와유사하게가구, 가전제품등이설치된모델하우스를대상으로하였다. 측정대상거실의용적은 50 m 3 ~80 m 3 범위였다. 거실의잔향시간측정과함께실거주상태의침실및방의잔향시간도측정하여 Fig. 8에나타내었다. 실제거주자가거주하는거실의잔향시간측정결과는 Fig. 7과같다. 측정대상거실의용적및크기는서로달랐으나, 잔향시간측정결과대부분의주파수대역에서 0.45 s~0.6 s의범위에분포되는것으로나타났다. 측정대상거실의용적에따른잔향시간변화는나타나지않았으며, 1000 Hz 이상대역에서잔향시간변화는바닥의카펫, 가구등의흡음성능차이에의한것으로판단된다. 이전의연구결과 (6~10) 에서도입주후공동주택거실의잔향시간은유사한범위로나타났다. Fig. 8은침실및방의잔향시간측정결과를나타낸것이다. 침실및방의잔향시간은주파수대역별로 0.3 s~0.6 s의범위를갖는것으로나타났다. 침실 2.2 실제거주공간실제거주자가생활하고있는공동주택거실및침실의잔향시간을측정하였다 (Fig. 6 참고 ). 실제거주자가살고있는거실의잔향시간은 Fig. 7에서와같이 6개소를측정하였다. 2개소는실제거주자가거주하고있는세대였으며, 3개소는실제거주 Fig. 7 Reverberation time in fully furnished livingroom Fig. 6 Measured fully furnished living rooms and bedroom Fig. 8 Reverberation time in fully furnished bedroom Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
5 2, 3은모델하우스의침실에서측정한것으로실제거주하고있는조건인침실 1에비해가구등의배치가다소적어잔향시간이길게나타난것으로판단된다. Fig. 9는실제거주세대와입주전세대의거실과침실의잔향시간측정결과의평균을비교하여나타낸것이다. 실제거주세대의거실의경우주파수대역별로평탄한잔향시간특성을갖는것으로나타났으며, 주파수대역별평균잔향시간은 0.48 s, 표준편차는 0.05 s로나타났다. 침실의잔향시간특성은 1000 Hz 이상대역에서짧아지는특성을갖는것으로나타났다. 실제거주세대침실의주파수대역별평균잔향시간은 0.44 s, 표준편차는 0.08 s로나타났다. 입주전세대거실의주파수대역별평균잔향시간은바닥마감재보호종이가설치되지않은경우 1.11 s, 바닥마감재보호종이가설치된경우 0.83 s 로나타났다. 실제거주세대의잔향시간주파수특성과비교해주파수대역별차이가크게나타났다. 실제거주세대의잔향시간은실내에설치되는카펫, 커튼과같은직물및소파, 탁자등가구에의한흡음으로평균잔향시간 0.5 s 수준의주파수대역별로평탄한주파수특성을갖는것으로나타났다. 적용하여잔향시간을측정하였다. 3.1 거실잔향시간변화가구류와커튼과같은흡음재에의한거실잔향시간변화는공동주택과동일하게건설된주거환경시험실의거실에서측정하였다. 이를위해직물로마감된소파, 거실커튼과유사한형태의흡음재를단계적으로 Fig. 10과같이변화시켰다. 단계적음장변화에따른잔향시간측정결과는 Fig. 11에나타내었다. 가구류등이설치되지않은거실의잔향시간은 Fig. 9의입주전잔향시간과유사한주파수특성을갖는것으로나타났다. 에어컨등가전기기전시패널등의영향으로 700 Hz 이상대역에서는입주전잔향시간평균치보다다소짧은잔향시간을갖는것 3. 잔향시간변화 실제거주세대와입주전세대의잔향시간특성비교를위해공동주택과유사한형태의주거환경시험동의거실과목구조주택의침실을대상으로소파등가구류와커튼과같은흡음재를단계적으로 Fig. 10 Sound field variation with furniture and sound absorbers in livingroom Fig. 9 Averaged reverberation time in apartment unit Fig. 11 Reverberation time change with furnitures and sound absorbers Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
6 Fig. 12 Reverberation time change with sound absorbers 재를커튼과유사한형태로설치한경우대부분의주파수대역에서 0.5 s 이하의잔향시간을갖는것으로나타났다. 주파수대역별평균잔향시간은빈거실의경우 0.96 s, 소파설치에의해 0.84 s, 0.70 s로변화되었으면, 소파와흡음재를설치한경우 0.44 s로나타났다. Fig. 12는동일한거실에서흡음재만으로음장을변화시킨경우의잔향시간변화를나타낸것이다. Fig. 12에서흡음재적용은 Fig. 11의흡음재와소파를적용한조건에서소파를제거한경우로흡음재의양을단계적으로변화시켜측정한결과이다. 소파의유무에의해전체주파수대역의잔향시간이변화되었으나, 특히 200 Hz 이상부터 3150 Hz 이하대역의잔향시간변화가크게나타났다. 이는소파와같은가구류의회절에의한흡음효과로판단된다. Fig. 13 Sound field variation with furniture in timber framed bedroom 3.2 침실잔향시간변화침실의잔향시간특성을조사하기위하여목구조주택의침실을대상으로책상, 침대및소파등의가구배치를변화시키면서잔향시간을측정하였다. Fig. 13은단계적인가구류배치에의한침실음장변화를나타낸것이다. 가구류가없는조건의침실잔향시간의평균은 0.81 s로나타났다. 책상이설치된경우 2000 Hz 이하대역을위주로평균잔향시간은 0.76 s로감소되었다. 침대가추가된경우모든주파수대역에서잔향시간이감소되었으며, 평균잔향시간도 0.58 s로감소되었다. 이는침대의매트리스및침구류와회절에의한흡음에의한것으로판단된다. 책상, 침대에추가로소파를단계적으로설치한경우평균잔향시간은 0.47 s, 0.38 s로변화되었다. 침대, 소파를적용한경우주파수특성도점점평탄하게변화되는것으로나타났다. 4. 잔향시간변화와바닥충격음영향 Fig. 14 Reverberation time change with sound absorbers in timber framed bedroom 으로나타났다. 소파설치에의해대부분의주파수대역에서잔향시간이감소되는것으로나타났다. 소파와같은가구류와함께발코니창호부분에흡음 건축음향분야에서건축물또는건축부재의공기전달음및바닥충격음차단성능을측정하는경우수음실의음장을보정하는절차가표준화되어있다. 음장보정절차는측정대상공간의잔향시간을기준잔향시간과비교하여보정하는표준화방법과측정된잔향시간을등가흡음면적으로환산하여보정 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
7 Fig. 15 Calculated standardized sound pressure level correction value 하는규준화방법이있다. 수음실음장보정에의해최종단일수치평가량이변화되어, 수음실음장보정방법에대한검토가필요하다. 입주전 후의평균잔향시간으로표준화음압레벨산출절차에따른보정값을계산한결과, Fig. 15에서와같이입주전공동주택의경우평균 -3.4 db로나타났으며, 입주후거실의잔향시간평균치에대한보정값은평균 0.2 db로나타났다. 5. 결론 이연구에서는입주전, 후공동주택거실의잔향시간을측정하여우리나라공동주택의잔향시간분포를조사하였다. 또한주거환경시험동거실과목조주택침실을대상으로가구류와흡음재를변화시켜잔향시간변화를조사하였다. 입주전공동주택거실의잔향시간은용적및형태에따라변화되는것으로나타났다. 입주전의가구류및커튼등이설치되지않은조건의공동주택거실의잔향시간특성은대부분의주파수대역에서 1s 이상으로나타났다. 평균잔향시간은 1.11 s로 630 Hz~2000 Hz 대역의잔향시간이 1.2 s 이상으로나타났다. 입주전의바닥마감재보호를위한종이가설치된경우잔향시간은 0.83 s로나타났다. 실제입주자가거주하고있는공동주택의거실및침실잔향시간측정결과주파수대역별로평탄한특성을갖는것으로나타났으며, 거실의평균잔향시간은 0.48 s 침실은 0.44 s로나타났다. 가구류및흡음재를이용한음장변화실험결과소파, 침대등의가구류에의해저주파수대역의잔 향시간이감소하고주파수특성도평탄하게되는것으로나타났다. 이논문에서는측정한실제거주조건의측정결과를바탕으로우리나라공동주택내부공간의잔향시간특성을조사하였다. 실제거주조건을대표하는기준잔향시간으로 KS 및 ISO 표준에서규정하고있는모든주파수대역별 0.5 s의잔향시간은적절한것으로나타났다. 향후다양한평면및크기를갖는공동주택에대한실제거주조건측정을통한확인도필요한것으로판단된다. 후기이논문은산업통상자원부국가표준기술력향상사업 ( 과제번호 ) 과국토교통부주거환경연구사업 ( 과제번호 14RERP-B ) 의연구비지원에의해수행되었습니다. References (1) ISO :2010 Acoustics - Laboratory Measurement of Sound Insulation of Building Elements - Part 2: Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation. (2) ISO :2010 Acoustics - Laboratory Measurement of Sound Insulation of Building Elements - Part 3: Measurement of Impact Sound Insulation. (3) Schwenwald, S., Zeitler, B. and Nightingale, T., 2010, Influence of Receive Room Properties on Impact Sound Pressure Level Measured with Heavy Impact Sources, 1st EAA - EuroRegio (4) Lee, B. K. and Kim, M. J., 2006, Analysis of the Factors Affecting Reverberation Time in Small Room, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Autumn Conference, KSNVE06A (5) Shin, S. W, Ih, J. G. and Kang, H. J., 2001, Effect of the Measurement Error of Reverberation Time on the STL, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Spring Conference, pp. 1099~1103. (6) Kim, M. J. and Lee, B. K., 2006, Field Measurement and Evaluation of the Reverberation Time in Residential Buildings, J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys., Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 213~221. (7) Lee, B. K. and Kim, M. J., 2005, Field Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
8 Measurement of the Reverberation Time in Occupied and Unoccupied Apartment House, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Autumn Conference, pp. 654~657. (8) César Díaz and Antonio Pedrero, 2005, The Reverberation Time of Furnished Rooms in Dwellings, Applied Acoustics, 66, pp. 945~956. (9) Jackson, G. M. and Leventhall, H. G., 1972, The Acoustics of Domestic Rooms, Applied Acoustics, 5, pp. 265~277. (10) Burgess, M. A. and Utley, W. A., 1985, Reverberation Times in British Living Rooms, Appeiled Acoustics, 18, pp. 369~380. (11) Park, C. Y., Hong, G. P., Kim, S. H. and Jang, D. W., 2007, Analysis of the Reverberation Time in the Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Spring Conference. (12) Lee, J. W., Hong, B. K., Lee, D. H. and Kwon, Y. P., 2004, Analysis of the Deviation Factor in a Reverberation Time to Measuring the Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Spring Conference, pp. 509~512. (13) Lee, J. W. and Kwon, Y. P., 2006, Effect of the Measuring Method of Reverberation Time Using Impulse Response Method on the Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level, Transactions of the Korean Society for Sound and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 34~39. (14) Oh, Y. K., Park, B. Y. and Chu, M. K., 2014, Problems of Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level in the Accreditation Scheme and An Alternative, Journal of KIAEBS, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 136~142. (15) Joo, M. K. and Oh, Y. K., 2013, A Study on the Uncertainty Factor in the Field Measurement of Heavy-Weight Floor Impact Noise, Journal of KIAEBS Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 251~256. (16) Jeong, J. H., Kim, J. U. and Jeong, J. G., 2013, Floor Impact Sound Pressure Level Characteristics by the Change of Reverberation Time in a Reverberation Chamber, Transactions of the Korean Society for Sound and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 274~281. (17) Jeong, J. H., Lee, B. K., Yeon, J. O. and Jeon, J. Y., Floor Impact Sound Pressure Level Characteristics by the Change of Reverberation Time in Mock-up Test Rooms, Transactions of the Korean Society for Sound and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 339~347. Jeong Ho Jeong is currently a senior researcher at Fire Insurers Laboratories of Korea(FILK). He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degree in architectural engineering from Hanyang University, Korea. His research is interests include standardization in building acoustics field. Also, he has interest on the sound localization research for AES(Acoustic Evacuation Signal). Byung Kwon Lee received the B.S., M.S. degree in architectural engineering of Hanyang university in 2001, 2003, respectively. He is currently working as the senior researcher in Daelim Industrial Co., Ltd. His researches are mainly focused on the office acoustics and floor impact noise. Jin Yong Jeon is a professor of Architectural Engineering at the Architectural Acoustics Laboratory, Hanyang University. His main research interests are in the fields of architectural acoustics, noise, vibration and soundscape. He is also an Associate Editor of the international journal on acoustics, Acta Acustica united with Acustica. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 25(4) : 291~298,
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