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1 Journal of the Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 4 pp , ISSN / eissn 한국, 중국및러시아화물철도차량상호운영을위한연결기연구 천준호리앤테크 ( 주 ) 기술연구소 A Study on the Coupler for Interoperability of Freight Railway Car between, China and Russia Jun-Ho Cheon Institute of Technology, Leentech Corp. 요약최근러시아를포함한동북아경제의중요성이커지고있으며, 유라시아이니셔티브정책에따르면동북아시아의운송, 물류및연결성향상은미래성장동력의과제중하나로부상하고있다. 그러나각국의차량시스템이다르기때문에국가간철도차량은원활하게운행되지못하고있는실정이다. 서로다른시스템의차량을안전하게연계운행하려는시도는유럽- 러시아간에활발하게이루어지고있는실정이나, 동북아- 러시아간에는근래에들어연구가시작되고있는추세이다. 특히, 화차의연결기는국내및중국은미국의 AAR(Association of American Railroads) 규격을기본으로한연결기를, 러시아는국가표준인 GOST(USSR State Standards) 를적용한연결기를사용하고있어, 헤드형상이서로상이하여상호간연결이불가능한실정일뿐아니라, 요구하고있는재료의화학적성질과기계적성질이상이하다. 이에, 본논문에서는국내철도용품기술기준과러시아의 GOST 규정을만족하는연결기를상호연결할수있는가변형연결기및연결기어댑터를개발하는데있어, 각국가에서제시하고있는요구사항을조사하고, 특히, 연결기에대하여요구하는기계적성질을만족하는재질을개발하는과정에서시험을통한그가능성을분석하여, 향후각국가에서안전하게사용할수있는연결기어댑터제작의발판을마련하고자한다. Abstract Recently, the importance of the northeast economies including Russia has been growing, and according to the Eurasian initiative policy, the enhancement of transportation, logistics and connectivity between the northeast Asian countries is emerging as one of the challenges for future growth. However, due to the different vehicle systems used in each country, the railway connections between countries are not operating smoothly. Especially, the couplers of the railway cars which pass through the countries of northeast Asia including Russia have different regulations, which render their shape and characteristics incompatible. In this study, we propose a method of interconnecting the AAR type coupler used in and China and the CA-3 type coupler compatible with the Russian GOST standard, and verify that its structural safety conforms with each set of regulations. We analyze the possibilities offered by this method of interconnection by performing tests while developing materials satisfying the mechanical properties required for the freight coupler. Keywords : Coupler, Coupler adapter, Freight car, Interoperability, Variable Coupler 1. 서론 철도차량의연결기는추진력및제동력을차량간에 전달하는기능을하는안전상매우중요한구성품으로서, 최근에들어화차의장대화의필요성으로인하여, 그구조적안전성이더욱중요해지고있다. 최근에개정된 본논문은국토교통부 / 국토교통과학기술진흥원의지원으로수행되었음 (16RTRP-B ). * Corresponding Author : Jun-Ho Cheon(Leentech Corp.) Tel: junoch1866@gmail.com Received January 11, 2018 Revised February 13, 2018 Accepted April 6, 2018 Published April 30,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 철도안전법규정에따라 2016년부터시행하는철도용품기술기준에서는안전상의중요성으로차륜, 차축과더불어연결장치를형식승인의대상으로규정하고있다 [1]. 즉, 국내에서운용되는모든철도차량은국토교통부에서정한철도차량형식승인을받아야운행할수있도록되어있다. 국내의철도차량화차의연결기는미국의 AAR(Association of American Railroads) 의규정에의한 AAR E형의연결기를주로사용하고있으며, 일부항목에대해서는국내실정에맞게관련검사및시험을통과하여야만사용할수있도록되어있다 [1,2]. 최근에러시아를포함하는동북아경제에대한중요성이대두되고있고, 유라시아이니셔티브정책에따라동북아시아간의교통, 물류, 연계성강화가미래성장동력을위한과제의하나로부상하고있다 [3]. 남북및유라시아철도연계구축을위해서는국경지역에서발생하는화물의운송을원활하게수행할수있는제도적장치뿐아니라, 서로다른차량시스템을가진철도차량의연계운행이가능하여야한다. 서로다른시스템의차량을연계운행하려는시도는유럽- 러시아간에활발하게이루어지고있는실정이나, 동북아-러시아간에는근래에들어연구가시작되고있는추세이다. 최근에표준궤 (1,435mm) 와광궤 (1,520mm) 를둘다주행할수있는궤간가변대차차량에대한연구가있었다 [4]. 특히, 화차의연결기는국내및중국은미국의 AAR 규격을기본으로한연결기를, 러시아는국가표준인 GOST(USSR State Standards) 를적용한연결기를사용하고있어, 헤드형상이서로상이하여상호간연결이불가능한실정일뿐아니라, 요구하고있는재료의화학적성질과기계적성질이상이하다 [5]. 이에, 본논문에서는국내철도용품기술기준과러시아의 GOST 규정을만족하는연결기를상호연결할수있는가변형연결기및연결기어댑터를개발하는데있어, 각국가에서제시하고있는요구사항을조사하고, 특히, 연결기에대하여요구하는기계적성질을만족하는재질을개발하는과정에서시험을통한그가능성을분석하여, 향후각국가에서안전하게사용할수있는연결기어댑터제작의발판을마련하고자한다. 다음 Fig. 1. 은국내화차의연결기결합형태를보여준다. Fig. 1. Connection of freight coupler(aar Type) 2. 본론 2.1 화차자동연결기규정조사, 분석 국내, 미국 (AAR), 러시아 (GOST) 규정에서요구하고있는철도차량화차의연결기재질의요구사항에대하여조사 분석하였다. 다음 Table 1. 은연결기재질에대한각국의요구사항을비교한것이다. Table 1. Standards-related coupler no. Standard No/Name Remark KRS CP Railway Rolling Stock-Test methods : Coupler KRTS-CO-part n Railway Technical Specification AAR M-211 Foundry and product approval requirements for the manufacture of couplers, coupler yokes, knuckles, follower blocks, and coupler parts AAR M-201 Castings, Steel GOST Moulded pieces of automatic coupler equipment for 1520mm gauge railway rolling stock. General specification GOST Coupler and automatic coupler device of railway rolling stock. Technical requirements and acceptance rules Russia Russia 국내의철도용품기술기준에서요구하는연결기의화학적성분및기계적성질은 AAR에서요구하는것과동일하다. 그러나, 러시아의 GOST 22703에서는연결기의사용부품에따라 Group을분류하고있으며, 자동연 42
3 한국, 중국및러시아화물철도차량상호운영을위한연결기연구 결기캐리어및요크는 Group1으로분류되고있으며, Group1은강종을 20GL로사용하도록되어있다. 각규정에서요구하고있는연결기의재질에대한화학적성질, 기계적성질을요약하면다음 Table 2. 와같다. Table 2. Chemical composition, properties of casting steel Chemical Composition Property KRTS /AAR M-201, Gr.E GOST 22703, 20 GL C lesst than Mn lesst than Cr - lesst than 0.30 Ni - lesst than 0.30 Si lesst than Cu - lesst than 0.30 P lesst than 0.04 lesst than 0.04 S lesst than 0.04 lesst than 0.04 Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Contraction Ratio (%) Hardness (BH) Impact strength more than more than 600 more than 689 more than 500 more than 14 more than 12 more than 30 more than V-Notch : 27J (at -40 ) U-Notch : 20J (at -60 ) 20GL의화학성분중 C, Mn, Si의함유량은 M-201에서요구하는수치보다낮으며, 추가적으로 Cr, Ni, Cu 의함유량을제한하는것으로알수있다. 즉, 20GL의주요화학성분을만족하면, AAR에서요구하는재질의화학성분을만족할수있다. 또한, 러시아는상대적으로기온이낮은환경에서의철도차량운행이가능해야하므로, GOST 규정에서는내한성을위하여 -60 에서의충격강도를추가적으로요구하고있는것으로판단된다. 본연구에서개발되는재질의화학적성분은 AAR 과 GOST규정을모두만족하는성분을가지며, 기계적성질은상대적으로우수한규격, 즉, 인장강도, 항복강도, 연신율, 단면수축율은 AAR Gr, E 재질의값을만족하고, 경도 (BH) 는 사이, 충격강도는 -60 에서 20J 이상의물성치를갖는재질개발을목표로하였다. 2.2 실험방법및고찰 시편준비 본실험에서각종시험편제작을위해서 1,500kg 전기로에서목표화학성분을달성하기위한각종금속성분을배합하여용해하였다. 용해온도 1,550, 용해시간은 2시간진행하였다. 용해후상부의불순물을제거하고성분확인용시험몰드에용탕을주입하여화학성분을확인하며공시재사형몰드에주입하였다. 시편채취를위한공시재의화학성분은다음 Table 3. 과같이나타났다. Table 3. Chemical composition of Casting steel Chemical Composition Content C 0.27 Mn 1.0 Cr 0.7 Ni 0.52 Si 0.48 Cu 0.04 V P S 공시재의화학적성분을분석한결과본연구에서목표로한 AAR과 GOST 규정을모두만족할수는없었으며, Cr, Ni의화학성분이 GOST에서규정하고있는값보다약간높은것을알수있다. 이는 Jin Huang 등이연결기의너클파괴분석에대한이전의연구에서재료내의 Cr, Ni 함유량의증가에따라인장강도및항복강도등의기계적성질이우수하게나온것을참조하여주물화학성분조성을수행한결과이다 [6]. 즉, 인장강도를증가시키는동시에충격강도를증가시키기위한화학적성분을구성하도록하였다. 주물후열처리는다음의절차에의하여수행하였다. 900~920 에서 4시간동안노말라이징한후, 공냉시키고, 이후, 880~900 로온도를높혀약 3.5시간유지후수냉시켰다. 최종적으로 510~550 에서 4시간동안템퍼링후공냉시키는방법을사용하였다 인장강도시험 연결기재질에대한인장강도시험편은각국에서시편의크기및형상을지정하고있다. 이에각국에서요구하고있는시편형태를조사하였으며, 이는다음의 Table 43
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 와같다. 국내에서는 KS 및 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) 을주로인정하고사용하고있는실정이며, GOST 규정의시편의크기도거의유사한형태를요구하고있는것을알수있어, 인장강도시험시편은 KS규격에의거수행하였다. 각국에서요구하고있는충격강도시험편의규격은다음 Table 5. 와같다. Table 5. Specimen of impact test (KRTS) (AAR M211) RUSSIA (GOST 22703) Table 4. Specimen of tensile strength test Spec. (KRTS) KS B 0801 Test Pieces for Tensile Test for Metallic Materials (AAR M211) ASTM A370, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Testing of Steel Products RUSSIA (GOST 22703) GOST 1497, Metals. Methods of tension test Spec. KS B 0809 Impact Test Pieces for Metallic Materials ASTM A370, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Testing of Steel Products GOST 9454, Metals. Method for testing the impact strength at low, room and high temperature Shape Shape Diameter (D) Gauge length (G) Length of reduced (L) Radius (R) Grip Dia. (C) Length of Grip(B) Overall Length(O) min about 경도시험 경도시험을수행하기위하여각국의규격을비교한결과크기는규정되지않고있으며, 다만, 압흔깊이의 8 배이상의시편두께를요구하고있어, 다음과같은규격으로제작하고, 누르개지름 10mm, 공칭시험하중 29,420N 으로시험을수행하였다. 각국에서요구하고있는경도시험편의규격은다음 Table 6. 와같다. Table 6. Specimen of brinell hardness test (KRTS) (AAR M211) RUSSIA (GOST 22703) 충격강도시험화차의연결기는차량간연결하는경우와운행중에추진및제동에의하여충격을많이받아충격강도가안전상매우중요한항목이다. KS, ASTM, GOST규격을조사한결과시편의크기는동일함을확인하였다. 시험방법은 GOST에서 -60 에서수행하도록되어있어, U-notch 충격시험편을사용하여충격강도시험을수행하였다. 충격강도시편은총 3개로수행하여평균값을도출하였다. Spec. shape KS B 0805 Method of Brinell Hardness Test ASTM A370 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Testing of Steel Products GOST 9012 Metals. Method of Brinell hardness measurement 44
5 한국, 중국및러시아화물철도차량상호운영을위한연결기연구 시험결과 개발된연결기재질에대한기계적성질시험을위한시편의형상은다음 Table 7. 과같다. Table 7. Shape of test specimen Tensile Test Piece Impact Test Piece Brinell Hardness Test Piece Shape 준비된시편으로수행한기계적성질시험결과는다음의 Table 8. 과같이나타났다. Table 8. Test result 각국에서요구하고있는기술기준및규격이서로상이하여안전한운행을위해서는연결기의형상뿐아니라재질도규정에따라야한다. 이에, 본논문에서는국내철도용품기술기준과 AAR 및러시아의 GOST 규정을만족하는연결기재질을제시하고자하였다. 조정된화학적성분과열처리를통하여공시재를제작하였고, 시험결과인장강도, 항복강도, 연신율, 단면수축율, 충격강도값은목표하는값을만족하였으나경도의시험결과는그렇지못하였다. 이는목표로하였던경도값의폭이매우좁기때문이기도하며, 향후, Cr, Ni 등의화학적성분을변화시키며, 동시에최적의열처리를찾은방법으로연구를추가로수행할예정이다. 본연구를통한학술적 / 기술적기여는다음과같을것으로판단된다. 철도차량상호운영을위한요구규격의조사 연결기에대한국가간다른규격을만족하는재질의개발가능성확인 동북아시아국가간화물철도차량상호운영을연결기기술적기반확보 Requirements Results Tensile Strength(MPa) more than Yield Strength(MPa) more than Elongation(%) more than Contraction Ratio(%) more than Hardness(BH) Impact Strength(-60 ) 위의시험결과에서알수있듯이개발된재질에대한 시험결과 인장강도는 912MPa로 연구의 목표로 한 826.8MPa 이상, 항복강도는 710MPa( 목표 689MPa), 연 신율 24%( 목표 14% 이상 ), 단면수축율 46%( 목표 30% 이상 ), 경도 BH 277( 목표 BH 241~262), 충격강도 33J ( 목표 20J) 의값을얻었다. 경도를제외한기계적성질은 본연구에서목표로한 GOST 및 AAR규정에서요구하 는값을모두만족하는결과를얻었다. 3. 결론 References [1] KRTS-CO-part3-3 n Railway Technical specification, [2] AAR M-211, Foundry and Product Approval Requirements for The Manufacture of Couplers, Coupler Yokes, Knuckles, Follower Blocks, And Coupler Parts, [3] Choi Hanbyul, Choi SeokBeom, Journal of Trade A Study on the Efficient Methods of Rail Transport Network under the Eurasia Initiative, vol. 41, no. 3, pp , [4] Jung Jun Park, Hee Seung Na, Bulletin of the n institute of electrical and electronic material engineers, Establishment of test line for interchangeable vehicle / infra. interface, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 3-8, [5] GOST 22703, Moulded pieces of automatic coupler equipment for 1520mm gauge railway rolling stock. General specification, [6] J. Huang, Lu Xia, Youshou Zhang, Sinian Li, "Investigation on brittle fracture mechanism of a grade E cast steel knuckle", Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis 2, pp , DOI: 한국 - 중국 - 러시아를관통하는화물열차의연결기는 45
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 4 호, 2018 천준호 (Jun-Ho Cheon) [ 정회원 ] 1996 년 2 월 : 한양대학교금속재료공학과 ( 금속재료공학석사 ) 1996 년 3 월 : 대우중공업 ( 주 ) 철도차량기술연구소주임연구원 2001 년 1 월 ~ 2015 년 8 월 : 코디텍엔지니어링 ( 주 ) 수석연구원 2015 년 8 월 ~ 현재 : 리앤테크 ( 주 ) 기술연구소소장 < 관심분야 > 철도차량, 시스템엔지니어링 46
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