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1 원 저 J Korean Neurol Assoc / Volume / June, 한림대학교의과대학신경과학교실 Electrophysiological Evidence of Demyelination in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy Seok-Beom Kwon, M.D., Ki-Han Kwon, M.D., San Jung, M.D., Mi-Sun Oh, M.D., Sung-Hee Hwang, M.D. Department of Neurology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common neuropathies. Although pathologic studies show both segmental demyelination and axonal loss in diabetic neuropathy, the relative importance of segmental demyelination is debated. Conduction block (CB) is a physiologic hallmark of segmental demyelination. If segmental demyelination were a main pathology of diabetic neuropathy, CB should be common. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of CB in diabetic patients. Methods: Fifty-two consecutive diabetic patients (M=, F=) were referred to EMG laboratory and underwent routine nerve conduction studies (NCS). CB was defined by two methods. One was > % drop in peak-to-peak amplitude and < 5% change in negative-peak duration between proximal and distal stimulation sites. The other was > 5% drop in the amplitude and area. Clinical findings, electrophysiological data, and effectiveness of immunomodulating therapy for some patients with CB were reviewed. Results: A total nerves were studied. The criteria for % and 5% CB were met in 5 nerves in 9 patients and 7 nerves in patients, respectively (prevalence=.7%,.%, respectively). Some patients with CB were treated with IVIG or steroid and had a good response. Conclusions: CB in diabetic neuropathy is not a common finding. The rarity of CB in diabetic neuropathy suggests that segmental demyelination is not a prominent part of the underlying pathology. The presence of CB and good responsiveness to immunomodulating therapy in diabetic neuropathy also suggest alternative or additional causes for neuropathy, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Korean Neurol Assoc ():~8, Key Words: Demyelination, Conduction block, Diabetes mellitus, Polyneuropathy, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy 서론 당뇨병환자에서말초신경병증은흔히관찰되는합병 Received October, Accepted January 7, *Address for correspondence Ki-Han Kwon, M.D. Department of Neurology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 9- Yeoungdeungpo-dong, Yeoungdeungpo-gu, Seoul, 5-95, Korea Tel: Fax: neurokkh@medigate.net 증중하나인데임상적으로의미있는신경병증은감각이상과근력저하가나타나는경우로서당뇨병환자의약 % 정도에서보이고있다. 당뇨병성말초신경병증은침범하는양상에따라감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증 (sensorimotor symmetric polyneuropathy), 근위부운동성신경병증 (proximal motor neuropathy, diabetic amyotrophy), 다발성단일신경병증 (multiple mononeuropathy), 그리고포착성신경병증 (entrapment neuropathy) 등으로나누어지고감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증이가장흔한것으로알려져있다., 당뇨병성말초신경병증은대개만성적인고혈당에의
2 한대사성합병증이나미세혈관성합병증으로인한축삭변성에의해온다고생각되고있다. 따라서혈당을조절하는것이당뇨병성말초신경병증을치료하는주된방법이었다. 그러나때로는당뇨병성말초신경병증의병리로축삭변성외에분절성탈수초화가보고되고있고단핵세포의침윤, 면역글로불린과보체의신경주위침착, 그리고혈관폐쇄없는다발성의허혈성병변등이인슐린의존성당뇨병과인슐린비의존성환자의신경생검소견으로함께보고되고있는것 - 으로미루어아마도당뇨병성신경병증의발병기전에있어서과거에알려져왔던기전, 즉고혈당에따른대사적인합병증과미세혈관의합병증외에면역학적인기전의가능성도제시되고있다. 7,- 신경전도차단 (conduction block) 은분절성탈수초화 (segmental demyelination) 의특징적인전기생리학적소견으로서주로후천성탈수초성신경병증에서잘나타나는소견이다. 당뇨병환자에서보이는말초신경병증에서분절성탈수초화의상대적인중요성은아직논란이많지만만일분절성탈수초화가당뇨병성신경병증병리의중요한부분이라면신경전도차단이분절성탈수초화로초래되는다른전기생리학적소견과함께당뇨병성말초신경병증에서흔하게나타날것이다. 또한이러한소견은당뇨병성신경병증의발병기전으로지금까지주장되어오던대사성혹은미세혈관성기전외에다른기전, 즉면역학적기전을포함한다른가능성을제시하며고식적인혈당조절외에다른치료방법으로서항염제및면역조절요법등의새로운치료법의필요성을제시해준다. 이에저자는말초신경병증이합병된인슐린의존성또는인슐린비의존성당뇨병환자를대상으로하여말초신경병증아형 (subtype) 의빈도를살펴보고, 또한전기생리학적검사를실시하여분절성탈수초화의전기생리학적지표인신경전도차단, 이상시간적분산 (abnormal temporal dispersion) 등이신경분절에서어느정도의빈도로관찰되는지를조사하여당뇨병성말초신경병증의발병기전으로서지금까지받아들여지던대사성혹은미세혈관성기전외에면역학적기전을포함하는다른기전이관여할가능성을알아보았다. 또한말초신경병증의증상및징후를갖는당뇨병환자중에서신경전도차단이나이상시간적분산등의분절성탈수초화소견을보였던경우를대상으로면역글로불린정맥주사 (intravenous immunoglobulin) 나스테로이드와같은면역조절치료 (immunomodulating therapy) 후의효과정도를추적조사하였다. 대상과방법. 대상인슐린의존성당뇨병 (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) 또는인슐린비의존성당뇨병 (noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) 으로진단받고임상적으로당뇨병성신경병증이의심되어전기생리학적진단을위해 998 년 월부터 999 년 7 월까지한림대의료원신경생리학검사실에서검사를받았던 5 명의환자를대상으로하였다. 신경전도차단에영향을줄수있는질환인 IgM gammopathy, 길랑 - 바레증후군등을동반하는경우는제외하였다. 대상환자들을다시 IDDM 과 NIDDM 으로나누고임상적으로신경병증의종류를감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증, 근위부운동성신경병증, 다발성단일신경병증, 그리고신경근병증 (radiculopathy) 등으로구분하였다. 대상환자총 5 명 (M=, F=) 의평균나이는 57.±.9 세였고, 인슐린의존성당뇨병환자가 9 명, 인슐린비의존성환자가 명이었다. 당뇨병의유병기간은.5±8.5 년이었고, 당뇨병에대한치료는인슐린요법이 명으로가장많았으며, 경구용혈당강하제를복용하는경우가 8 명, 치료를하지않았던경우가 명이었다 (Table ).. 전기생리학적검사 탈수초화의전기생리학적증거를확인하기위해 회이상표준화된신경전도검사 (standardized nerve conduction study) 를하였는데, 피부전극을이용하여최대이상자극 (supramaximal stimulation) 으로검사하였고피부온도는 이상을유지하였다. 이때상하지의운동신경인비골신경, 후경골신경, 정중신경, 척골신경이포함되었다. 특히, 슬와부 (popliteal fossa) 에서후경골신경자극시는자극강도를높이고자극기간 (duration, 초 ) 을늘려검사의기술적문제 (technical problem) 를최소화하려고노력했다. 복합근활동전위 (compound Table. Demographic features of patients with diabetic neuropathy Factors Total study group Male Female Age (years, mean±sd) Type of DM NIDDM IDDM Duration of DM (years, mean±sd) Treatment of DM OHA Insulin None No. of patients & other data 5 57.±.9 9.5±8.5 8 NIDDM; non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, OHA; oral hypoglycemic agent 권 호대한신경과학회지
3 muscle action potential, CMAP) 의최고점간진폭 (peak-to-peak, p-p amplitude) 과면적 (area) 을근위부와원위부에서측정하였고, 근위부에서의진폭과면적감소를원위부와비교하여백분율로표시하였다. 음측곡선의범위 (negative peak duration) 를역시근위부와원위부에서측정하고근위부쪽의범위증가를백분율로표시하였다. 신경전도검사의해석에있어신경전도차단의정의는 Brown 과 Feasby 의근위부의음측곡선의범위와원위부의음측곡선의범위와의차이가 5% 미만이면서최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 % 이상인경우와 Oh 5 에따라최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 5% 이상인경우로하여이두가지정의에따라얼마나신경전도차단이나타나는지를조사하였다. 또한, 근위부의음측곡선의범위와원위부의음측곡선의범위와의차이가 5% 이상이면이상시간적분산 (abnormal temporal dispersion) 이라정의하고그정도를조사하였다. 복합근활동전위가매우낮은경우에는신경전도차단을판단하기어려우므로원위부복합근활동전위가정상하위수준 (normal lower limit) 의 7% 이하인경우는제외하였다. 신경전도차단과이상시간적분산외에탈수초화의다른전기생리학적소견으로볼수있는신경전도속도의정상하위수준의 8% 이상의감소, 말단잠복기 (terminal latency) 의정상상위수준의 % 이상의증가, 그리고 F- 파잠복기의정상상위수준의 % 이상의증가등에대해서도조사하였다. 7 전기생리학적진단은대칭성다발신경병증, 초점성과다초점성신경병증 (focal & multifocal neuropathy), 혼합형 (mixed forms), 그리고정상으로구분하여진단하였다.. 면역조절치료 (immunomodulating therapy) 전기생리학적으로신경전도차단등의탈수초화소견을보인환자중일부에대하여면역글로불린정맥 주사나스테로이드등의면역조절요법을시도해보고그효과를추적관찰하였다. 효과의판정은임상양상의호전과치료전후의전기생리학적검사의변화로판단하였다.. 통계분석 통계분석은 SPSS 를이용하여여러검사자료에대한기술통계와교차분석을적용함으로써 IDDM 군과 NIDDM 군, 신경전도차단이있는군과없는군간의여러요소에대하여차이가있는지를비교분석하였으며 P<.5 일경우에는통계적인의미를가지는것으로간주하였다. 결과 신경병증의임상아형은감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증이 명 (57.7%), 다발성단일신경병증이 5 명 (8.9%), 신경근병증이 명 (7.7%), 그리고근위부운동성신경병증이 명 (5.7%) 이었다. 신경전도검사에따른전기생리학적진단은양측다발신경병증이 명 (57.7%), 혼합형이 명 (5.%), 초점성그리고다초점성신경병증이 7 명 (.5%), 그리고정상소견을보였던경우가 명 (.8%) 으로관찰되었다. 당뇨병의종류에따른신경병증의임상아형을살펴보면, NIDDM 의경우감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증이 명으로가장많았고, 다발성단일신경병증이 명, 신경근병증이 명, 근위부운동성신경병증 명이었고, IDDM 에서는감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증이 7 명으로가장많았고, 근위부운동성신경병증과다발성단일신경병증이각각 명씩이었다. IDDM 군과 NIDDM 군간의임상적진단사이의통계학적차이는발견할수없었다 ( 교차분석, p>.5, Table ). Table. Clinical and electrophysiological pattern of patients with diabetic neuropathy Pattern of Neuropathy NIDDM (n=) IDDM (n=9) Total (n=5) Clinical pattern* DSP PDN MN RP Electrophysiological pattern SP FN MF NL 7 (57.7%) (5.7%) 5 (8.9%) (7.7%) (57.7%) 7 (.5%) (5%) (.8%) DSP; distal symmetric polyneuropathy, PDN; proximal diabetic neuropathy, MN; mononeuropathy of limb & trunk, RP; radiculopathy, SP; symmetric polyneuropathy, FN; focal & multifocal neuropathy, MF; mixed forms, NL; normal, *Crosstab, P>.5, Crosstab, P>.5
4 양당뇨병군에서의전기생리학적진단을보면, NIDDM 의경우대칭성다발신경병증이 명, 혼합형이 명, 초점성그리고다초점성신경병증이 명, 정상소견이 명으로관찰되었으며, IDDM 의경우에는대칭성다발신경병증이 명, 혼합형이 명, 초점성그리고다초점성신경병증이 명, 정상소견이 명이었다. 신경병증의임상적진단에서와마찬가지로양당뇨병군사이의전기생리학적진단의분포는서로유의한차이를보이지않았다 ( 교차분석, p>.5, Table ). 상하지의정중신경, 척골신경, 비골신경, 그리고후경골신경을포함하는전체 개의운동신경에대하여신경전도검사를하였다. 각자료의평균치를살펴보면운동신경의말단잠복기가전반적으로길어져있고, 전도속도는대개정상수준이었으며, F- 파잠복기는정중신경, 척골신경, 비골신경, 그리고후경골신경에서각각 7.7±. msec, 7.±. msec, 5.5±8. msec, 5.8± 7. msec 였고, 근위부와원위부의진폭, 기간, 면적도 Table 과같이조사되었다. 복합근활동전위의근위부에대한원위부의백분율로표시했을때정중신경, 척골신경, 비골신경, 그리고후경골신경에대하여각각진폭은 9.5±.%, 9.7±5.%, 85.±.%, 77.±.5%, 면적은.±8.%, 98.±.%, 9.7±.%, 9.±5.8%, 기간은각각.8±5.%,.±.5%,.7±.%,.±.% 로후경골신경에서전반적으로진폭과면적은현저히감소했고기간은증가하였다 (Table ). 운동신경전도검사가실시된총 개의신경중정중 신경이 개, 척골신경이 개, 비골신경이 개, 그리고후경골신경이 개로구성되었으며분절성탈수초화의주지표인신경전도차단의수는전술한 Brown 과 Feasby 의최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 % 이상인경우로판단할때후경골신경에서, 비골신경에서, 척골신경에서, 정중신경에서 개의신경이각각신경전도차단을보여전체 개신경중 5 개 (.7%) 로나타났고, Oh 5 에따라최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 5% 이상인경우로판단할경우후경골신경에서, 비골신경에서, 정중신경에서, 척골신경에서 개의신경이각각신경전도차단을보여전체 개신경중 7 개 (.%) 로나타나근위부와원위부의진폭차이를 % 로했을때보다신경전도차단의비율이줄어들었다. 이상시간적분산의빈도는후경골신경에서 9, 비골신경에서, 정중신경에서, 척골신경에서 개가나타나전체 신경중 개로 9.8% 를나타냈다. 분절성탈수초화의다른신경전도검사상의소견으로운동신경의말단잠복기가정상상위수준보다 % 이상연장된경우에대한결과로서정중신경에서, 비골신경에서, 척골신경에서, 후경골신경에서 개로총 개신경중 개 (.%) 를나타냈으며, 신경전도속도가정상하위수준보다 8% 이하로저하된경우는후경골신경에서, 비골신경에서, 정중신경에서, 척골신경에서 개로전체 신경중 5 개 (.%) 를나타냈다. F- 곡선의잠복기가정상상위수준보다 % 이상연장된경우에대한결과로서비골신경에서 7, 정중신경에서, Table. Motor nerve conduction study data in patients with diabetic neuropathy Parameters Median Ulnar Peroneal Tibial TL (msec) MNCV (m/sec) F-wave (msec) P-Amplitude (mv) D-Amplitude (mv) P-Duration (msec) D-Duration (msec) P-Area (mvmsec) D-Area (mvmsec).7±. (.±.) 9.±. (59.±.) 7.7±. (5.±.).5±. (.±7.).5±. (.±7.).9±.7 (.±.).7±.8 (.±.).±..5±.7.±. (.5±.) 5.5±.7 (.±5.) 7.±. (5.7±.).±.5 (.5±8.).±. (.5±8.).±. (.±.).±. (.±.).5±.8 5.±..±.9 (.±.).±5.5 (9.5±5.) 5.5±8. (.9±.).±. (.±8.).7±.8 (.±8.).±.8 (.9±.5) 5.±.7 (.9±.5) 8.±. 8.±.7.±.9 (.±.7).±.5 (5.±.5) 5.8±7. (8.9±.).±. (9.±.).8±.9 (9.±.).±. (.±.).5±.8 (.±.) 5.8±7.7 8.±9. Values are mean±sd. TL; terminal Latency, MNCV; motor nerve conduction velocity, P-; proximal-, D-; distal- Data in parentheses are reference values (Normal nerve conduction data of electromyography laboratory, Hallym Univ. College of medicine) Table. Percentages of mean amplitude, area and duration values of proximal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) compared with those of distal CMAP Parameters Median Ulnar Peroneal Tibial Amplitude (%) Area (%) Duration (%) Values are mean±sd 9.5±..±8..8±5. 9.7±5. 98.±..±.5 85.±. 9.7±..7±. 77.±.5 9.±5.8.±. 권 호대한신경과학회지
5 Table 5. Number of nerves showing electrophysiological evidences of demyelination in patients with diabetic neuropathy Parameters CB (Brown & Feasby method) CB5 (Oh 5 method) TD (Brown & Feasby method) Prolonged TL Slow MNCV Prolonged F-wave Median (n=) Ulnar (n=) Peroneal (n=) 7 Tibial (n=) 9 Total (n=) 5 (.7%) 7 (.%) (9.8%) (.%) 5 (.%) (.9%) CB; conduction block. CB, > % drop in peak-to-peak amplitude and < 5% change in negative-peak duration between proximal and distal stimulation sites (Brown & Feasby method); CB5, > 5% drop in the amplitude and area between proximal and distal stimulation sites (Oh 5 method); TD (abnormal temporal dispersion). > 5% change in negative-peak duration between proximal and distal stimulation sites (Brown & Feasby method); Prolonged TL, > % of upper normal limits; Slow MNCV, < 8% of lower normal limits; Prolonged F-wave; > % of upper normal limits Table. Clinical and electrophysiological pattern in patients with diabetic neuropathy with or without conduction block Pattern of neuropathy Clinical pattern DSP PDN MN RP CB (+) (n=9) 9 CB (-) (n=) CB5 (+) (n=) P.. Electrophysiological pattern SP FN MF NL CB5 (-) (n=) P NS NS CB; conduction block, CB; > % drop in peak-to-peak amplitude and < 5% change in negative-peak duration between proximal and distal stimulation sites (Brown & Feasby method)m CB5; > 5% drop in the amplitude and area between proximal and distal stimulation sites (Oh 5 method), DSP; distal symmetric polyneuropathy, PDN; proximal diabetic neuropathy, MN; mononeuropathy of limb & trunk, RP; radiculopathy, SP; symmetric polyneuropathy, FN; focal & multifocal neuropathy, MF; mixed forms, NL; normal, P; crosstab 척골신경에서, 후경골신경에서 개로총 개신경중 개 (.9%) 를나타냈다 (Table 5). 임상적또는전기생리학적당뇨병성신경병증의여러아형중에서어떤경우가신경전도차단의소견이더흔히나타나는지를조사해본결과임상적구분에서는 Brown 과 Feasby 의최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 % 이상인경우와 Oh 5 의최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 5% 이상인경우모두주로근위부운동성신경병증에서통계학적으로유의하게신경전도차단이더보이는결과를보였고 ( 교차분석, 각각 P<. 와 P<.), 전기생리학적진단중에서는아형사이에서신경전도차단소견의유무가서로큰차이를 보이지않았다 ( 교차분석, P>.5). 그러나각아형의수가적어통계적인의미를크게두기는어려울것으로판단되었다 (Table ). Oh 5 에따라최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 5% 이상인경우로신경전도차단을판단했을때, 명의환자, 총 7 개의신경에서신경전도차단이관찰되었고이중 명에대해서면역조절치료를하였다. 치료를하지못한 명중한명은증상이경미한감각이상만있었고신경전도차단외에분절성탈수초화의다른신경전도검사소견이없어치료에서제외했고나머지두명은환자들스스로치료를거부하여제외되었다. 면역조절치료를받았던 명중 명은면역글로불린을, 나머지
6 Table 7. Summary of clinical and electrophysiological features of cases with immunomodulating therapy Parameters Case Case Case Sex/Age Type of DM Duration of DM (years) Duration of neuropathic symptom (months) Clinical symptom & sign Pattern of neuropathy Immunomodulating therapy M-Rankin scale before & after therapy F/ NIDDM IVIG; intravenous human immunoglobulin Tingling, position & vibration impairment Sensorimotor polyneuropathy steroid M/ NIDDM 8 Gait disturbance Sensorimotor polyneuropathy IVIG M/77 IDDM Tingling, position & vibration impairment Sensorimotor polyneuropathy IVIG Figure. NCS findings in left posterior tibial nerve before and after steroid therapy (case ). Figure. NCS findings in left posterior tibial nerve before and after IVIG therapy (case ). Figure. NCS findings in right posterior tibial nerve before and after IVIG therapy (case ). 한명은스테로이드를사용하였고그경과를관찰한결과임상적그리고전기생리학적으로많은호전을보였다. 임상적으로는증상과 M-Rankin scale 의호전을관찰할수있었고전기생리학적으로는신경전도차단, 이상시간적분산의수적감소를관찰할수있었다. 증례 의경우는 NIDDM 환자로서임상적으로감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증의양상을보이고신경전도검사상에 서신경전도차단과이상시간적분산을보였고, 증례 의경우는 NIDDM 환자로보행장애가주증상이었고양측감각운동성다발신경병증의양상을보였으며, 신경전도검사상신경전도차단, 이상시간적분산을나타냈다. 증례 의경우는 IDDM 환자로서감각이상을주증상으로하는감각운동성대칭성다발신경병증을보이면서신경전도차단, 이상시간적분산, 신경전도속도의저하, 권 호대한신경과학회지 5
7 F- 곡선의연장등의신경전도검사상이상소견을보였다 (Table 7). 이들의다른특징은혈당조절이적극적으로잘되었음에도불구하고증상은계속악화되는양상을보였다는것인데, 신경전도검사소견 (Fig.,, ) 을보면면역조절요법전과후의복합근육활동전위의진폭, 운동신경의말단잠복기, 그리고신경전도속도등의호전을관찰할수있었고특히, 증례 의치료후 개월째신경전도검사 (Fig. ) 에서는거의정상에가까운소견을확인할수있었다. 고찰 당뇨병성말초신경병증은임상에서가장흔히접하는말초신경병증으로,,5 발병 년안에 7%, 5 년이지나면 5% 이상에서관찰되며, 8 증상이없고전기생리학적으로만진단되는무증상성말초신경병증까지고려한다면그빈도는더욱높아진다. 9 이처럼빈도가높기때문에당뇨병환자에게서보이는말초신경병증은모두당뇨병에서기인된다고생각하는경향이있어왔다. 당뇨병성말초신경병증의발병기전은혈관성과대사성으로대별되는데, 신경내의미세혈관에초기형태학적변화가나타나국소조직의저산소증과세포변화를일으키고이에따라말초소혈관의파괴가동반되면서혈관의투과성을높이고신경손상을초래하며,, PAS (Periodic acid-schiff) 염색을하였을때신경내부혈관벽의비후를보인다든지산소 - 유리라디칼과 AGE (advanced glycosylation end products) 등이비가역적으로혈관벽의구조적변화를일으킨다는보고는혈관성기전을뒷받침하는증거가된다. 9, 대사성기전은만성적인고혈당에의해마이오 - 이노시톨과경쟁하여신경으로들어온다량의포도당이알도즈리덕타제에의해서소르비톨로전환되어축적되므로신경내지질과당의증가로란비에르결절의형태변화가오게되고또한마이오이노시톨의감소로포스포이노시타이드대사의이상과 Na-K-ATPase 기능저하로축삭내나트륨의축적이일어나신경전도의저하와축삭의부종, 축삭내이동의저하, 축삭 - 신경교분리, 단백합성의이상이나타나는것으로되어있다. 즉당뇨병성말초신경병증의병인은지속적인고혈당에의해신경축삭에생기는대사이상과미세혈관장애에의해온다는것이지배적이나더러신경생검소견에서탈수초화변화를보인다든지전기생리학적검사에서탈수초화의소견인전도차단, 이상시간적분산등의소견이보여대사이상및미세혈관장애에의한축삭변성으로설명되지않는경우가있다. 더욱이이제까지당뇨병환자에서나타난말초신경병증으로신경전도검사상신경전도차단이발견되고신경생검에서분절성탈수초화가발견되며이들에대해항염제, 면역글로불린정맥주사나스테로이드치료시점진적인호전을보였다는 보고는당뇨병환자의말초신경병증의기전으로기존의 가지기전외에염증성기전, 면역학적기전이결부되었을가능성을제시하고있다.,,8,,,-8 IDDM 환자에서흔히베타세포에대한자가항체가발견되며, 하시모토갑상선염, 그레이브스병, 중증근무력증, 애디슨병, 그리고악성빈혈등의자가면역질환이드물게동반되고, 당뇨병성자율신경병증을보이는환자에서자율신경절에염증세포의침윤이관찰되며, 당뇨병환자에서면역조직화학적방법을이용하여말초신경에서다량의신경내 T 세포를관찰하였고, 5 당뇨병의모델인 WBN/Kob 쥐에서형태학적으로특징적인말초신경병증을발견했고그소견이일차성분절성탈수초화의병리학적소견을보인것등은염증성기전혹은면역학적기전을시사한다. 9 5 명의당뇨병환자에서 개의신경을대상으로신경전도검사를한본연구에서변수에따라약간의차이는있지만신경전도차단의경우, Brown 과 Feasby 의정의인근위부와원위부의음측곡선범위의차이가 5% 미만이면서최고점간진폭이근위부와원위부의차이가 % 이상인기준에따르면 CB 가.7% 에서관찰되어당뇨병성말초신경병증환자중일부에서탈수초성병변이관여할가능성을보여주었다. 당뇨병성말초신경병증에서의신경전도검사에대한연구 7,- 는많이있었으나신경전도차단의빈도에대한연구는매우드물었는데신경전도차단에대한대표적인연구인 Abu-Shakra 등 7 의보고에의하면당뇨병환자 9 명의신경전도검사상 7 개의신경분절에서검사하여이중단지 개의신경분절 (8%) 에서만신경전도차단이관찰되어본연구와비슷한결과를보였다. 그러나본연구에서는 Krendel 등 의보고와는달리이러한탈수초화의전기생리학적소견이 IDDM 뿐만아니라 NIDDM 환자에서도나타남을확인할수있었다. 그러나말단운동잠복기, 신경전도속도, 그리고 F- 파의잠복기는검사된신경의각각.%,.%, 그리고.9% 에서만탈수초성진단범주를만족하는신경전도차단을보임으로써탈수초화의소견은드물다는것을관찰할수있었다. 신경전도차단의진단범주를 % 이상의진폭감소로정의하지않고, Oh 5 의진단범주인근위부와원위부의최고점간진폭차이가 5% 이상의진폭감소에따르면 명의환자에서총 개의신경중 7 개 (.%) 의신경만이탈수초화의전기생리학적소견을보여신경전도차단이역시당뇨병성말초신경병증에서는드문것을알수있었다. 원위부복합근활동전위의폭이근위부에비해 5% 이상감소한 명의환자중 명 ( 명은 IDDM 환자 ) 에서면역글로불린정맥주사및스테로이드등의면역조절치료를하였는데, 명의환자모두가감각신경증상만있거나감각신경증상이운동신경증상보다현저한환자였고감각신경증상중굵은신경섬유기능인진동각
8 및위치각이현저히침범되어보행장애를보였던환자였다. 또한이들모두경구용혈당강하제나인슐린을투여받고있는상태였으며혈당조절이비교적잘되었지만신경학적증상은아급성혹은만성적으로진행하는소견을보였다. 증례 의경우는면역글로불린 (. g/kg/ 일, 5 일 ) 을정주한후 주안에보행장애가현저히좋아졌고 개월의추적검사상전기생리학적소견이지속적으로호전되는것을관찰할수있었다. 증례 의경우는스테로이드 (deflazacort) 를투여한후수주만에휠체어를사용하지않아도될정도로보행장애의호전을보였다. 이와같은소견은항염제나면역조절요법이당뇨병성말초신경병증중일부형태의말초신경병증에서효과가있다는 Krendel 등 의보고와일치하는소견이라하겠다. 따라서말초신경병성당뇨병환자가드물게전기생리학적검사에서탈수초화소견을보이고탈수초화를보이는환자중일부에서는항염제혹은면역조절요법에의해신경학적증상이현저히좋아진다는것은당뇨병성말초신경병증중일부에서는고혈당에의한대사성혹은미세혈관성기전아닌다른기전즉, 면역학적기전 ( 면역매개성혈관염을제외한 ) 이관여함을시사한다.,5,8 그러나, 당뇨병의유병률이높고말초신경병증은다양한원인을갖고있다는점, 그리고당뇨병성말초신경병증에중첩되어만성염증성탈수초성말초신경병증 (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, CIDP) 이동반될가능성이있으며, 8 CIDP 가당뇨병성말초신경병처럼나타날수있다는점, 근위부복합근활동전위의감소를 % 이상으로정의했을때는신경분절의 8% 에서신경전도차단을보였으나 5% 이상으로정의했을때는단한개의신경분절도신경전도차단을보이지않았다는 Abu-Shakra 등 7 의보고를근거로한다면저자들이관찰한말초신경병성당뇨병환자에서보이는탈수초화의전기생리학적소견은당뇨병그자체에의해초래되었다기보다는 CIDP 같은다른질병이동반되었다고보는것이타당하리라판단된다. 저자들의증례중면역조절요법을실시한 명의환자에서는두명에서경미한운동증상도있었지만세명모두감각증상이현저했으며감각증상중에서도굵은감각신경기능인위치각및진동각에현저한이상을보이던환자였다. 물론당뇨병성말초신경병증에서굵은감각신경섬유가선택적으로침범되어위척수로 (pseudotabes) 의형태를취할수있지만이러한당뇨병성말초신경병증의빈도는아주드물고또한굵은감각신경이선택적으로침범되었을때는당뇨병성말초신경병증이아닌 CIDP, IgM 과관련된말초신경병증, 악성또는비악성다발신경절병증 (malignant or nonmalignant polyganglionopathy) 등의다른원인의말초신경병증을고려해보아야한다는보고 9 를함께고려한다면당뇨병성말초신경병증에서탈수초성변화가온다고보기는더욱어렵다고할수 있겠다. 결론적으로말초신경병성당뇨병환자의전기생리학적검사에서관찰되는탈수초화소견은당뇨병에병발된당뇨병성말초신경병증이아닌만성염증성탈수초성말초신경병증등과같은다른원인에의한소견으로보는것이타당하며, 특히말초신경병성당뇨병환자에서신경학적으로진동각및위치각에주로이상을보이면서전기생리학적으로일부의신경에서탈수초화소견이나타나는경우에는혈당조절외에도면역조절치료를한번시도해보는것이좋을것으로생각된다. REFERENCES. Thomas PK, Tomlinson DR. Diabetic and hypoglycemic neuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, Low PA, Poduslo JF. Peripheral Neuropathy. rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 99;9-5.. Levin ME. Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy. Diabetes Care 998;:.. Duchen LW, Anjorin A, Watkins PJ, Mackay JD. Pathology of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 98;9:-.. Ohnishi A, Harada M, Tateishi J, Ogata J, Kawanami S. Segmental demyelination and remyelination in lumbar spinal roots of patients dying with diabetes mellitus. Ann Neurol 98;: Cornblath DR, Griffin DE, Welch D, Griffin JW, McArthur JC. Quantitative analysis of endoneurial T-cells in human sural nerve biopsies. J Neuroimmunol. 99;:-8.. Said G, Goulon-Goeau C, Lacroix C, Moulonguet A. Nerve biopsy findings in different patterns of proximal diabetic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 99;5: Canal N, Nemni R. Autoimmunity and diabetic neuropathy. Clin Neurosci 997;: Llewelyn JG, Thomas PK, King RH. Epineurial microvasculitis in proximal diabetic neuropathy. J Neurol 998; 5: Malik RA. The pathology of human diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 997;:5-5.. Pascoe MK, Low PA, Windebank AJ, Litchy WJ. Subacute diabetic proximal neuropathy. Mayo Clin Proc 997;7: -.. Feldman EL, Stevens MJ, Greene DA. Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Neurosci 997;:5-7.. Sima AAF, Cherian PV. Neuropathology of diabetic neuropathy and its correlations with neurophysiology. Clin Neurosci 997;:59-.. Younger DS, Rosoklija G, Hays AP. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Semin Neurol 998;8:95-.. Brown WF, Feasby TE. Conduction block and denervation in Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain 98;7: Oh SJ. Clinical electromyography: Nerve Conduction Studies. nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 99;89-.. Rhee EK, England JD, Sumner AJ. A computer simulation 권 호대한신경과학회지 7
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