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1 임혁순 김두현 * 원자력발전기술원 * 충북대학교안전공학과 ( 접수 / 채택 ) A Study on Heat-Flux Evaluation for Cable Fire Including Diagnostic Methodology for Degradation in Nuclear Power Plants Hyuk-Soon Lim Doo-Hyun Kim * Reliability Engineering Team, Nuclear Engineering & Technology Institute * Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received January 4, 2011 / Accepted April 5, 2011) Abstract : The fire event occurred in fire proof zone often causes serious electrical problems such as shorts, ground faults, or open circuits in nuclear power plants. These would be directed to the loss of safe shutdown capabilities performed by safety related systems and equipments The fire event can treat the basic design principle that safety systems should keep their functions with redundancy and independency. In case of a multi-core cable fire, operators can not perform their mission properly and can misjudge the situation because of spurious operation, wrong indication or instrument. These would deteriorate the plant capabilities of safety shutdown and make disastrous conditions. In this paper, the characteristic of cable fire is investigated and the heat-flux evaluation for cable fire is studied. Moreover, a diagnostic methodology for degraded cable in nuclear power plants is presented. Key Words : cable fire, ground fault, conductor, heat flux, circuit, nuclear power plant 1. 서론 * 최근원전사업자는신규원전건설보다비용대비효과측면에서현재운영중인원자력발전소의설계수명을 40 년에서 60 년또는 80 년으로연장하기위하여장기운전 (LTO : Long term operation) 을추진하고있다. 설계수명이상으로원자력발전소를계속운전하기위해서는전력, 계측및제어케이블이설계수명이후 10 년이상계속사용하기위해케이블의열화및이에대한전기화재등에대한케이블의건전성이유지되어야한다 1). 원자력발전소에서케이블은원전안전설비의운전에너지와신호를전달하는매우중요한설비이다. 원자력발전소정상운전중케이블교체가어렵기때문에열화에대한관리가필요하고열화에따른전기화재발생시기기기능상실및오동작으로원전안전정지기능을저하시킬수있다. 미국의 To whom correspondence should be addressed. lhs6169@khnp.co.kr 외원전사업자경우원전케이블열화에대한신뢰성평가하기위하여미국전력연구소 (EPRI) 등에의뢰하여케이블열화에대한관련연구가활발히진행되고있으나국내는연구개발초기단계에있다 3). 본논문에서는원전케이블화재조사및분석, 케이블화재온도및시간특성, 국내원자력발전소내에설치되어있는케이블특성및국내최초운전중고압케이블의부분방전진단및평가를수행하여원전케이블의안전성확보에기여하고자한다. 2. 원전케이블화재조사및분석 미국원자력안전규제원회 (NRC) 에의하면 Fig. 1 과같이미국원전에서매년약 10 건정도의화재사고가발생하였다. 미국원전에서발생한화재사고에대한원인을분석한결과 Table 1 과같이전체 125 건중전기관련원인이 41%, 유지보수작업이 14%, 윤활유와절연 20
2 등케이블의고유한전기기능이상실되어전기설비정지, 오동작, 오신호등의능동형설비의고장을유발한다. 이에따라전기적회로와설비가포함된계통의고유한기능이상실되어원전의안전정지기능및안전상태유지에영향을준다 2). Fig. 1. Number of fire events in USA NPP(1995~2007). Table 1. Case of fire events at U.S. NPPs(June 2008) Information on report causes of fires at nuclear units from January 1995 through December 2007 Cause of fire Number of reported fire events Percent of total reported fire events Electrical-related Maintenance -related Oil-based lubricants or insulation 9 7 Other causes Total Source : GIAO analysis of NRC data 물질이 7%, 기타원인또는원인미상의사건이 38% 를차지하는것으로분석되었다. 국내원전의경우발생사례가없는것으로조사되었다. 3. 케이블화재온도및시간특성 3.1. 케이블화재로인한전기적기능상실 원전방화지역의가연성물질중가장많은양을차지하는것이케이블절연물질이며케이블대부분은방화지역에위치하고있다. Fig. 2 와같이원전케이블연소의주요특징은연소성, 열적손상, 절연물물성치, 화염전파성등이다. 케이블화재는절연물의연소의이어단락, 지락, 단선, 절연저하 3.2. 케이블기능상실점화시간전력케이블에연소가일어나기위해서는가연성물질, 점화원, 산소등가연성가스가존재하여야하며연소가지속되기위해서는연료의보유에너지가최소임계에너지이상유지되어야한다. 그러나이러한구비조건에서반드시연소가일어나는것은아니다. 가연성물질의종류와점화원, 산소농도, 잉여에너지에따라점화여부가결정되며점화시간도변동된다. 가연성물질에서발화가일어나기위해서는점화원에의한인화점 (Flash point), 점화원없이자연적으로발화가될경우자연발화점 (AIT : Auto-ignition temperature) 이상이여야한다. 액체와고체연료이외기체연료는확산 (Diffusion) 또는예혼합 (Pre-mixture) 연소가일어난다. 케이블을포함한고제연료의점화시간은임계열유속 (CHF ; Critical heat flux) 과열적반응계수 (TRP ; Thermal response parameter) 을고려하여점화시간은 Janssens 관계식에의하여계산할수있다. (1) 여기서 t ig : 연료의점화시간 [sec] kpc p : 물질의열관성 (thermal inertia) [kj 2 /m 4 sec K 2 ] h ig : 점화시열전달계수 [kw/m 2 K] : 외부에서연료표면에가해진열유속 [kw/m 2 ] CHF : 임계열유속 [kw/m 2 ] 3.3. 원전케이블의기능상실기준 원전케이블에대한고유특성은미국샌디아국립연구소연구결과를바탕으로화재로인한케이블의전기적기능상실판단기준은 Table 2 와같다. Fig. 2. Cable fire effects(excerpted from NUREG/CR-6834). Table 2. Damage criteria for electric cable fire Cable type Temperature criteria Radiant heat criteria Thermoplastic cable 205 (400 ) 6 kw/m 2 Thermoset cable 330 (625 ) 11 kw/m 2 한국안전학회지, 제 26 권제 2 호, 2011 년 21
3 임혁순, 김두현 Table 3. Case sample tests for thermal damage Cable insulation material Failure temp. range( ) No of tested samples Recommended failure threshold XLPO/XLPE 299~ EPR 370~ Silicone rubber 396~ Kerite FR 372~ Polyimide Kapton 미국원자력안전규제위원회와전력연구소 (EPRI) 공동으로원전의확률론적화재위험성분석을위한방법론 NUREG/CR-6850 에따르면실제화재실험에서대부분의케이블은손상기준치온도보다높은온도에서도전기적기능을유지하였다 3). 전기적기능은케이블의절연저항을기준하였으며 100Ω/100 m 이하로절연저항이감소하여케이블기능이상실하는것으로가정하였으며케이블재질에대한실험결과는 Table 3 과같다. 4. 국내원전케이블특성및신뢰성향상방안 본연구에서는국내원전에서사용되는케이블재질및특성, THIEF(Thermally-induced electric failure) 모델을이용한일정임계열속분석, 케이블기능상실온도및신뢰도향상방안에대하여연구를수행하였다 국내원전의전력케이블재질및특성 국내원전에서사용되는케이블을조사하고데이터를분석하였다. 원자력발전소에서사용되는케이블은 Fig. 3 과같이케이블재킷 (Jacket), 절연물질 (Insulation), 충전물질 (Filler), 도체 (Conductor), Drain, Wire, 피막으로구성되어있다. 케이블재킷과절연물질이모두물질로이루어져있는케이블은케이블 (ther- Table 4. Case sample tests for thermal damage 케이블재질종류 FR-XLPE : flame retardant cross-linked polyethylene XLPE : cross-linked polyethylene CSPE : chloro-sulfonated polyethylene EPR : Ethylene propylene rubber CPE : Chlorinated-Polyethylene XLPO : cross-linked polyolefin CSM(CSP) : cross-linked chloro-sulfonated polyethylene KAPTON Polyamide PE : polyethylene POLYETHYLE Tefzel CR : polychloro rubber PVC : polyvinyl chloride 특성 열가소성열가소성열가소성열가소성열가소성 moset cable) 로, 재킷과절연물질모두열가소성물질로이루어진경우열가소성케이블 (thermoplastic) 이라고한다. Table 4 와같이국내원전발전소에서사용되는대부분의케이블은안전등급기기와관련된케이블재질은절연재및재킷물질모두가재질로이루어졌고, 비안전등급관련기기들일부의절연재는이고재킷은열가소성, 일부는절연재와재킷모두가열가소성인재질로사용하고있다 국내원전케이블분석및선정 국내원전케이블의절연물질과재킷물질대부분재질은케이블인 EPR/CSP 또는동등한 EPR/CSM 케이블이 58% 사용하고있다. 그다음으로 EPR/CR 이 34% 로사용되고있다. Fig. 3. Electrical cable construction and configuration. Fig. 4. Ratio of cable installment for A plants. 22 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2011
4 Fig. 5. Koreans NPPs' sample cables. 케이블재킷물질은 CR(polychloro rubber) 이가장많이사용되고있으며그다음으로는 CSPE(Chlorosulfonated polyethylene) 가사용되었다. 그밖의재킷물질로 PVC 와 Neoprene 을사용하였다. 케이블절연물질은물질인 EPR, XLPE 를사용하였으며일부는열가소성물질인 PVC 를사용하였다. 국내표준원전인울진 A,B 호기와신형경수로인신고리 A,B 원전의케이블 14 종을확보하였다. Fig. 5 의국내원전샘플케이블 14 종에대하여외경, 총면적, 재킷두께등상세한규격을측정하고단위질량을분석하였다. Table 5 와같이케이블외경은 6~7 mm, 10~13 mm, 16~19 mm 의등급을가지며재킷의두께는 1.5~3.1 mm 이다. 도체단위질량은 0.06~0.58 kg/m 이다. 특히케이블의절연물질과재킷물질은전량케이블로구성되었다 THIEF 모델을이용한일정임계열속에서의케이블기능상실시간분석미국원전의및열가소성케이블에대한기능상실온도와시간을 CAROLFIRE 실험에서 Table 5. Detail specification for Korean NPPs' sample cables NO 외경 (Φ) 총면적 (A) Jacket 두께 Insu/jacket 단위질량 [mm] [mm 2 ] [mm] [material] [kg/m] TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS Fig. 6. Sample graph for fire experimental test for PT-01 cable. 분석하였다. 이실험에사용된기기는 PENLIGHT 실험장비로서원통형외곽을형성하는슈라우드 (shroud) 표면을일정한온도로가열하여 PENLIGHT 중심부에설치된케이블에열에너지를공급하였다. 이실험에서케이블의경우슈라우드표면온도는 407~475 이였으며열가소성케이블의경우 300~325 이었다 4). Fig. 6 은케이블 PT(Penlight test)-01 에대하여슈라우드온도를초기실내온도에서 470 까지증가시켜그상태를유지하였다. 470 에해당하는열에너지는 PENLIGHT 내부에설치된케이블의표면온도를높였으며 771 초에서케이블단락에의하여절연저항이 1,000 Ω 이하로떨어져전기적기능상실이발생하였다. THIEF 모델개발팀에서개발한실제화재실험의결과를화재모델링에의해모사하기위해개발된프로그램을이용하였다. 이프로그램은 FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator) 의서버모델로서 FDS 사용자는대상케이블의물성치와위치정보를입력하면분석할수있다. PT-01 케이블의경우입력방법은다음과같다. &PROP ID='PT-01 cable' QUANTITY='CABLE TEMPERATURE' CABLE_MASS_PER-LENGTH=0.310 CABLE_DIAMETER= CABLE_JACKET_THICKNESS= / &DEVC ID='PT-01', PROP_ID='PT-01 cable', XYZ=..., ORIENTATION =.../ 상기에서설명한 THIEF 모델을이용하여미국원전의및열가소성케이블에대한화재 한국안전학회지, 제 26 권제 2 호, 2011 년 23
5 임혁순, 김두현 Table 6. Comparison of threshold time by experiment and THIEF modeling Test Cable No. Cable 구성 ( 절열 / 자켓 ) 제한치온도 ( ) 측정된시간 (S) 분석된시간 (S) Themostates PT-1 14 XLPE/CSPE PT-2 14 XLPE/CSPE PT-3 14 XLPE/CSPE PT-7 14 XLPE/CSPE PT-9 14 XLPE/CSPE PT XLPE/CSPE PT XLPE/CSPE PT XLPE/CSPE PT-17 2 EPR/CPE PT-18 9 SR/Aramid PT-19 8 XLPO/XLPO PT-20 3 XLPE/PVC PT TEP/TEP PT XLPE/CSPE PT XLPE/CSPE Thermoplastics PT-4 5 PVC/PVC PT-5 5 PVC/PVC PT-6 5 PVC/PVC PT-8 5 PVC/PVC PT-10 5 PVC/PVC PT PE/PVC PT PE/PVC PT PE/PVC PT-21 1 PVC/PVC PT PE/PVC 모델링분석결과는 Table 6 과같다. 이표에서제시된바와같이케이블과열가소성케이블의손상임계온도는 400 와 200 를기준하였다. 이온도에서실제실험에서측정된시간과 THIEF 모델에서분석된시간은 Table 6 가장우측열의값이다. 실험에서측정한값과 THIEF 모델에서분석된값에대한불확실성해석을모든케이블에대하여수행되었다. Fig. 7 과같이실험치와모델링분석치에대한불확실도범위로서평균 3% 의오차와 20% 표준편차를보여 THIEF 모델의유효성을확인하였다 국내원전케이블기능상실온도분석 국내원전케이블의화재실험을수행한결과가 Fig. 7. Uncertainty analysis for experiment and THIEF model result. Table 7. Specific data for Korean sample cables 도체개수 (N) 도체총면적 도체체적도체질량단위체적분율분율중량 단위길이중량 NO [mm 2 ] [%] [%] [kg/m3] [kg/m] , , , , , , , ,000, , , ,013, 없지만미국원전케이블의화재실험자료와 THIEF 모델을이용하여그특성을분석하였다. Table 7 에기술된것같이샘플케이블의규격을측정하고 THIEF 모델에필요한입력정보를조사및데이터를이용하여국내원전케이블의특성을분석하였다. THIEF 모델에서계산된케이블재킷하부의온도는화재가발생한이후 Table 8 과같이 300 초및 570 초에서측정되었다. 24 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2011
6 Table 8. Cable temperature of Korean sample cable by use THIEF model 외경 (Φ) 총면적 (A) Jacket 두께 Insu/ jacket 300 초경과온도 570 초경과온도 NO [mm] [mm 2 ] [mm] [material] [ ] [ ] TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS TS/TS 원전케이블신뢰도향상방안원자력발전소에설치되어있는케이블화재사고유형을보면절연체내부의초기결함이나시공불량에의한초기고장이대부분이지만, 사용년수증가에따른전기적, 기계적, 열적및방사능스트레스에의한열화에의한사고이다. 본논문에서고압케이블에대한신뢰성향상방안으로열화진단고주파부분방전측정 (HFPD: High Frequency Partial Discharge Measurement) 법으로불리는이기술을사용하여수 ~ 수백 MHz 대역의주파수영역에서부분방전을측정하여케이블에대하여열화진단을수행하였다. Fig. 8은국내원자력발전소고압펌프전동기의전력케이블 (13.8 kv) 에대한측정주파수에따른부분방전검출결과로서 12 MHz 대역에서측정하는경우노이즈로인하여부분방전펄스를구분할수없 (a) 12MHz (b) 27MHz Fig. 8. Low(a) and High(b) Frequency band. 었다. 그러나 27 MHz 대역의경우부분방전펄스를확연히구분할수있다 6). 따라서부분방전신호의주파수특성을이용하여최적의부분방전신호 / 노이즈 (S/N) 비를가지는고주파대역을선정하여부분방전시험을통하여실선로에서열화결함을진단할수있었다 7). 5. 결론 국내외원전의케이블화재발생건수조사결과매년약 10 건내외의화재사고발생하였으며그중전기관련원인이약 41% 를차지하는것으로분석되었다. 원전케이블의화재로인한전기적기능상실판단온도케이블 (thermoset cable) 경우 330, 열가소성케이블 (thermoplastic) 은 205 이다. THIEF 모델에서계산된케이블재킷하부의온도는화재가발생한이후 300 초및 570 초에서측정되었다. 향후국내원전케이블의실제화재실험을통하여임계열속을비교평가할예정이다. 고주파부분방전측정이용하여원자력발전소를정지하지않고진단하는실선로의결함여부를주기적으로수행함으로써원자력발전소안전운전에기여할것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1) 한수원, 울진 3,4 호기원자력발전소주기적안전성평가, 전력계통, ) J.L. Lachance, et al. Circuit Analysis : Failure mode and Likelihood Analysis, (NUREG/CR-6834), ) EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Methodology for Nuclear Power Facilities,(NUREG/CR-6850), ) Thchnical Review Report of CAROLFIRE Experimental Results, KHNP/ 단 -0002, ) Development of Nondestructive Aging Evaluation Technique for Nuclear Cable, KHNP, ) Su-Kil Lee, et al., Characteristics of high frequency partial discharge for artificially defected extra high voltage accessories, IEEE conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp. 682~685, ) E.Pultrum, E.F.Steennis, M.J.M.Vanreit, Test after laying, diagnostic testing using partial discharge testing at site, CIGRE session 15/21/33-12, 한국안전학회지, 제 26 권제 2 호, 2011 년 25
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