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1 한국섬유공학회지, Vol. 52, No. 6, ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 탄소섬유펼침기술을적용한 CF/PA6 적층복합재료의특성 박성민 1 김명순 1 최윤성 1 이은수 1 천진성 2 유호욱 2 1 다이텍연구원, 2 ( 주 ) 티포엘 Properties of CF/PA6 Laminate Composites Prepared Using the Carbon Fiber Spreading Technology Sung-min Park 1, Myung Soon Kim 1, Yoon Sung Choi 1, Eun Soo Lee 1, Jin Sung Chon 2, and Ho Wook Yoo 2 1 Korea Dyeing & Finishing Technology Institute (DYETEC), Daegu 41706, Korea 2 Department of Composite Materials R&D Center, Textile for Life (T4L), Gyeongsan 38474, Korea Corresponding Author: Sung-min Park aububa@dyetec.or.kr Received November 4, 2015 Revised November 29, 2015 Accepted December 3, 2015 c 2015 The Korean Fiber Society Abstract: This paper reports the preparation of CF/PA6 (Polyamide 6) laminate composites using tow-spreading technology. Additionally, the effect of the spread tow on impregnation was investigated by Darcy s law. The thickness of an unspread 12K carbon fiber tow was reduced by increasing the tow width from 7 to 20 mm. The PA6 film was used to stabilize and impregnate the spread tow by covering it with a partially consolidated prepreg:12k carbon fiber spread tow/pa6 film. The laminate composites were fabricated from the prepreg and, for comparison, the other laminate composite was produced from a conventional tow prepreg of 12K carbon fiber/pa6 film. Consequently, the spread tow laminate composite exhibited a lower void content and improved mechanical properties. Keywords: carbon fiber, polyamide 6, spread tow, prepreg, laminate, thermoplastic composite 1. 서론 프리프레그를이용하여생산된복합재료는타재료에비해비강도, 비강성, 내식성, 피로수명등의다양한특성을개선할수있게되므로우주항공산업, 스포츠레저용품및수송기계분야등에서다양하게사용되며특히, 수송기계분야의재활용요구에따라열가소성복합재료에대한관심이증대되고있다. 열가소성복합재료의장점은수지의반응이완결된상태이므로화학반응에시간이필요하지않고, 파괴강도가매우높고, 저온에서저장할필요가없으며, 공정후모양변화도가능한점이다. 이에비해열경화성수지는점도가낮아함침성이우수하여기존에다양한연구와더불어제품생산에많이사용되었지만재활용이어렵고, 수지의경화사이클이길다는단점이있다 [1]. 최근에는친환경에대한세계적관심이증대되고세계시장을토대로가격경쟁력확보가시급해짐에따라재활용및공정시간단축을이점으로한열가소성고분자복합소재가 주목받고있으나, 열가소성수지의경우반응이완결되었으므로용융점도가매우높기때문에함침성이낮고이로인한제품의가격경쟁력저하에대한문제점을고려하지않을수없다. 이러한열가소성복합재료의경우공정속도증가로인해제품의함침성이떨어질수있기때문에제조공정효율성향상을고려하여생산성을높여야한다 [2]. 공정효율을향상시키기위해서는수지의점도를낮춰흐름성을개선하는방법이있고, 또는높은압력을가하여제조하거나섬유의두께를감소시켜함침되는깊이를줄이는방법이있다. 먼저, 수지의점도를낮춰흐름성이높은수지를사용할경우일반적으로함침성은개선될수있으나분자량이낮아짐에따라기지재의성능이낮아지는문제점이있기때문에수지의물성은그대로유지시키면서최저점도를가지는성형조건을찾아야한다. 다른방법으로는높은압력을가하여수지의함침성을증가시킬수있으나이를위해서는공정설비에따른비용이증가되고섬유에손상을초래할수있으므로이상적이지못하다. 이에 367
2 368 박성민 김명순 최윤성 이은수 천진성 유호욱 Textile Science and Engineering, 2015, 52, 반해섬유를펼칠경우, 폭이넓어지면서두께가감소되어함침시간을단축시킬수있으므로다른공정조건보다효율성이높은함침도를확보할수있다. 이러한현상은아래 Darcy의법칙에따른다 [3]. t = ηs 2 /2KΔP (1) 위식에서 t는함침시간, s는함침깊이 ( 섬유의두께 ), η는수지의점도, ΔP는압력구배, K는투과성계수를나타낸다. 즉, 수지가섬유다발에함침될때섬유에수직방향으로일어나게되는데함침성을높이기위해서는온도를수지의특성에맞게가능한높여서점도를낮게유지시키고, 섬유의폭을넓히는공정을통해섬유의두께를얇게해주면함침성이향상됨을의미한다. 나아가복합재료제조시무게, 강도등의물성을향상시킬수있어열가소성수지의함침이용이하다고할수있다. 초경량복합재료를제조하기위해본연구에서는섬유펼침효과에대한이론적인접근과함께 spread tow 프리프레그제조및이를적층한 CF/PA6 복합재료의성능을평가하고결과를제시하였다. 2. 실험 2.1. 실험재료본연구에서는 12K 탄소섬유 (T700SC, TORAY, Japan) 와두께 30 μm, 평량 65 g/m 2 의 PA6 필름 (Kolon, Korea) 을사용하였다 탄소섬유펼침공정기존에는섬유가특수한형태로가공된여러개의가이드롤을지나면서섬유가펼쳐지므로섬유에손상이발생할수있다. 하지만본연구에서사용된장비는섬유손상을최소화하기위해롤러표면을특수가공하였고, 섬유의폭이커짐에따라롤러의곡률과사이즈변화를고려하여설계및제작하였다. 또한마찰롤러및트레버스장치를사용하여기존기술보다효과적으로 spread tow를제조할수있었다. Figure 1에본연구에사용된 tow spreading 장치의사진및모식도를나타내었다. 펼침성향상을위해 furnace (300 o C) 에서탄소섬유의일부가탈호 (desizing) 되고, 섬유 Figure 2. The carbon fiber tow; (a) before (7 mm) and (b) after (20 mm) spreading. 진행방향과역방향으로회전하는마찰롤러및좌, 우로왕복운동을하는트래버스장치를거쳐폭 20 mm의 spread tow가된다. Figure 2에서는탄소섬유의 spreading 전, 후폭을비교하였다 PA6 필름의열분석 PA6 필름의온도별점도를측정하여최적의함침조건을설정하고자 o C, 10 o C/min으로 DSC를측정하였고, o C, 10 o C/min으로 TGA를측정하였다. 또한 rotational rheometer를사용하여 frequency 1 Hz, temp o C (5 o C/min), strain 5%, minimum torque oscillation 10 nn m, maximum torque 150 mn m, torque resolution 0.1 nn m, measuring geometry 25 mm plate, measuring gap 1 mm의조건으로복소점도를측정하였다 CF/PA6 적층복합재료제조 Spreading 전, 후의 tow와 PA6 필름을사용하여프리프레그를제조하기위해 Figure 3의모식도와같은장비를사용하였다. 각구간별설정조건은 preheating zone 280 o C이고, heating & press zone의온도및압력은 300 o C, 5 bar이며, take up 속도는 1m/min이다. Figure 4에제조된 CF/PA6 프리프레그를나타내었고, Table 1에시편의사양을나타내었다. 그리고위와같이제조된프리프레그를일방향으로적층후 300 o C, 20 min, 6.8 MPa의조건으로 compression molding을통해가로 100 mm, 세로 120 mm, 두께 2mm의 Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the carbon fiber tow-spreading device. Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the CF/PA6 thermoplastic prepreg line.
3 탄소섬유펼침기술을적용한 CF/PA6 적층복합재료의특성 369 cross head speed 2 mm/min 속도로시험하였고, 굴곡시험은 ASTM D790 시험법에따라 1 mm/min의속도로시험하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1. 섬유펼침기술의이론적접근함침시간, 수지점도, 투과성계수, 압력구배조건을고려하여섬유펼침효과에대해아래식 (6) 과같이이론적으로접근할수있다 [4]. Figure 4. CF/PA6 prepreg 1 ply; (a) spread tow prepreg and (b) unspread tow prepreg. Table 1. Specifications of the CF/PA6 prepreg Spec. Unspread tow prepreg Spread tow prepreg Number of tow 15 5 Fiber content (wt%) Width (mm) Thickness (mm) 최종시편을완성하였다 CF/PA6 적층복합재료의밀도, 기공및섬유체적률제조된적층복합재료의밀도를측정하기위해 ASTM D792 실험법에기준하여식 (2) 에의해밀도를측정하였다. ρ c = W air /(W air W liquid )ρ liquid (2) W air 는공기중의복합재료시편의중량 (g), W liquid 는시편을액체 ( 증류수 ) 에넣었을때의중량이고 (g), ρ liquid 는액체의밀도 (g/cc), ρ c 는복합재료시편의밀도 (g/cc) 이다. 그리고 ASTM D 에따라아래식 (3), (4) 를이용하여섬유체적률 (V f ) 및기공체적률 (V v ) 을계산하였다. V f (%) = (M f /M i ) ρ c /ρ f 100 (3) V m (%) = (M i M f )/M i ρ c /ρ f 100 (4) V v (%) = 100 (V f V m ) (5) 여기에서, V f 는섬유의체적 (%) 이고, V m 은매트릭스의체적 (%), V v 는기공의체적 (%), M f 는수지제거후중량 (g), M i 는초기시편의중량 (g), ρ c 는시편의밀도 (g/cc) 그리고 ρ f 은섬유의밀도 (g/cc) 이다 CF/PA6 적층복합재료의기계적물성시험 Spreading 전, 후 tow를사용한복합재료의기계적특성을비교하였다. 인장시험은 ASTM D638 시험에기준하여 s =(2KΔP/η) 1/2 (6) D = s/h z (P a ) (7) h z (P a )=A c /W = NA f /WV f (8) 여기에서, s는함침깊이 ( 섬유두께 ), D는함침도, h z (P a ) 는일정압력 (P a ) 에서 tow의두께, A c 는 tow의단면적, W는 tow 의폭, N은필라멘트수, A f 는필라멘트의단면적, V f 는섬유체적률을나타낸다. 식 (7) 에서알수있듯이기존설비를그대로사용하면서함침도를높이기위해서는일정압력하에서 tow의두께를감소시켜야함침도를증가시킬수있다. 또한식 (8) 과같이일정압력에서의 tow의두께는폭에반비례함을알수있다. 그러므로함침도가높은열가소성고분자복합재료를제조하기위해서는 tow의폭을넓혀함침깊이즉, 두께를줄여야한다 CF/PA6 적층복합재료의특성섬유강화복합재료제조시함침성은기계적강도에중요한영향을주는요소중하나이다. 본연구에서와같이동일한수지를사용한다면수지의점도가가장낮은조건을선택해야함침성향상에유리하다. 그래서본연구에적합한공정온도를알아내기위해열분석을수행하였는데, Figure 5, 6에 PA6 필름의 DSC, TGA 결과를각각나타내었다. DSC를통해융점이 183 o C임을확인하였고, TGA를통해약 390 o C에서열분해가발생함을알수있었다. 하지만위의결과만으로는정확한공정온도를판단하기어렵기때문에 Figure 7과같이온도에따른수지의점도변화를조사하였다. 온도가올라갈수록점도가감소하다가 303 o C 이상에서부터점도가상승함을보였는데, 이는 PA6 수지의열분해에의한탄화현상에기인하며, 300 o C가최적의함침성을보장하는공정온도로판단된다. Spread tow 사용에따른적층복합재료의물리적, 기계적특성을조사하여 Table 2와 Figure 8에나타내었다. 시편의두께를 2mm로제조하기위해프리프레그적층수를각각달리하였으나, 밀도측정결과거의비슷한수치로측정되
4 370 박성민 김명순 최윤성 이은수 천진성 유호욱 Textile Science and Engineering, 2015, 52, Table 2. Properties of laminate composites prepared from the carbon fiber spread and unspread tow Figure 5. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the PA6 film. Spec. Unspread tow composite Spread tow composite Number of plies 8 15 Measured density (g/cm 3 ) 1.41± ±0.01 Fiber volume fraction (%) 25.21± ±0.77 Void content (%) 2.88± ±0.06 Tensile strength (MPa) ± ±60.14 Tensile modulus (GPa) 1.86± ±0.11 Tensile elongation at break point (%) Flexural strength (MPa) 894± ±60.04 Flexural modulus (GPa) 1.92± ±0.13 T700SC 12K carbon fiber : tensile strength 4,900 MPa, tensile modulus 230 GPa, elongation 2.1%. Figure 6. Thermogravimetric analysis of the PA6 film. Figure 8. Stress-strain curve of the spread tow and unspread tow laminate composites. Figure 7. Complex viscosity of a PA6 resin film depending on temperature. 어섬유펼침효과를비교하는데적절한시편으로판단된다. 제조된적층복합재료의기공함유량은 spread tow를사용한시편보다 unspread tow를사용한시편이더높게측정되었는데, 이는앞서언급한식 (7) 에서함침도는 tow 의두께에반비례함에기인한다. 즉, 복합재료내기공은섬유사이에함침되지않은공간 (RRAs, resin rich area) 에존재하는데, unspread tow는섬유가조밀하게밀집되어있기때문에수지가쉽게침투하지못한다. 반면 spread tow 는섬유구조를물리적으로펼쳐줌으로써각섬유사이의공간을충분히확보하여 PA6 수지가좀더쉽게침투할수있게해주기때문에함침성이증가하므로기공체적이줄어든다 [5]. 이러한현상은 Figure 9의프리프레그단면 SEM 사진을통해확인할수있었다. (a) 의경우표면은함침되었으나두께방향으로갈수록전혀함침이이루어지지않았다. 만약에이상태로적층하여복합재료를제조하면각층에존재하는 RRAs에의해결점으로작용될것이다. 이와는대조적으로 (b) 의경우표면은물론두께방향으로도균일하게함침이이루어져있기때문에적층복합재료제조시성형시간을단축할수있고더높은강도를기대할수있다. 실제기계적물성시험결과인장및굴곡탄성률
5 탄소섬유펼침기술을적용한 CF/PA6 적층복합재료의특성 371 향을주는요소이므로점도가가장낮은조건을선택해야함침성향상에유리하다. 또한섬유를연속적으로펼치는기술은열가소성복합재료의생산성과제품의품질을향상시키고, 앞으로도그발전가능성이크다. 12k spread tow 의폭은기존보다약 3배가넓어졌고, 두께는 0.10 mm에서 0.04 mm로 2.5배줄어들었다. 다시말해, 탄소섬유의직경이 7μm라고가정하면하나의 tow에섬유층이 14층에서 6층으로 2배이상축소되었음을의미한다. 이렇듯, 물리적으로섬유를펼쳐줌으로써 PA6 수지가좀더쉽게섬유사이를침투할수있기때문에미함침지역을줄임과동시에기계적물성을향상시킨결과를얻었다. 기존의섬유 tow를사용한복합재료의섬유함유량이더높았음에도불구하고 spread tow를사용한복합재료의기계적특성이더높은경향을나타내었다. 이렇듯, spread tow를사용하면매우얇은층으로구성할수있기때문에면내외에서최적의특성발현이기대된다. 결과적으로, 적층복합재료에서층의두께는기계적특성을제어하는주된역할을하므로궁극적인복합재료를제조하기위해서는함침도를향상시켜기공을최소화하는것이고, 이를위해서는함침깊이가짧을수록유리함을본연구를통해조사되었다. Figure 9. SEM images of the tow prepreg; (a) unspread tow prepreg and (b) spread tow prepreg. 은거의같거나아주약간상승하는경향을보였지만, 강도의경우 spread tow를사용한시편이기존 tow를사용한시편보다섬유체적률이낮음에도불구하고더높게측정되었다. 이와비슷한연구사례중, Kim과 Soni의층두께에따른층간분리에의한파단에대한연구결과에서파단되기시작하는최대응력이얇은층으로이루어진복합재료가더우수함이입증되었고 [6], Rodini와 Eisenmann의시뮬레이션에의한연구에서도얇은층으로된적층복합재료보다두꺼운층으로이루어진적층구조에서미세균열, 층간분리와같은결함이더많이발생하는것으로조사되었다 [7]. 또한 Wang이제시한에너지방출속도에의한적층구조균열성장에대한연구에서횡균열과층간분리는두꺼운층으로이루어진복합재료에서더쉽게발생하는것으로나타났다 [8]. 결과적으로, 두꺼운층의적층복합재료는비교적작은응력만으로도파괴될수있음을의미한다. 위의연구사례와같이결함에대한저항이우수한복합재료를만들기위해서는얇은층을균일하게여러겹적층하는것이바람직하다 [9,10]. 4. 결론 섬유강화복합재료제조시함침성은물성에중요한영 감사의글 : 본연구는한국산업기술평가관리원의산업핵심기술개발사업과제 ( ) 의지원을받아수행하였습니다. References 1. S. W. Shin, R. Y. Kim, K. Kawabe, and S. W. Tsai, Experimental Studies of Thin-ply Laminated Composites, Compos. Sci. Tech., 2007, 67, J. U. Roh and W. I. Lee, Review : Continuous Fiber Tow Spreading Technologies and Its Applications, J. Korean Soc. Compos. Mat., 2013, 26, T. W. Kim, E. J. Jun, M. K. Um, and W. I. Lee, A Study on the Effect of Pressure on the Resin Impregnation of Fiber Bundles, J. Korean Soc. Compos. Mat., 1988, 1, I. L. Chang and J. K. Lee, Recent Development in Thermoplastic Composites: A Review of Matrix Systems and Processing Methods, J. Thermoplast. Compos., 1988, 1, M. H. EL-Dessouky and C. A. Lawrence, Ultra-lightweight Carbon Fiber/thermoplastic Composite Material Using Spread Tow Technology, Compos. Part B, 2013, 50, R. Y. Kim and S. R. Soni, Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Onset of Delamination in Laminated Composites, J. Compos. Mater., 1984, 18, B. T. Rodini, Jr. and J. R. Eisenmann, An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Edge Delamination in Composite Laminates, Fibr. Compos. Struct. Desig., 1980, 1,
6 372 박성민 김명순 최윤성 이은수 천진성 유호욱 Textile Science and Engineering, 2015, 52, A. S. D. Wang and F. W. Crossman, Initiation and Growth of Transverse Crack and Edge Delamination in Composite Laminate : Part 1, An Energy Method, J. Compos. Mater., 1980, 14, M. S. Irfan, V. R. Machavaram, R. S. Mahendran, N. Shotton- Gale, C. F. Wait, M. A. Paget, and M. A. Hudson, Lateral Spreading of a Fiber Bundle via Mechanical Means, J. Compos. Mater., 2012, 46, B. Henk and J. G. Reinoud, Impregnation of Glass Rovings with a Polyamide Melt, Part 1 : Impregnation Bath, Compos. Manuf., 1993, 4,
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