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1 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 1 호 pp January 2018 / 71 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 35, No. 1, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 공초점변위센서를이용한폰카메라렌즈의자동초점구동측정 Measurement of Auto-Focus Driving Distance for Mobile Phone Camera Lens Using a Confocal Displacement Sensor 손석우 1, 김학용 2,# Suk Woo Son 1 and Hagyong Kihm 2,# 1 LG 이노텍광학솔루션사업부 (Optical Solution Division, LG Innotek Co., Ltd.) 2 한국표준과학연구원우주광학센터 (Center for Space Optics, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science) # Corresponding Author / hkihm@kriss.re.kr, TEL: KEYWORDS: Confocal displacement sensor ( 공초점변위센서 ), AF driving distance (AF 구동거리 ), Camera module ( 카메라모듈 ), VCM dynamic tilt (VCM 동적틸트 ) In mobile phone cameras, usually a voice coil motor (VCM) is used as a micro-positioning device for the image autofocus (AF) because of its low cost, simplicity, and reliability. Measuring the actual displacement of the VCM is important when we assemble the camera and test the AF performance for distant objects. In this paper, we propose using a confocal displacement sensor for calibrating the VCM displacement, where the axial chromatic aberration of a confocal objective lens is used to measure the target position. The tolerance angle for the dynamic tilt of a VCM increased up to ±15 o because of the large numerical aperture of the confocal objective lens, which increased the stability of the repeatable in-line inspection. We compared the measurement robustness of the confocal displacement sensor with that of the laser displacement sensor in a mass production line to verify its performance superiority. Manuscript received: February 22, 2017 / Revised: June 13, 2017 / Accepted: August 8, 서론스마트폰카메라들은초점거리를자동으로조절할수있는 AF (Auto Focus) 기능을대부분갖추고있다. 자동초점기능을위해서는렌즈를광축방향으로이동시킬수있는구동기가필요하다. 카메라모듈에사용되는 AF 구동기의종류는 VCM (Voice Coil Motor), 피에죠 (Piezo), 스테핑모터 (Stepping Motor) 등여러방식이있으나그중에서도 VCM 방식이가장널리사용되고있다. VCM은제작구조의단순성및낮은가격그리고높은신뢰성으로인해대부분의카메라모듈에서 AF 구동기로사용한다. 하지만이런장점에도불구하고 VCM의근본적인구조적한계로인해구동중에렌즈의틸트 (Tilt) 가발생하는문제가있으며이로인한카메라모듈의광학성능저하가여전히 VCM 의개선과제로남아있다. 1 VCM의틸트는크게정적틸트 (Static Tilt) 와동적틸트 (Dynamic Tilt) 로구분이되는데정적틸트는 VCM을구동하지않은상태에서의 VCM 바닥면과 Lens 중심축 과의틸트를말하며, 동적틸트는 VCM의동작과정에서발생하는틸트를말한다. 동적틸트의주요원인으로는판스프링의위치별강성차이, 내부자석의위치별자기력세기차이, 보빈 (Bobbin) 에감겨진코일의밀도차이등으로주로 VCM의제작과정에서발생된다. Fig. 1은 12 메가픽셀 (Mega Pixel) 급카메라모듈에사용되는 VCM의동적틸트를측정한데이터로최대 13 (Arc- Minute) 까지동적틸트가특정한방향성이없이발생함을확인할수있다. AF 구동시초점거리변위량은카메라모듈의주요성능평가항목중하나로카메라모듈에서는최대변위량에대한사양을정해놓고이를관리하고있다. 카메라모듈의 AF 변위량을측정할때가장많이사용하는방법은비접촉식레이저변위센서를이용하는것이다. 2,3 레이저변위센서는삼각측정원리를이용한비접촉식광학측정방식으로 Fig. 2에레이저변위센서를이용한카메라모듈의 AF 변위량측정방법을나타내었다. 레이저광원이투광렌즈를 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 72 / January 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 1 호 Fig. 1 Distribution of VCM dynamic tilt for camera module Fig. 3 Reflectance characteristics of the laser displacement sensor light source according to the measurement object Fig. 4 Measurement differences of the AF driving distance at 3 measuring points A, B, C Fig. 2 AF displacement measurement method of a camera module using a laser displacement sensor 통해배럴 (Barrel) 에조사되고, 배럴을맞고되돌아오는반사광을수광렌즈로집광하여 PSD (Position Sensitive Detector) 에수광되면센서에서수광량이최대가되는지점의위치변화를감지하여변위량을측정하게된다. 4,5 이때변위측정위치는카메라모듈의광축중심인렌즈중심이아니라중심에서떨어진배럴이다. 이는레이저광원의측정물체에따른반사특성때문인데, Fig. 3(a) 에서와같이레이저가렌즈와같은곡률이있는경면체에입사되면정반사가일어나게되고, 이때레이저광원의직진성으로인해입사광이렌즈의중심에서조금만벗어나게되어도렌즈의곡률에의해반사광의각도가급격히변하게되어 PSD 센서에수광하지못하는현상이발생할수있다. 6,7 반면에배럴은렌즈와는달리평탄한면을유지하고있으며, 거친표면특성으로인해확산반사가일어나게되고배럴에틸트가있더라도반사광이일정범위로확산되기때문에 PSD 센서에서비교적안정적으로반사광을수광할수있다. 8 카메라모듈의제작공차및측정장비의셋업 (Setup) 공차등을고려했을때공정중에항상렌즈의중심을오차없이측정하는것이불가능하며, 따라서렌즈에비해수광이안정적인배럴에측정점을두고 AF 변위량을측정하고있다. 하지만이러한레이저변위측정방식에는한가지문제점이존재한다. VCM에서는구동시동적틸트가발생하게되는데, 이동적틸트로인해실제렌즈중심에서의 AF 변위량과배럴에서의측정값이달라지게된다. Fig. 4에서와같이변위측정점을 A, B, C로각각다른지점을측정했을때 VCM의틸트가없거나정적틸트만있는경우는 AF 구동시각측정점에서의변위량이모두동일하지만동적틸트가있는경우는각위치별로변위량에차이가발생함을알수있다. 카메라모듈에서정의하는 AF 변위량은렌즈의광축중심이수직방향으로이동한거리를의미한다. 즉배럴에서측정된변위량은 VCM의동적틸트로인해카메라모듈에서정의하는 AF 변위량을정확히반영하지못한다고할수있다. 동적틸트가 θ만큼발생했을때렌즈중심 (B지점) 에서변위량을측정한값과배럴 (A or C지점 ) 에서변위량을측정했을때의값의차이는다음의식으로표현할수있다. e d( or f e) = AB( or BC) sinθ (1)

3 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 1 호 January 2018 / 73 Fig. 5 Structure of confocal displacement sensor 일반적인모바일폰카메라모듈의렌즈중심에서배럴까지의거리 (AB) 를 2.5 mm, 그리고동적틸트최대스펙을 ± 13 (Arc- Minute) 이라고할때, 배럴에서측정한변위량은렌즈중심에서측정한변위량과최대약 11 μm이차이가날수있다. 이는 VCM 최대 AF 변위량이 300 μm이라했을때약 4% 에해당하는오차값으로, 현재처럼배럴에서측정한결과는카메라모듈에서정의하고있는 AF 변위량을정확하게반영하지못하는문제점을가지고있다. 따라서본연구에서는렌즈의 AF 구동변위량의정확한측정을위해배럴이아닌렌즈표면의변위를직접측정할수있는새로운방법을제안하고, 이측정시스템에대한검증을진행하였다. Fig. 6 Comparison of displacement sensors 2. 본론 2.1 공초점변위센서의원리및특성백색광공초점변위센서는 Fig. 5와같이 LED로부터나온백색광이광섬유와핀홀 (Pin Hole) 을지나렌즈를통해대상물로입사되면빛의파장에따라초점위치가다르게맺히도록설계된색수차유발렌즈를거친후각파장에따라높이가다른위치에초점이형성된다. 이때대상물을맞고되돌아오는반사광은입사광과동일한축으로다시입사되고그중초점이맞는파장의빛대부분이핀홀을지나센서부로수광되고나머지파장의반사광은핀홀을통과하지못하게된다. 핀홀을통과한특정파장의빛은장치내부의분광기를통과해서수광소자로입사되는데분광기에서어떤파장의빛이들어오는지를검출해냄으로써대상물의거리를측정할수있다. 9,10 Fig. 6은렌즈와같이곡률이있는경면체를측정할때공초점변위센서와레이저변위센서측정방식의차이에대해표현한그림이다. 공초점변위센서는광원으로부터나온빛이측정대상물에수직한방향에서초점이맺히면서입사된다. 이렇게수렴 (Converging) 된빛이측정대상물을맞고반사될때에는발산 Fig. 7 Angular deviation tolerance according to displacement sensor method (Diverging) 되어넓은범위로퍼져서수광부로들어오기때문에수광면적이넓어레이저변위센서방식에비해반사광을수광하는데훨씬유리하다. 또한반사광의일부만수광하더라도파장

4 한국정밀공학회지 제 35 권 제 1 호 74 / January 2018 Fig. 9 Input intensity of light received on confocal sensor Fig. 8 Device configuration for testing the confocal displacement sensor 정보를 통해 안정적으로 대상물을 측정할 수 있다.11,12 반면에 레이저 변위 센서는 레이저 광원의 직진성으로 인해 입사광과 반 사광이 항상 일정한 각도를 유지하지 않으면 수광 센서로 반사광 을 수광하지 못하여 측정 각도가 극히 제한적이다. Fig. 7은 공초점 변위 센서와 레이저 변위 센서로 곡률이 있는 렌즈를 측정한 데이터로서, 공초점 변위 센서가 레이저 변위 센서 방식에 비해 훨씬 넓은 각도 범위에서 측정이 가능함을 알 수 있 다. 측정에 사용된 변위 센서는 모두 현재 상업용으로 판매가 되 고 있는 제품들로 공초점 변위 센서는 Omron사의 ZW-S7030 모 델을 사용하였고, 레이저 변위 센서는 Keyence사의 LK-G30 모 델을 사용하였다. 2.2 실험 방법 및 장치 모든 양산 테스트 장비들은 측정 기기의 위치 셋업에 대한 공차, 측정 지그(Jig)의 제작 공차 및 카메라 모듈의 제작 공차 등으로 인 해 모든 제품마다 측정 위치가 항상 일정하지 않고 이동오차가 발 생하며, 양산 테스트 장비들은 이러한 측정 위치 공차까지 감안하 여 측정 정밀도를 높여야 한다. 따라서 공초점 변위 센서의 공정 시프트에 대한 공차 및 측정 정밀도를 분석하였다. 먼저 공초점 변 Fig. 10 Measurement results of input intensity of 1st lens surface 위 센서로 측정 가능한 렌즈의 구간을 확인하였고, 측정 가능 구간 내에서 정밀한 측정이 이루어지는지를 확인하였다. 이를 위한 테 스트 장치의 구성은 Fig. 8과 같다. X-Y 스테이지(Stage)를 이용하 돌아오는 빛의 수광량을 측정한 그래프이다. 이중 첫 번째 피크 여 각 축 방향으로 렌즈를 100 μm씩 이동시켜 가면서 공초점 변위 (Peak) 위치가 1번 렌즈의 윗면을 맞고 돌아오는 빛의 수광량을 센서의 측정 범위를 확인하였다. 렌즈가 변위 센서의 측정점 정 위 나타내는 것으로, 렌즈의 중심을 기준으로 공초점 변위 센서의 치에 위치하도록 정렬 지그를 따로 제작하여 렌즈의 중심을 측정 측정 위치를 X와 Y축으로 각각 일정 간격으로 이동 시키면서 점의 한 가운데 정렬토록 하였다. 또한 스텝 모터를 이용하여 렌즈 첫 번째 피크가 감지되는 구간을 변위 센서의 측정 가능 구간으 가 정확한 값으로 이동하도록 정밀하게 제어 하였다. 볼스크류 로 판별하였다. (Ball Screw)의 리드(Lead)는 2 mm 이다. 공초점 변위 센서의 측정 가능 구간을 구한 다음, 그 구간 내에 공초점 변위 센서에서의 측정 가능 여부는 분광센서의 수광 서 측정이 얼마나 정밀하게 이루어지는지를 검증하였다. 검증 방 량의 세기로 판별하였다. Fig. 9는 변위 센서에서 렌즈를 맞고 법은 렌즈를 광축 방향으로 300 μm을 이동시키고, 변위 센서가

5 한국정밀공학회지 제 35 권 제 1 호 January 2018 / 75 Fig. 11 Measurement results of AF displacement for lens 이 변위량을 얼마나 정확하게 측정하는지를 확인하는 방법으로 -550 μm에서 +450 μm까지의 구간 내에서 센서로 반사광이 수광 각 구간에서 5회 반복 측정을 실시하였다. 되는 것을 확인하였으며, Y축으로는 -500 μm에서 +450 μm의 범 위 내에서 반사광이 수광되는 것을 확인하였다. 2.3 실험 결과 및 고찰 센서 수광량 측정 결과는 Fig. 10에서와 같이 X축 방향으로는 Fig. 11에서는 공초점 변위 센서의 수광 가능 범위 내의 각 지 점에서 300 μm의 렌즈 이동에 대한 변위량 측정 결과를 테이블

6 76 / January 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 1 호 공초점변위센서방식으로 AF 구동변위량을측정한결과를비교한그래프이다. 공초점방식으로측정한결과표준편차가 μm로레이저변위센서로측정한표준편차값 8.08 μm보다작은표준편차가발생하는것을확인하였다. 이는공초점방식이레이저방식에비해카메라모듈의 AF 구동변위측정시작은산포로보다안정적으로측정되는것으로판단할수있다. 3. 결론 Fig. 12 Histogram of AF displacement measurement results (Confocal method vs. Laser method) 로나타내었다. 테이블하단의그래프는렌즈가초기위치에서 300 μm의거리를이동하는동안시간에따른이동량의변화를각측정지점별로나타낸것이다. #1에서부터 #5는측정회수를나타낸것으로동일지점에서 5회반복측정하였다. X축의경우렌즈의중심으로부터 -550 μm에서 +400 μm까지의구간내에서최대측정오차가 0.89 μm로측정되었다. 이는실제변위값 (300 μm) 의 0.3% 에해당되는오차로서, 이구간에서는정밀한측정이이루어지고있음을알수있다. Y축의경우도 X축방향의결과와유사하게 -500 μm에서 +400 μm까지의구간내에서는최대측정오차가 0.82 μm으로실제변위값의 0.27% 수준으로정밀한계측이이루어짐을확인하였다. 하지만 X, Y축모두 +450 μm 지점에서는변위센서에서수광량이감지되고있음에도불구하고측정오차가각각 μm과 μm이나발생하였다. 또한측정값의시간에따른변화도다른구간의그래프와는달리비선형적으로발생하고있음을확인하였다. 이는공초점변위센서가측정대상으로부터오는반사광을수광하더라도그수광량이충분하지않으면계측값에에러가발생할수있음을의미한다. 향후정밀한계측이가능한최소수광량조건및이를개선하기위한계측알고리즘에대한연구가추가적으로진행되어야할것으로보인다. 종합해보면, 공초점변위센서로렌즈의 AF 변위량을측정할경우렌즈중심으로부터 ±400 μm 이내의지점에서는측정오차가 0.3% 이하로정밀한측정이가능하며, 이는측정위치의이동오차가발생하더라도 ±400 μm까지는허용가능한수준임을의미한다. 현재양산에서사용중인 AF 변위측정장비의측정점위치에대한이동오차는 ±300 μm으로공초점변위센서의정밀측정가능범위는이를충분히만족하며양산측정시스템으로적용에문제가없음을알수있다. Fig. 12는 500개의동일샘플에대해레이저변위센서방식과 본연구에서는렌즈와같은곡률을가진경면체에서도안정적으로변위측정이가능한공초점변위센서를사용하여카메라모듈렌즈의 AF 구동거리변위량을측정하였다. 실험결과, 공초점변위센서를이용하여렌즈중심으로부터 400 μm 반경이내의측정점에서최대측정오차가 0.3% 이하수준으로정확한측정값을얻을수있었고, 측정점의미세한이동오차가발생할수있는대량생산의공정에서도적용이가능한측정시스템임을확인하였다. 또한, 레이저변위센서방식에비해공초점변위센서방식이 AF 변위량측정시낮은산포로보다안정적으로측정이이루어짐을확인하였다. 본연구를통해공초점변위센서방식의변위측정기를이용하여카메라모듈의 AF 변위량측정시배럴이아닌렌즈를측정함으로써 VCM의동적틸트에영향없이정확한초점거리변위량을측정하는것이가능하게되었으며, 이러한정밀한카메라모듈성능평가를바탕으로카메라모듈기술발전에기여할수있을것으로기대한다. REFERENCES 1. Kwon, T.-K. and Kim, Y.-K., Change the Structure of VCM Actuator AUTO Focusing the Camera Module Performance Optimization Through, Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp , Kwon, J.-H., Rhee, H.-G., Ghim, Y.-S., and Lee, Y.-W., Field- Curvature Correction according to the Curvature of a CMOS Image-Sensor Using Air-Gap Optimization, Journal of the Optical Society of Korea, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp , Son, S. W., Kihm, H. Y., and Yang, H. S, Effect of Die Bonding Epoxy on the Warpage and Optical Performance of Mobile Phone Camera Packages, Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 1-9, Baik, S.-H. and Park, S.-K., Shape Measurement by Using Optical Triangulation, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp , Lee, J. and Kim, S., Design of a Non-Contact Type Displacement Measurement System Based on Optical

7 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 1 호 January 2018 / 77 Triangulation Method, Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp , Vertoparakhov, V. V., Influence of the Shape of an Object and the Orientation of Its Surface on the Accuracy of Laser Triangulation Measurement, Optoelectronics, Instrumentation and Data Processing, No. 6, pp , Park, J.-S. and Jeong, K.-W., Characteristics of the Laser Displacement Sensor Using Optical Triangulation Method, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 16, No. 7, pp , Torrance, K. E. and Sparrow, E. M., Theory for Off-Specular Reflection from Roughened Surfaces, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 57, No. 9, pp , Ruprecht, A., Pruss, C., Tiziani, H., Osten, W., Lucke, P., et al., Confocal Micro-Optical Distance Sensor: Principle and Design, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 5856, pp , Ruprecht, A., Wiesendanger, T., and Tiziani, H., Chromatic Confocal Microscopy with a Finite Pinhole Size, Optics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 18, pp , Miks, A., Novak, J., and Novak, P., Analysis of Method for Measuring Thickness of Plane-Parallel Plates and Lenses Using Chromatic Confocal Sensor, Applied Optics, Vol. 49, No. 17, pp , Browne, M., Akinyemi, O., and Boyde, A., Confocal Surface Profiling Utilizing Chromatic Aberration, Scanning, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp , 1992.

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