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1 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 37(3), 152~158, 2015 Original Paper ISSN , e-issn Analysis of Hydrophobic Membrane Fouling on the COD Loading Rates at the State of Passive Adsorption in Membrane Bioreactor 박태영 최창규 *, Tae-Young Park Changkyoo Choi*, 충남대학교환경공학과 * 광주과학기술원글로벌담수화연구센터 Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University *Global Desalination Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Received November 3, 2014; Revised March 23, 2015; Accepted March 30, 2015) Abstract : This paper investigated the membrane fouling potential at the state of passive adsorption which is no permeation with the test modules on COD (Chemical oxygen demand) loading rates, examined the recovery rate and resistance on membrane fouling by three cleaning manners of hydrophobic membrane in a bioreactor. The results showed that high COD loading led to the increase of extra-cellular polymeric substances and filtration resistance. The permeability resistance from 1st day to 63rd day was getting increased, however, the value of permeability resistance after 63th day during the operation period was almost same level at three COD loading rates, it was due that the biomass adhesion on membrane surface at the state of passive adsorption reached to the critical state. Also, the final recovery rates after three cleaning manners were 78%, 72% and 69% at the COD loading concentrations of 250 mg/l, 500 mg/l and 750 mg/l respectively, and then recovery rate by physical cleaning at Run 2 and Run 3 was decreased after 40th day, it proved that biomass cake, which is not easily removed, was formed on the membrane surface because of high COD loading rate and EPS concentration. Key Words : Membrane Fouling, Passive Adsorption, Extracellular Polymeric Substances, Filtration Resistance, Recovery Rate 요약 : 본연구는소수성막재질에대한막오염도를평가하고자수동흡착의개념을도입하여정상운전을위한막모듈이외에수동흡착시험용막모듈을설치하여유출을시키지않은상태에서막표면에부착되는미생물에의한막오염정도를분석함으로써소수성막오염잠재성을평가하고자하였으며, 이때운전조건으로유기물유입부하를변화시켜평가하였다. 이와더불어오염된멤브레인을세가지세정방법 ( 두가지물리적세정과화학적세정 ) 을통해막세정전후의막오염회복률을평가하였다. 막오염평가인자로는반응조내 MLSS 농도와 EPS 농도를조사하였으며, 여과저항값을산정하여막오염전과후, 세정 3 단계전과후를비교평가하였다. 실험결과로서, COD 농도가 750 mg/l 인가장높은부하량조건에서반응조내 EPS 농도와수동흡착시험용멤브레인의여과저항값이가장높게나타났다. 또한여과저항값이초기운전시작후차이를보였지만 60 일이후의최종여과저항은거의일정하게나타났는데, 이는막표면에부착된미생물량이임계점에이르러수동흡착만으로는더이상의막오염은진행되지않은것으로판단된다. PAds 상태에서유기물유입부하에따른오염된막의세정전후의여과저항측정결과에서는 3 단계세정후평균회복률이각각 Run 1 이 78%, Run 2 가 72%, Run 2 가 69% 로유기물부하가높을수록회복률이떨어지는것으로나타났으며, 반면에물리적세정에의한복원률이 40 일경부터 Run 2 와 Run 3 의물리적세정에의한회복률이낮아지는것으로보아높은유기물부하로인한막표면의케이크형성으로막오염이심화된것으로판단된다. 주제어 : 막오염, 수동흡착, 막오염물질, 여과저항, 회복률 1. 서론 MBR (membrane bioreactor) 공정은멤브레인을통한체거 름기작을이용하여기존의공법보다완벽한고액분리가가 능하며긴 SRT (solid retention time) 으로인하여높은 MLSS (mixed liquid suspended solid) 유지할수있으며잉여슬러 지발생량을감축시켜준다. 1~3) 또한처리효율이확실하며공 정의안정성과신뢰성이높고유지관리가간단하고침전지의불필요로공정의컴팩트화 (compact) 가가능하다. 4) 그러나이러한 MBR 공정의많은장점에도불구하고현 장적용에장애요인으로작용하는이유는막 (membrane) 공 극의막힘현상 (fouling) 이발생하여투과율 (flux) 저하됨에 따라잦은물리적 / 화학적세정과막교체주기가단축한다 는것과막오염을저감하기위해강력한브로와 (blower) 를작동시킴으로써많은유지관리비용이발생하기때문이다. 5,6) 이에따라막오염에대한영향인자를토대로막의운전조건과여과대상의물리화학적특성그리고분리막자체의특성등에대한많은연구가진행되어왔으며, 막오염인자 를효과적으로제거하기위한막세정방법에대한연구도다수발표되어왔다. 7,8) Corresponding author simonchoi@gist.ac.kr Tel: Fax:
2 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng. 153 선행된막오염연구들은막의운전조건 ( 유입수및미생물량농도, 운전방법등 ) 에따른오염물질거동과오염된막에대한오염물질특성분석및세정에따른복원률에대한연구가대부분이며, 시험에사용되는막은성능검증에사용된오염된막을주로사용하였다. 9,10) 하지만, 이러한연구들은운전과정에서다양한변수들을가지고있기때문에막재질자체의오염도를평가하여비교하기에는명확한원인을제시하기가어려웠다. 이러한문제에대한객관성을높이기위해본논문에서는수동흡착 (passive adsorption, PAds) 의개념을도입하여연구를진행하였다. 11) 수동흡착에의한막오염평가는시험에사용되는막은투 과를시키지않고반응조내에침적한상태에서시간에따 라막표면에부착하는미생물에의한막오염도를측정하는 것이다. 정상운전을위한막모듈은별도로설치하여정상 상태에서의결과를얻으면서막재질에대한막오염평가를 함께도모하고자하였다. 이로인해각기다른막재질에 따라동일한조건에서막오염을평가함으로써막이가지고있는잠재성을비교 / 평가할수있을것이다. 12) 따라서본연구에서는수동흡착에의한막오염평가방법 을표준화하고, 우선적으로소수성 PE (polyethylene) 재질의 MF (microfiltration) 막을대상으로반응조의운영조건중 막오염에가장영향을크게미치는유입수의유기물부하 를변화시켜미생물의막표면부착에기인하는막오염도를 여과저항을통해검증하고자하였으며, 물리적 / 화학적막세 정방법에의한여과저항회복률을평가하였다. 2. 실험재료및방법 2.1. 실험장치 Fig. 1과같이 Lab scale 규모의반응조 3개를동시에운전하였고반응조의유효용적은 10 L( 총용적 15 L) 이었으며, 별도의교반장치없이포기에의해자연교반이이뤄지도록하였다. 본연구에사용된멤브레인은 Econity사의 PE 재질의소수성중공사 (hollow filter) 막으로세부제원은 Table 1 Table 1. The specification of membrane module Membrane for PAds Membrane for operation Type hollow fiber Material polyethylene Hydro-property hydrophobic Pore size (µm) 0.45 Length (cm) 10 Effective surface area (m 2 ) Flux (L/m 2 /hr) 0 30 (a) module for passive adsorption (b) module for operation Fig. 2. The membrane modules for PAds and operation. 에나타내었다. 막재질에따른오염도를평가하기위한 PAds 측정용막모듈은 10개의 bundle을하나의모듈에연결하여설치하였으며공기방울 (air bubbling) 에의한미생물의막표면부착영향을최소화하기위해시험용모듈과포기장치와의거리를 10 cm 이상두었다. Fig. 2는실제사용된막모듈의사진으로 (a) 는 PAds 측정을위한모듈이며, (b) 는정상운전을위한연속투과막이다 실험방법 모든반응조의온도는 20~25, ph 7.5~8.0로유지하였으며, 산기기를통해 DO 농도를 5~7 mg/l를유지하였다. 연속투과막의초기투과플럭스는 30 LMH (L/m 2 /hr) 로설정하고간헐흡입방식 (7분운전, 3분정지 ) 으로운전하였다. 실험에사용된접종슬러지는 C시의하수처리장포기조에서채취하여 7일간의합성폐수로적응시킨후사용하였고, 이 1 Feed Tank, 2 Membrane module of PAds, 3 Membrane module of operation, 4 Air diffuser Fig. 1. MBR process schematic. 대한환경공학회지제 37 권제 3 호 2015 년 3 월
3 154 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng. 박태영 최창규 Table 2. Chemicals and concentration in a influent Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 CODcr (mg/l) CODcr loading rates (kgcodcr/m 3 /day) NH + 4 -N (mg/l) 20 PO 3-4 -P (mg/l) 4 NaHCO 3 (as Alkalinity) 150 MgSO 4 7H 2O, FeSO 4 7H 2O, CuCl 2 2H 2O, ZnSO 4 7H 2O, NiSO 4 6H 2O, A little for inorganic matter CaCl 2 2H 2O 때 MLSS의농도범위는약 8,000~13,000 mg/l 범위에서유지하였다. 슬러지는농도측정을위한주 1회샘플채취와반응조벽면에부착성장하는슬러지외에는인발하지않았다. 반응조의탄소원공급은 glucose (C 6H 12O 6) 를이용하였고, 이를통해각반응조의 COD 유입농도를 250 mg/l (Run 1), 500 mg/l (Run 2), 750 mg/l (Run 3) 로달리하여운영하였다. 이밖에도질소성분을위해 ammonium sulfate ((NH 4) 2SO 4) 를인성분을위해 potassium phosphate (KH 2PO 4) 를사용하였다. 자세한합성폐수에사용한약품과유입수성상은 Table 2 와같다. Table 3. Cleaning methods of membrane Cleaning methods Volume (ml) Time (min) Cleaning water Rinsing deionized water Backwashing deionized water Chemical Cleaning % NaOCl 학세정으로 0.05% NaOCl 용액 500 ml에 60 rpm으로교반하는상태에서 2시간동안막을침지하였다. 3단계의막세정방법에따른세정액농도및양은 Table 3과같다. EPS (Extracellular polymeric substances) 는반응조내에서채취한혼합액과각세정단계에서사용한세정액 (cleaning water) 을통해실험하였다. 반응조내혼합액과세정액을원심분리한뒤상등수의여과액을이용하여측정한 seps (soluble EPS) 를측정하고, 남은침전물에 0.85% NaCl을채운뒤가압멸균기를거쳐원심분리에의한상등수를다시 0.45 µm 여지로통과시켜얻어진투과액으로분석한 eeps (extracted EPS) 값을더하여 total EPS를산정하였다. 이때, 단백질은 Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit를사용하여 Lpwry method 14) 에의한방법으로측정하였으며, 탄수화물은페놀-황산법 15) 을사용하여분석하였다. MLSS 농도는 standard method 16) 에준하여 105 범위에서건조하여총고형물농도를측정하였다 여과저항및 EPS 측정방법 PAds 에따른분리막의여과저항측정을위해흡입펌프와 (Peristaltic pump, Cole Parmer, USA), 압력계 (Vacuum Gauge, YJN, Korea) 를사용하였다. 시험용 bundle은모듈에설치하 기전에초기저항 (R i) 을측정한후시험용막모듈에연결하 여반응조에침적하였고, 시험용막모듈에서한주에하나 의 bundle 을분리하여여과저항 (R f) 을측정하였다. 오염된 막은물리적세정으로세척 (Rinsing), 역세척 (Backwashing) 을 실시하고화학적세정 (Chemical cleaning) 을거쳐 3 단계의 세정과정을통해각각의여과저항을 flux = 10, 12.5 m 3 /m 2 / day에서측정하여산술평균한결과를통해회복률을조사하 였다. 이때여과저항은다음식 ( 직렬여과저항모델 ) 을이용하여산출하였다. 13) 여기서, J : permeate flux ΔP : trans membrane pressure µ : viscosity of permeate R m : intrinsic membrane resistance (R m=r i+r o) R c : cake layer resistance R f : fouling resistance 세정방법에서 1단계물세척은비이커에 500 ml의 DI (deionized water) 를담아서막을넣은상태에서흔들어터는방 식으로세정을하였고, 2단계역세척은 500 ml의 DI를 4.16 ml/min의속도로역송하여세정하였으며, 마지막단계는화 (1) 3. 실험결과및고찰 3.1. 유기물유입부하에따른 EPS 및 MLSS 농도변화 유기물유입부하에따른멤브레인의 PAds에의한막오염도에영향에미치는인자로추정되는 MLSS 및 EPS와의관계를알아보기위해조사한결과는 Fig. 3과같다. 1일차의 MLSS 농도를살펴보면 Run 1은 9,020 mg/l, Run 2는 10,400 mg/l, Run 3는 11,600 mg/l로차이를보였는데, 이는실험에사용된미생물이 7일간합성폐수로순응시킨동일한 MLSS 농도의미생물로써초기 MLSS 변화는유입부하에따른영향으로보여진다. 유입부하가가장적은 Run 1의경우반응조운영기간내내큰변화없이평균약 9,000 mg/l의일정한 MLSS를유지하였다. 반면비교적 COD 유입부하가높은 Run 2와 3에서는 9,000~13,000 mg/l까지큰폭의 MLSS 변화를나타냈으며, 운전시작후약 20일경부터점차변화폭이줄어들면서평균 MLSS 농도가 9,000~10,000 mg/l 범위에서안정화되는경향을보였다. 반응조내에서의별도슬러지인발이없었음에도불구하고 MLSS 농도가일정하게유지된것은분해가능한유기물로구성된합성폐수를사용하였고분해가정상상태에도달하여초기 MLSS의증가혹은감소를보이다가점차안정화되는추세를보였다. EPS 농도변화는 Run 1의경우운전시작후 14일이후에약 150 mg/l 가량발생하기시작하여 49일경에최대 335 mg/l 가증가하였으며, 이후 63일까지는다시감소하는경향을보였다. 유입부하가가장큰 Run 3의경우운전시작 Journal of KSEE Vol.37, No.3 March, 2015
4 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng COD 농도에따른 membrane fouling (a) MLSS concentration during operation period 수동흡착시험용막모듈의침지전측정한초기저항 (initial resistance, R i) 과침지후오염된막의여과저항 (final resistance, R f) 의차로나타낸것으로 Fig. 4와같다. 유기물부하에따른평균여과저항은 Run 1은 3.07E+09, Run 2는 3.62E+09, Run 3는 4.14E+09로유기물부하가높아질수록여과저항이커지는것으로나타났으며, 다른논문 17) 에서유입유기물부하와막오염물질의생성, 여과저항이 서로비례관계를갖고있음을보고한결과를감안할때, 유 기물부하가단순히막표면에달라붙는막오염물질의증 가와도직접적인연관성이있으며, 이로인해막여과저항 을높였음을알수있었다. 또한, 막여과저항의상승은투 과 Flux 의감소로이어져높은막세정빈도를가져오고운 영비의상승으로이어질수있음을예상할수있다. (b) EPS concentration during operation period Fig. 3. MLSS and EPS concentration curves on three COD loads. 후 1일째부터약 1,300 mg/l의농도를보였고이후에도큰변화폭으로증감을반복하였으며, 각운전조건별평균 EPS 생성량이 Run 1에서 160 mg/l, Run 2에서 600 mg/l, Run 3에서 680 mg/l로유기물부하가증가함에따라막오염물질의 EPS의생성이증가되는경향을보였다. Run 1과 Run 2의경우유기물유입부하의농도는 2배지만 EPS 농도는 3.7배였고, Run 3의경우 Run 2와큰차이를보이지않은것으로보아 Run 1이상대적으로반응조내막오염물질의농도가매우낮은상태로유지된것으로나타났다. 또한, Run 1에비해 Run 2와 Run 3의경우초기에높은 EPS 농도를보였는데, 이는높은유기물농도로인해초기용해성상태의 EPS가다량존재하다가시간이경과함에따라기질로활용되었기때문으로판단된다. 모든조건에서 35일이후에 EPS 농도가증가하였다가 49일을기점으로다시감소하는경향을보였는데, 이는유기물유입부하에따라농도변화의차이는있지만연속적으로반응이지속되는한반응조내에서 EPS 농도는축적과소모가반복적으로일어난다는사실을입증하였다. 또한, Run 1, 2, 3에서동일하게 49일까지 EPS 농도가증가하다가다시감소하는경향을보였는데, 이는 EPS 중에서도 seps (soluble EPS) 보다는 eeps (extracted EPS) 가높았고그중에서도단백질이 90% 이상을차지하였다. 단백질은특성상점도가높아미생물체에부착성장하는특징을가지고있어일정기간동안부착성장하다가기질로이용되었을가능성이높다. 따라서, 실험이지속될경우성장과분해로증가와감소를반복적으로보일것으로사료된다. (a) Run 1 (b) Run 2 (c) Run 3 Fig. 4. The variation of EPS concentration and permeability resistance during the operation period. 대한환경공학회지제 37 권제 3 호 2015 년 3 월
5 156 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng. 박태영 최창규 세부적으로살펴보면, 1일차저항은 Run 1이 5.18E+10, Run 2가 9.89E+10, Run 3가 2.15E+11로유입부하가높을수록여과저항도가높은경향을보였다. Run 1의경우초기 EPS가검출되지않은 2주동안은여과저항이소폭 ( 약 20%) 증가하다가 EPS 농도가 139 mg/l로증가한 21일경에여과저항이거의 2배가량증가하여 EPS가여과저항을높인주오염물질로추정되었다. 반면 Run 2와 Run 3의초기 EPS의농도는 1,300 mg/l, 1,450 mg/l로큰차이를보이지않았으나여과저항에서는 2배이상의차이를나타냈는데이는운전초기 MLSS 농도가 Run 2는 9,500 mg/l~ 10,500 mg/l 범위를보인반면 Run 3는 11,000 mg/l~11,500 mg/l로비교적높아보다많은미생물이막표면에부착한것으로판단된다. 한편 Run 1에서는 21일경과 55일경에서, Run 2에서는 14 일과 63일경에서각각두번의급격한여과저항증가를보였으며, Run 3는운영기간중일정하게여과저항이증가하는경향을보였는데, 이는 COD 500 mg/l 이하에서는상대적으로미생물량이적어일정기간동안미생물이표면에부착하다가이후농축되는현상을보인것으로추정되며, 높은 COD 유입부하에서는다량의미생물량으로인해부착과농축과정이일정시간동안동시다발적으로일어난것으로판단된다. 또한, Run 1의경우 42일에첫번째여과저항의변곡점 (bending point), 즉상승하다가안정화되는시점이나타났으며, 곡선의형태상막의임계상태로예상되는두번째변곡점은 63일이후에나타날것으로예상되었다. Run 2에서도 35일경에첫번째변곡점이나타났고 63일이후에두번째변곡점이나타날것으로예상되어 PAds에서의막오염임계점은 63일이전에나타나지않았다. Run 3의경우는유기물유입부하가매우높아서여과저항의변곡점도뚜렷하지않은상태에서여과저항값이지속적으로상승한것으로보이며, 이조건에서도여과저항의임계점은 63일이전에나타나지않았다. 또한, 여과저항값을살펴보면모든조건에서 3.00E+11 정도이상이되면증가폭이거의일정하게증가하다가 63 일째에는 5.00E+11~5.50E_11의범위에서종료되면서최종여과저항이큰차이를보이지않았는데, 이는플럭스가없는상태에서막표면의부착에의한막오염은일정한시간이지나면반응조내의막오염물질의생성이나미생물량의증감에관계없이거의일정한수준에서종료되는것으로생각되며, 이에따라수동흡착에의한막오염도실험에서는유기물유입부하등의운전조건에의한막오염도변화는운전초기에만차이를보이다가일정한시간이흐르면차이를보이지않을것으로예상된다. 또한, Run 1의경우낮은유기물부하로인해초기부터낮은 EPS 농도가유지된반면, Run 2와 3는비교적높은유기물농도로인해반응조운영초기생성량이분해량에비해높아반응조내에축적된것으로보이며, EPS도유기물분해에관여하는물질이므로 28일경까지지속적으로분해되다가안정된것으로판단된다 COD 농도에따른 PAds 물질의막세정특성 각각의반응조내침적된 PAds 모듈에서분리된오염된막의물리적 ( 물세척, 역세척 ) 및화학적세정전후의단계별여과저항을바탕으로전체적인여과성능의회복률을 Fig. 5 에나타냈다. (a) average recovery rates by three cleaning stages (b) Run 1 (c) Run 2 (d) Run 3 Fig. 5. Recovery rate on the cleaning stages. Journal of KSEE Vol.37, No.3 March, 2015
6 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng. 157 각운전조건별물리화학적세정후평균회복률은각각 78%, 72%, 69% 을보였으며, 물리적세정에의한제거율이 52%, 45%, 53% 로높게나타나 PAds에의한막오염은단순히미생물의표면부착에의존하기때문에상당부분물리적세정의의해제거가능한것으로판단된다. 또한, 높은유기물부하인 Run 2와 Run 3에서도막을침지시킨뒤 30 일이전까지는물리적세정 ( 물세척과역세척 ) 에의한회복률이평균 82%, 92% 로높아높은유기물부하에서도화학적세정에의해서만제거되는심각한막오염이일어나지는않는것으로나타났다. Run 1의경우 42일째에서야비가역적여과저항이다소증가하게되었고이때의여과저항은약 4.00E+11 수준이었는데, Run 2에서보면여과저항이같은수준으로증가한시점이 21일경이고이때의비가역적여과저항이급격히증가하는것으로보아 PAds에서의막회복률이감소하는시점은여과저항이 4.00E+11 이상으로증가하는시점이라고볼수있다. Run 3의경우는가역적여과저항과비가역적여과저항이초기부터운전종료시까지거의일정하게증가하고있는데, 이는초기높은미생물량과유기물부하로인해막표면의케이크형성에의한비가역적여과저항이초기부터발생한것으로판단된다. 또한, 비교적유기물부하가낮은 Run 1의경우 63일까지도물리적세정에의한막회복률이높은수준을유지하고있지만, Run 2와 Run 3는 40일경부터물리적세정보다는화학적세정과비가역적여과저항비율이높게유지되는것으로보아비교적높은유기물부하로인해다량의막오염물질이생산되고이들이표면에견고한케이크를형성함으로써막공극막힘현상을심화시킨것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 MBR 공정에서 PAds 상태에서의유기물유입부하에따른막오염도평가를위한막여과저항및세정방법에대한특성을조사한결과는다음과같다. 1) MLSS 농도는 Run 1이약 9,000 mg/l, Run 2와 3에서는 9,000~10,000 mg/l 사이를보였으며, 평균 EPS 생성량은 Run 1에서 160 mg/l, Run 2에서 600 mg/l, Run 3에서 680 mg/l로유기물부하가증가함에따라막오염물질의 EPS의생성이증가되는경향을보였다. 2) 유기물부하에따른평균여과저항은 Run 1은 3.07E+ 09, Run 2는 3.62E+09, Run 3는 4.14E+09로유기물부하가높아질수록여과저항이커지는것으로나타났으며, Run 1과 Run 2는급격한여과저항증가를보였는데, 이는반응조내미생물량이상대적으로적어부착과케이크형성이반복적으로일어나는것으로사료된다. 또한, 여과저항값 이 3.00E+11 이상에서증가폭이거의일정하게증가하다가 5.00E+11~5.50E_11 의범위에서종료되었는데, 이는막표면 의부착에의한막오염은일정한시간이지나면거의일정 한수준에서표면부착이종료될것으로예상된다. 3) 각운영조건별막세정후평균회복률은각각 78%, 72%, 69% 를보였으며, 물리적세정에의한제거율이 52%, 45%, 53% 로높게나타나 PAds에의한막오염은단순히미생물의표면부착에의존하기때문에물리적세정의의해제거가능한것으로판단된다. 또한, 여과저항이약 4.00E+ 11 수준으로증가하였을때 PAds에서의막회복률이감소한다는사실을알수있었다. Run 2와 Run 3는 40일경부터화학적세정과비가역적여과저항비율이높게유지되는것으로보아케이크를형성에의한공극막힘현상이발생한것으로판단된다. References 1. Yamamoto, K., Hiasa, M., Mahmood, T. and Matsuo, T., Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank, Water Sci. & Technol., 21, 43~54(1989). 2. Chiemchaisri, C., Wong, Y. K., Urase, T. and Yamamoto, K., Organic stabilisation and nitrogen removalin a membrane separation bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment, Water Sci. & Technol., 28, 325~333(1992). 3. Melin, T., Jefferson, B., Bixio, D., Thoeye, C., Wilde, W. and Koning, J., Membrane Bioreactro technology on wastewater treatment and reuse, Desalination, 187, 271~282(2006). 4. Choi, S. H., Cho, N. U. and Han, M. S., The Estimating an Effect of Rapid Flux Increase to a Membrane in the Intermittent Aeration MBR Process Using Alum Treatment, J. Membr., 15(1), 70~83(2005). 5. Djjk, L. and Roncken, G. C. G., Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: the state of the art and new developments, Water Sci. Technol., 35(10), 35~41(1997). 6. Meng, F., Zhang, H., Yang, F., Zhang, S., Li, Y. and Zhang, X., Identification of activated sludge properties affecting membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors, Sep. Purific. Technol., 51(1), 95~103(2006). 7. Yang, W., et. al., State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in north america, J. Membr. Sci., 270(1-2), 201~211(2006). 8. Jang, M. S., Kim, J. H., Lee, J. W., Prospect and Present Status of MBR Technology for Advanced Wastewater Treatment, J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 30(1), 15~20(2008). 9. Broeck, R., Dierdonck, J., Nijskens, P., Dotremont, C., Krzeminski, P., Graaf, J., Lier, J., Impe, J. and Smets, I., The influence of solids retention time on activated sludge bioflocculation and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), J. Membr. Sci., , 48~55(2012). 대한환경공학회지제 37 권제 3 호 2015 년 3 월
7 158 J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng. 박태영 최창규 10. Gao, D. W., Wen, Z. D., Li, B. and Liang, H., Microbial community structure characteristics associated membrane fouling in A/O-MBR system, Bioresour. Technol., 154, 87~ 93(2014). 11. Lee, J. M., Choi, C. K. and Lee, K. H., Characteristic of Membrane Fouling and Estimation of Passive Adsorption According to COD Loads of Influent in Membrane Bioreactor, J. Korean Soc. Water Sci. Technol., 18(6), 33~41 (2010). 12. Shin, S. W., Choi, C. K. and Lee, K. H., Estimation for Membrane Resistance and Recovery Rate of Contaminated Hydrophilic Membrane through Passive Adsorption in MBR, J. Korean Soc. Water Sci. Technol., 16(3), 49~56(2008). 13. Lim, A. L. and Bai, R., Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater, J. Membr. Sci., 1-2(216) 279~290(2003). 14. Lee, J. M., Choi, C. K. and Lee, K. H., Recovery Rate of Membrane Fouling by Cleaning Methods in Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), J. Korean Soc. Water Sci. Technol., 18(5), 77~84(2010). 15. Platt, S. and Nystrӧm, M., Cleaning of membranes fouled by proteins to evalute the importance of fully developed flow, Desalination, 208, 19~13(2007). 16. APHA, Standard Methods, 20th ed.(1998). 17. Park, J. W. and Park, H. J., A Study on Fouling Characteristics and Applicability of Fouling Reducer in Submerged MBR Process, J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 35(5), 371~380 (2013). Journal of KSEE Vol.37, No.3 March, 2015
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