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1 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 48, No. 1, February, 2010, pp Aspen Chromatography 전산모사와 HPLC 를이용한구아닌시토신의분리특성연구 박문배 김인호 충남대학교화학공학과 대전시유성구궁동 220 (2009 년 10 월 17 일접수, 2009 년 12 월 19 일채택 ) Separation Study of Cytosine and Guanine by HPLC and Aspen Chromatography Moon Bae Park and In Ho Kim Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea (Received 17 October 2009; accepted 19 December 2009) 요 약 DNA 구조를밝히기위해의학, 약학그리고생명과학분야등에서활발한연구가이루어지고있다. 그중 DNA 의염기쌍은생명체의정보전달에매우중요한역할을하므로염기쌍의집중적인분석이필요하다. 그래서 DNA 의염기쌍중하나인구아닌과시토신을선택하여분석실험을하였다. 구아닌과시토신의분석은 Aspen chromatography 전산모사와 HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography) 실험을통하여이루어졌다. Aspen Chromatography(ver Aspen Tech. U.S.A) 로시료농도, 이동상유속그리고이론단수를변화시켜전산모사하였다. HPLC 실험은 C 18 HPLC column 칼럼과이동상 water/methanol/acetic acid 혼합액 (90/10/0.1) 을이용하여시료의주입농도와이동상속도를변화시켰고구아닌과시토신의크로마토그램의분리도와이론단수를비교하였다. 실험과전산모사크로마토그래피결과가비교적일치하였다. Abstract DNA structure studies attract many interests in pharmaceutical, biochemical and medical disciplines. Among them, base pairs play a vital role in biological information transfer. Therefore, they need to be analyzed in various ways and the pair of guaninine and cytosine is the present analytical object. Separation of guanine and cytosine was researched by Aspen chromatography simulator and HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography) experiments. Aspen chromatography simulation resulted in various chromatograms with changes of sample concentration, eluent flow rate and number of plate. The resolutions and yields of guanine and cytosine were calculated to obtain a best separation condition. C 18 HPLC column and water/methanol/acetic acid mixture(90/10/0.2) were used for separation of guanine and cytosine. HPLC parameters(resolution and number of theoretical plate) were calculated under different flow rates and sample concentrations. Aspen chromatography simulation and HPLC experimental results were compared with fair agreement. Key words: HPLC, Guanine, Cytosine, Aspen Chromatography 1. 서론 현대유전공학과분석기술의발달로 DNA의구조와생체내기능을밝히기위한연구가의학, 약학그리고생명과학분야등에서활발히진행되고있다 [1]. DNA 중뉴클레오타이드는중요한구성요소로인간의유전정보를저장하고있으며염기, 오탄당그리고인산염으로이루어져있다. 그중에서염기는퓨린계염기인아데닌과구아닌, 피리미딘계염기인시토신과티민이있다 [2]. 퓨린계염기와피리미딘계염기는서로쌍을이루어 DNA 이중나선구조를이루고있으며 DNA의근본적인구조를이루며인간의세포신진대사에필요한물질을생산하고우리몸의항바이러스 To whom correspondence should be addressed. ihkim@cnu.ac.kr 물질생산에도중요한역할을한다 [3,4]. 이염기쌍은무작위로형성되지않고반드시아데닌은티민과, 구아닌은시토신과결합한다 [2]. 이런염기쌍구조의변화는 DNA 돌연변이원인이되고유전형질에영향을미치며더나아가유전적질병그리고인간의암의원인이되기도한다 [5]. 이러한이유로뉴클레오타이드의퓨린계, 피리미딘계염기쌍의분리연구가필요하다. 뉴클레오타이드의분석도구로 anion-exchange HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography), reversed-phase(rp) HPLC, ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC 그리고 ph 완충용액을사용하는 capillary electrophoresis(ce) 가사용되어왔다 [6,7]. 앞에서뉴클레오타이드의일반적여러분석도구의공통점은 HPLC를사용하는것이다. 분리기술중에서액체크로마토그래피는고정상과이동상간의 88
2 Aspen Chromatography 전산모사와 HPLC 를이용한구아닌시토신의분리특성연구 89 상호작용을이용하여용질을분리하며다른분리방법에비해에너지를적게사용하고열에민감한약품분리에널리사용되고있는분석법이다. 그중 HPLC를이용한분석은기존의액체크로마토그래피분석법보다더작은고정상입자를사용하고높은압력을가하여고속으로용질을분리한다 [8]. 분리메카니즘으로이온교환, 겔투과. 크기배제그리고 RP-HPLC 방법이이용된다. 그중 RP-HPLC는극성용매를이용하여용리액의극성을변화시킴으로다른방법들보다시료의준비가쉽고경제적이며뛰어난분리도로수율및순도가높아서많이이용되고있다 [9]. HPLC를이용한분석방법이크게대두되고있지만실험을통한분리효율의향상에는많은시간과비용이소요된다. 이러한단점을보완한 Simulation 방법은실제로실험을하지않고도실험조건의변화를통해분리효율등을예측할수있으므로실험에드는시간과비용을절약할수있다. Simulation 방법에는매트랩, Femlab, Aspen Chromatography 전산모사방법이있다. 그중 Aspen Chromatography 는여러조건하에서빠르게전산모사를수행할수있으며실시간으로결과를확인함으로써분리물의순도를예측할수있고최적분리조건을쉽고빠르게찾을수있다 [10]. 이전산모사를근거로이염기쌍중하나인구아닌과시토신을선택하여 HPLC와 ASPEN chromatography 전산모사를이용하여분리연구를하였다. 본연구에서는 HPLC C 18 칼럼을이용한 HPLC 실험에서얻은구아닌과시토신의분리크로마토그램을토대로 Aspen Chromatography 전산모사를수행한후모사결과와실제실험데이터를비교하였다. 2. 실험및전산모사 2-1. Aspen 전산모사방법구아닌과시토신의 Aspen Chromatography(ver Aspen tech. U.S.A) 전산모사를수행하기위해먼저크로마토그램내의충진물에대한압력과이동상의유속이일정한공정을사용하였다. 시료의주입농도 = 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 g/l와이동상유속 = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ml/min 에따른크로마토그램의변화를전산모사하였다. 그리고이론단수변화에따른크로마토그램의비교를위해구아닌의단수가 10,000 으로고정될때시토신단수 = 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 경우와시토신의단수가 10,000으로고정될때, 구아닌단수 = 1,000, 5,000, 10,000일때크로마토그램을비교하였다. 앞의조건에서 Aspen Chromatography Table 1. Simulation data for cytosine and guanine in ASPEN chromatography batch simulation Name Value Unit Description Flow rate 0.5~2.0 ml/min Sample 0.25~1.0 g/l concentration H b 25 cm Height of adsorbent layer D b 0.46 cm Internal diameter of adsorbent layer E i 0.38 Interparticle voidage N p (cytosine) 1000~10000 Number of plates N p (guanine) 1000~10000 Number of plates IP 1 (cytosine) 0.55 Isotherms parameter IP 1 (guanine) 1.05 Isotherms parameter IP 2 (cytosine) 0.3 Isotherms parameter IP 2 (guanine) 1.0 Isotherms parameter 전산모사를 Table 1 의주어진값에따라전산모사하였다 [11] HPLC 재료및장치실험에서사용된구아닌 (Sigma, U.S.A) 과시토신 (Fluka, U.S.A) 을멤브레인필터 (0.22 μm GVPP, Millipore, U.S.A) 로여과과정을거친후시료로서사용하였다. 이동상으로는물과 methanol(j.t. Baker, U.S.A), acetic acid(99.7%, JUNSEI, Japan) 를사용하였다. HPLC 장치로는펌프 (110A, Backman, U.S.A), UV 검출장치 (783A, Applied Biosystem, U.S.A), 데이터수집장치 ( W, Young Lin, Korea), ZORBAX 300SB-C18 column(4.6 mm 250 mm, Agilent, U.S.A) 을사용하였다. 그리고이동상탈기를위해 Ultrasonic Cleaner (3210, Bransonic, USA) 사용하였다 HPLC 실험 기본이동상으로물과 methanol를사용하였으며, ph 조정을위해 acetic acid를첨가하였다. 실험은상온에서수행하였으며이동상은물 /methanol/acetic acid의조성비를 90/10/0.2(%v/v) 로하였다. 이동상유속은 0.5~1.0 ml/min으로, UV 검출장치의파장은 270 nm 로정하였다. 구아닌과시토신시료는 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 g/l의농도로구아닌은 0.1 M의 HCl에시토신은물에용해시켜제조하였다. 두시료를제조한후 50/50(%v/v) 로섞었으며 100 µl의 sample loop를이용하여칼럼에주입하였다. 크로마토그램의분리도와이론단수를계산하기위해 HPLC 실험에서얻은값들을식 (1-2) 에대입하여계산하였다. t R2 R R1 분리도 (R)= (1) w 1 + w 이론단수 (N)= 16 t R (2) w Fig. 1과같이 t R 은성분의체류시간을나타내며 t 0 은시료가고정상과상호작용이없고검출기에도달하는시간을표시한다. W 1 과 W 2 는두피크의기준선상에서폭을나타내고시간단위로표시한다 [8]. Fig. 1. General chromatogram and definition of retention times (t R : retention time, w: peak width and t 0 : dead time). Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 48, No. 1, February, 2010
3 90 박문배 김인호 3. 결과및고찰유속 0.5 ml/min 조건에서혼합물의주입량을증가시켰을경우 Aspen chromatography의전산모사결과는 Fig. 2와같다. 0.25, g/l으로주입량의증가에따라피크크기는증가하였지만구아닌과시토신의체류시간차이는관찰되지않았다. 시료변화량에따라피크의높이는비례하여증가하지않았지만피크아래면적을적분한결과주입량은일치하였다 g/l 경우구아닌과시토신의분리도에영향을미치는곡선의대칭성이 0.5와 1.0 g/l과비교했을때적음을관찰할수있다. 또한피크높이에비해폭이넓어분리효율이많이떨어짐을알수있다 [8]. 두농도 0.5와 1.0 g/l과비교했을때크로마토그래피의피크높이만차이날뿐피크의분리도차이는없으므로농도 1.0 g/l로분석함이 0.5 g/l에비해경제적이고적합하다고사료된다. 시료농도 0.5 g/l 조건에서이동상의유속 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 ml/ Table 2. Simulated resolution of cytosine and guanine according to the change of flow rate in ASPEN chromatography Flow rate Resolution 2.0 ml/min 1.5 ml/min 1.0 ml/min 0.5 ml/min Sample concentration = 0.5 g/l, sample volumn = 100 µl min 에서시토신과구아닌의체류시간변화는 Fig. 3에서관찰할수있다. 이동상의유속에따른체류시간의비율을비교한결과유속과체류시간은반비례함을보였다. 이동상의유속이줄어들수록두성분의체류시간차이가커짐을알수있었다. 이는순수한시토신과구아닌시료를얻는데중요하다. Table 2는 Aspen chromatography 전산모사에서여러이동상유속에서분리도를계산한결과이다. 식 (1) 에서분리도는두시료의체류시간과관련된다. 문헌 11에토의된바와같이이동상의유속이증가할수록두시료의체류시간차이가줄어들어분리도가감소하고그에따라분리되는시토신과구아닌의수율이낮아진다. 분리도를증대시키는데이론단수의역할도매우크다 [11]. 이론단수영향을알아보기위해시토신과구아닌이론단수를변화시켰을때전산모사결과를 Fig. 4에나타냈다. Fig. 4(A) 에서구아닌이론단수가 10,000일때, 시토신이론단수를 1,000, 5,000, 10,000으로 Fig. 2. Chromatogram simulation results according to the increase of sample concentration (flow rate=0.5 ml/min, sample concentration range=0.25~1.0 g/l, first peak is cytosine, second peak guanine). Fig. 3. Simulated chromatograms according to the increase of flow rate (sample concentration=0.5 g/l, flow rate range=0.5~2.0 ml/min). Fig. 4. Simulated chromatograms by changing number of plates (Np) for cytosine (A) and guanine (B) with fixed other component s Np (fixed Np: 10000, sample concentration 0.5 g/l, flow rate range: 0.5 ml/min). 화학공학제 48 권제 1 호 2010 년 2 월
4 Aspen Chromatography 전산모사와 HPLC 를이용한구아닌시토신의분리특성연구 91 Table 3. Experimental resolution and Number of Plates of cytosine and guanine according to the change of flow rate Flow rate 1.0 ml/min 0.5 ml/min Resolution Cytosine Np Guanine wavelength = 270 nm, sample loop = 100 µl mobile phase (water/methanol/ acetic acid ) = 90/10/0.5 Fig. 5. Experimental HPLC chromatograms by changing sample concentrations and mobile phase flow rates ((A) flow rate=1.0 ml/ min, (B) flow rate=0.5 ml/min first peak is cytosine, second peak guanine). 변화시켜비교하였고 Fig. 4(B) 는시토신이론단수가 10,000일때구아닌이론단수를 1,000, 5,000, 10,000로변화시켜구아닌과시토신크로마토그래피를비교한결과이다. 두그림모두구아닌, 시토신이론단수수치가하나가고정되고나머지가변하더라도피크의높이와폭모두영향을받는것으로나타났다. 그러므로구아닌과시토신의분리효율을높이기위해서는두이론단수를적절히조절하는것이요구된다. 또한이론단수변화중 1,000과 5,000은많은차이가나지만 5,000과 10,000은큰차이가나지않음을볼수있었다. 따라서이론단수의크기가 5,000 이상에서분리효율의변화가작았다. Fig. 5는이동상유속과시료의농도를변화시켜체류시간과 peak 의높이를비교한실험결과이다. Fig. 5(A) 는유속 1.0 ml/min에서시료농도를 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 g/l로변화를주었을경우결과이고 Fig. 5(B) 는유속 0.5 ml/min에서시료농도를 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 g/l로변화시두성분의체류시간변화를비교한그림이다. 시토신과구아닌주입량에따른체류시간의차이는보이지않았다. 그리고 Fig. 5의결과로유속에따른시료의분리도와이론단수를 Table 3에서계산하였다. 유속 0.5 ml/min은 1.0 ml/min에비해시료의체류시간은길지만분리도와이론단수에중요한체류시간의차가더크고분리도와이론단수역시더좋게나타냈다. 따라서두유속에대한결과를비교하면 0.5 ml/min가 1.0 ml/min에비해분리효율면에서더적합하다는것을관찰할수가있다. Aspen chromatography 전산모사에서얻은결과와 HPLC C 18 칼 Fig. 6. Comparison of HPLC and Aspen chromatograpy simulation under the conditions in Table 1; sample loop=100 µl, concentration=0.5 g/l; (A) flow rate=1.0 ml/min, (B) flow rate=0.5 ml/min. 럼을이용한실험을통해얻은특성을알아보고두결과를비교하였다. Table 2와 3의분리도를비교하면유속 0.5, 1.0 ml/min Aspen chromatography 전산모사와 HPLC 실험에서분리도가거의비슷한수치를나타냈다. 문헌 10에서도언급했듯이 Aspen chromatography 전산모사는최적의크로마토그램을얻는데목적이있다. Fig. 6은 Table 1의조건으로 Aspen Chromatography 전산모사를수행하여 HPLC 실험과전산모사를비교한것이다. Fig. 6(A) 는유속 1.0 ml/ min, Fig. 6(B) 는유속 0.5 ml/min의결과로실험과전산모사크로마토그래피가일치하는결과를얻을수있었다. 감 한국연구재단의기초연구비지원 ( ) 에감사드립니다. 사 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 48, No. 1, February, 2010
5 92 박문배 김인호 참고문헌 1. Li, L. S., Liu, M., Da, S. L. and Feng, Y. Q., Studies on the Chromatographic Behavior of Nucleoside and Bases On p-tert- Butyl-calix[8]arene-bonded Silica Gel Sataionary Phase by HPLC, Talanta, 63, (2004). 2. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M., The Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th ed., World Science, Seoul(2006). 3. Grob, M. K., O Brien, K., Chu, J. J. and Chen, D. D. Y., Optimization of Cellular Nucleotide Extraction and Sample Preparation for Nucleotide Pool Analyses Using Capillary Electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. B, 788, (2003). 4. Minniti, G., Caruso, U., Cerone, R. and de Toni, E., Purines and Pyrimidines Determination in Urine Using High-performance Liquid Chromatography, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 431, (1998). 5. Mishra, D. and Pal, S., Ionization Potential and Structure Relaxation of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine Bases and Their Base Pairs: A Quantification of Reactive Sites, J. Mol. Struct., 902, (2009). 6. Ping, W. and Jicun, Ren., Separation of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases by Capillary Electrophoresis Using β-cyclodextrin as an Additive, J Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 34, (2004). 7. Geldart, S. E. and Brown, P. R., Separation of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Carbonate Buffers, J. Chromatogr. A, 831, (1999). 8. Park, M. B. and Kim, I. H., Effect of Temperature and Eluent Composition on the Separation of Ketoprofen and Ibuprofen Racemates in Kromasil HPLC Column, Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 47, 54-58(2009). 9. Jeon, Y. J., Lee, E. and Kim, I. H., "HPLC study for egg white analysis, Korean J. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 22, (2007). 10. Lee, S. H., Lee, E. and Kim, I. H., Simulation of SMB(Simulated Moving Bed) Chromatography for Separation of L-ribose and L-arabinose by Aspen Chromatography, Korean J. Biotechnol. Bioeng, 23, (2008). 11. Kim, J. A., Park, M. B. and Kim, I. H., Batch Chromatography Simulation of Tröger Base by Aspen Chromatography, Korean Chem. Eng. Res, 47, (2009). 화학공학제 48 권제 1 호 2010 년 2 월
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