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1 ISSN Journal of Multiple Sclerosis 1(2):59-63, 2010 CASE REPORT 영남대학교의과대학신경과학교실 노현두박민수 Successful Treatment of Neuromyelitis Optica wi Rituximab Hyun Du Noh, MD, Min Su Park, MD Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea ABSTRACT Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an idiopaic inflammatory disorder of e central nervous system. Clinical, laboratory, and immunologic features suggest at NMO is a humorally mediated disease and B cell targeted erapy is ideal and effective treatment in NMO. We describe a 35-year-old woman wi NMO, who suffered from very frequent attacks despite e maintenance of long-term prednisolone erapy, dramatically responded to rituximab. Journal of Multiple Sclerosis 1(2):59-63, 2010 Key Words: Neuromyelitis optica, Rituximab 시신경척수염 (neuromyelitis optica, NMO) 은중추신경계의특발성염증질환으로주로시신경과척수를침범한다. 1,2 이는다발성경화증 (multiple sclerosis, MS) 과는달리체액성면역 (humoral immunity) 으로발생하며, 재발방지를위해면역억제치료가효과적이다. 2,3 현재까지 NMO에여러면역억제제가쓰이고있으며, 그중 rituximab (RTX) 은 B세포에특이적으로작용하여이상적이면서도효과적인치료제로알려져있다. 4 저자들은장기적인스테로이드경구치료에도불구하고 9년동안 16회의재발을보인 NMO 환자에서 RTX투여후 15개월간재발이없었던증례를경험하였으며, NMO 에서 RTX 치료시좋은반응을보인국내보고가없기에이를보고하고자한다. 증례 35세여자환자가 9년동안 16차례발병한증상성뇌침범 (symptomatic brain involvement), 척수염및시신경염을주 소로내원하였다. 첫번째발병은 9년전이었으며오른쪽얼굴과왼쪽상하지의감각이상이있었고 1개월후저절로회복이되었으며, 당시뇌 MRI는촬영되지않았다. 두번째발병은 4개월후에있었고전신의감각이상과복시와함께뇌 MRI에서다리뇌와숨뇌에다발성병변이관찰되었다. 그후 3~30개월간격으로뇌줄기를중심으로대뇌까지침범하는재발이 8차례더있었고 11번째발병시에는좌측하지의감각이상을호소하였으며 4번에서 5번목뼈사이에작은경부척수염이발생하였다. 12번째부터 15번째까지는이전과동일하게반복적인뇌침범을보였으며마지막발병시에는뇌침범과양측성시신경염이동시에발생하였다. 내원시까지총 14번의뇌침범, 1번의척수염과 1번의동시발생한뇌침범과시신경염이있었고재발이반복될수록회복이느렸고불완전하였으며재발간격도 2~7개월로짧아졌다 (Table 1). 네번째발병부터 interferon-ß를사용하였으나증상이악화되고간효소수치상승으로중단하였다. 그후장기적인스테로이드경구치료를받았으나재발이지속되었다. 뇌병변은대뇌의 Received January 12, 2010 / Received in revised form March 28, 2010 / Accepted April 5, 2010 Address for correspondence: Min Su Park Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 317-1, Daemyung 5 dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, , Korea Tel: , Fax: , minsupark@ynu.ac.kr Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 1, No. 2,

2 노현두 박민수 Table 1. Summary of patient s attacks: recurrent brain involvements, single transverse myelitis, and concurrent optic neuritis and brain involvement Attacks Symptoms MRI findings st (Oct, 1999) Right facial and left side paresesia and weakness 2 nd (Feb, 2000) Four extremities paresesia and diplopia Multiple brainstem lesions (pons, medulla, cervicomedullary junction) 3rd (Aug, 2002) Left arm paresesia and hypeesia 4 (Jan, 2003) Right side paresesia and weakness, diplopia, dysarria Left midbrain and pons 5 (Nov, 2003) Right hemiparesis, dizziness, nausea and vomiting Extended lesion in left pons, left frontal subcortical white matters 6 (Aug, 2004) Left leg weakness and paresesia Right pons, right temporo-occipital white matters and basal ganglia 7 (Nov, 2004) Bo leg weakness, dizziness and nystagmus Central pons 8 (Jun, 2005) Bo leg weakness and paresesia Left lower pons, adjacent to e 4 ventricle, cerebellar peduncle, left posterior limb of internal capsule (Aug, 2005) Bo leg weakness and paresesia (Feb, 2006) Right facial palsy, diplopia and EOM limitation, 4 extremities Right midbrain, cerebellar peduncle, internal capsule and corona weakness radiata, left frontal subcortical white matters (Jul, 2006) Left leg paresesia and T4 sensory level Cervical myelitis in C4-5 (Nov, 2006) Left face and arm paresesia, bo leg weakness Left alamus and basal ganglia, extended lesions in brainstem (Apr, 2007) Right leg weakness (Oct, 2007) Ataxic gait, dizziness and nystagmus Adjacent to e 4 ventricle and cerebellar peduncle (Feb, 2008) Right hand weakness and paresesia Left frontal lobe (Sep, 2008) Decreased visual acuity and ataxic gait New lesion in left temporo-occipital subcortical white matter, extended lesions in basal ganglia and cerebellar peduncle A B Figure 1. (A) Brain MRI findings of e patient. Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images show multiple high signal lesions in corticospinal tracts (corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule, cerebral peduncle) and brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellar peduncle, periependymal area surrounding e four ventricle). (B) Spine MRI obtained at e 11 attack of myelitis. T2-weighted sagittal images show high signal lesion in C4 to C5 (arrows). 피질척수로(대뇌부챗살, 속섬유막 뒤다리, 대뇌다리), 뇌 줄기(다리뇌, 소뇌다리, 제4뇌실을 둘러싼 뇌실막주위 영 60 대한다발성경화증학회지 제1권 제2호, 2010 역, 숨뇌) 및 소뇌에서, 그리고 척수병변은 4번에서 5번 목 뼈 사이에 관찰되었다(Fig. 1).

3 내원시시행한신경학적검사에서양쪽눈의시력이매우떨어져손가락움직임만알수있는정도였으며, 좌측주시성안진과안구운동의장애가관찰되었다. 근력은 MRC 등급 V였으나사지에서심한실조증이보여혼자서걷지못하는상태였다. 뇌 MRI에서제 4뇌실주위의뇌줄기와소뇌, 왼쪽측두엽에새로운병변이보였다 (Fig. 2-A). 뇌척수액검사에서백혈구수는 0/mm 2 이었으며, 단백은 49 mg/dl, 면역글로불린 G지수는 0.75로증가되어있었고올리고클론띠는관찰되지않았다. 시각유발전위검사에서양측의 P100 잠복기가연장되어있었다. 자가면역항체검사에서항세포핵항체 (antinuclear antibody), 항갑상선항체 (anti-microsomal antibody) 가양성을보인것외에는류마티스인자, 항카디오리핀 (cardiolipin) 항체, 항이중가닥디엔에이항체, 항 Ro 항체, 항 La 항체는모두정상이었다. 혈청에서시행한 NMO-IgG는음성이었다. 급성기재발치료로고용량의스테로이드정맥주사 (meylprednisolone 1,000 mg) 를 5일간시행하였으며경구치료로변경하여하루에 prednisolone 60 mg부터시작하여일주일간격으로 10 mg씩서서히감량하였다. 스테로이드치료후환자의증상은아주서서히호전을보였다. 시신경염, 척수염동반과함께뇌병변양상이 MS에서보이는전형적인소견과일치하지않고 NMO의특징인제 4뇌실주위, 소뇌다리, 피질척수로에반복, 집중해서생기는것으 로보아 NMO로판단을하였다. 더이상의재발을막기위해면역억제제의투여를고려하였으며, B세포를선택적으로억제하는 RTX를사용하였다. 환자의기저 B세포수치는 8.1% 였으며, RTX 를일주일에 1회씩정맥으로 375 mg/m 2 을 3차례투여한후 B세포수치는 0% 로나왔고, 3개월후 0%, 4개월후 0.04%, 7개월후에는 0.23% 가나와서한차례더주사하였다. 6개월후뇌 MRI 추적검사를시행하였고기존의병변들은많이호전되었으며새로운병변은관찰되지않았으나뇌줄기를중심으로뇌위축이관찰되었다 (Fig. 2-B). 2개월간격으로시행한 B세포수치는계속 0% 로측정되어현재까지추가적인투여는없었으며, 별다른부작용은없었다. 9년동안 16차례재발하였던환자가 RTX를사용하고나서부터 15개월동안재발은없는상태이고, 신경학적증상도혼자서보행이가능할정도로많이호전되어 EDSS (expanded disability status scale) 는 4점이었다. 고찰 NMO의새로운진단기준은 NMO 진단시시신경염과척수염이있어야하고 3가지의보조기준즉, 1) 3개이상의척추분절을침범하는광범위한척수 MRI 병변, 2) 뇌 MRI 소견이 MS의진단기준을만족하지않을것, 3) NMO-IgG A B Figure 2. (A) Brain MRI obtained at e 16 attack of neuromyelitis optica. FLAIR images show multiple new lesions in periependymal area surrounding e four ventricle and left temporal lobe. (B) Six mons later, ere are resolution of previous high signal lesions and atrophic changes in brainstem. Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 1, No. 2,

4 노현두박민수 혈청양성의조건중최소 2가지가필요하다. 5 본증례의경우척수병변이 2개의척추분절에만침범하여척추 3분절이상의세로로확장된횡단척수염이아니었고혈청 NMO-IgG도음성으로 3가지보조기준중 2가지를만족하지못해 NMO 진단기준에는부합되지않았다. 하지만뇌 MRI 소견이뇌실주위백질과뇌들보를중심으로하는타원형의다발성병변을특징으로하는전형적인 MS 병변과많은차이를보였고 NMO의특징인제 4뇌실주위, 소뇌다리, 피질척수로에병변이집중해서생겼으며전형적인 MS에서는드문것으로알려진질병의초기에뚜렷한뇌위축이관찰되는것으로보아 NMO에더적합한양상을보였다. 또한 2차례의척수액검사에서올리고클론띠가관찰되지않았으며잦은재발과빠른진행등의임상경과를종합할때 NMO로판단된다. NMO-IgG 검사에서음성이나온이유는마지막발병시고용량의스테로이드치료와함께상태가안정되고난후검사를시행했기때문에음성이나왔을가능성과간접면역형광염색을통한 NMO-IgG 검출법이면역침착법 (immunoprecipitation) 이나세포단위로시행하는면역형광염색법 (cell-based immunofluorescence) 보다는민감도가낮아서검출이안되었을가능성이있다. 실제로 NMO-IgG 항체는병이활동적일때양성률이높으며안정화되었을때는양성률이떨어지는것으로알려져있다. 6,7 Azaioprine, mitoxantrone, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine과같은여러면역억제제들이 NMO 치료에쓰이고있으며, 가장많이쓰이는약물은 azaioprine이다. 2 하지만이런여러약물들을사용하여도재발이흔하며, 뇌다리나목척수의잦은재발은 NMO 환자사망의주요원인이된다. 최근여러면역억제제를사용에도불구하고재발을보인 NMO 환자들에게 RTX를사용하여큰부작용없이효과적으로재발률을낮추었다고보고되었다. 4 증례의경우, azaioprine과같은다른면역억제제를먼저시도해볼수도있었지만, 잦은재발과함께재발간격이줄어들고불완전한회복을보이면서자가보행이안되는등심한신경학적장애를보여적극적인치료가필요하다고판단하여 RTX치료를바로시작하였다. RTX는단클론항체로 B세포의세포막에존재하는 CD20 단백에특이적으로작용하여체액성면역에중요한역할을하는말초의 B세포를고갈시키는작용을한다. 8 Non-Hodgkin s B세포림프종의치료에처음사용되었으며, 최근에는그치료범위가넓어져여러자가면역질환의치료에쓰이고있고현재류마티스관절염과림프종에서미국 FDA의승인이되어있다. 8 NMO의병인도 aquaporin-4단백과 aquaporin-4 항체의결합물질에대한체액성면역반응이라고 알려져있으며, 9 따라서체액성면역에서중요한작용을하는 B세포만선택적으로억제시키는 RTX를사용하면이상적이면서효과적으로재발을예방할수있을것이라고여겨지고있다. RTX가현재까지많이사용되지않은이유는여러가지가있으나우선심각한부작용이생길수있기때문이다. 최근 Carson 등은 HIV음성환자중 RTX사용후에생긴진행다초점백색질뇌증 (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopay, PML) 환자 57명을보고하였으며, 10 발생률은정확히알수없고비교적낮지만, 정상성인에비해서는많이발생할수있다고하였다. PML 은마지막 RTX를사용하고나서평균 5.5개월후에생겼으며사망률이 90% 에이르렀다. 하지만 RTX 투여후 PML이생긴환자들은 RTX 뿐만아니라다른면역억제제를병용투여받았기때문에 RTX만으로인해생긴부작용이라고단정짓기는어렵다. 현재까지 NMO에서 RTX 투여와관련하여 PML 보고는없지만발생시사망률이매우높고조기에발견하면사망률을조금이나마낮출수있기때문에 RTX 투여시 PML 발생에대한세심한주의가필요하다. PML 을제외한다른감염도 RTX 투여와관련해서생길수있는부작용이지만 NMO 환자에서다른면역억제제와 RTX를비교하였을때 RTX가감염증을더잘유발하지는않는다. 4 또한비용이비싸다는것도 RTX를많이사용하지않는이유이다. 하지만재발률을줄여입원횟수를줄이고신경학적증상을호전시키고삶의질을향상시킨다는점에서는오히려다른약제들보다전체적인비용면에서는효과적이라고생각할수있다. 현재까지 RTX는재발이잦고난치성 NMO 환자에서다른면역억제제가효과가떨어질때주로쓰였다. 4 하지만다른면역억제제에비해부작용이생길가능성이크지않고비용적인측면에서도효과적일수있으며 B세포를선택적으로억제할수있는 RTX를초기치료로사용한다면재발의빈도를감소시킬수있어생활의질을향상시키고아울러생명보존에도도움이될수있을것이다. 따라서증례에서처럼재발이잦고스테로이드에반응이없는환자의경우면역억제치료로 RTX를사용하는것도고려해볼수있을것이다. REFERENCES 1. Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 2007;6: Matiello M, Jacob A, Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20: 대한다발성경화증학회지제 1 권제 2 호, 2010

5 3. Papeix C, Vidal JS, de Seze J, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Tourbah A, Stankoff B, et al. Immunosupressive erapy is more effective an interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2007;13: Jacob A, Weinshenker BG, Violich I, McLinskey N, Krupp L, Fox RJ, et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica wi rituximab. Arch Neurol 2008;65: Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, Lucchimetti CF, Weinshenker BG. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2006;66: Weinstock-Guttman B, Miller C, Yeh EA, Stosic M, Umhauer M, Batra N, et al. Neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulins as a marker of disease activity and response to erapy in patients wi neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2008;14: Waters P, Vincent A. Detection of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in Neuromyelitis optica: current status of e assays. Int MS J 2008;15: Gurcan HM, Keskin DB, Stern JNH, Nitzberg MA, Shekhani H, Ahmed AR. A review of e current use of rituximab in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9: Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D, Bruck W, Gleich G, Ransohoff RM, et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in e paogenesis of Devic s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2002;125: Caron KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, Habermann TM, Focosi D, Seymour JF, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopay after rituximab erapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from e Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 2009;113: Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 1, No. 2,

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