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1 ISSN Journal of Multiple Sclerosis 2(2):45-51, 2011 REVIEW ARTICLE 국립암센터신경과 Current Treatment Approaches for Neuromyelitis Optica Su-Hyun Kim, MD, Woojun Kim, MD, PhD, Ho Jin Kim, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea ABSTRACT Neuromyelitis optica (NMO; Devic's syndrome) is an idiopathic severe inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that preferentially involves the optic nerves and spinal cord. Several lines of evidence suggest that NMO is a humorally mediated disease distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS). Such evidence includes immunopathologic studies that demonstrate prominent complement activation and immunoglobulin deposition, clinical observations that systemic autoimmune diseases often coexist with NMO and therapeutic plasmapheresis may provide meaningful rescue for severe clinical attacks, and identification of serum autoantibody marker, NMO-IgG. This autoantibody targets aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the most abundant water channel in the CNS. Anti-AQP4 antibody appears highly specific for NMO and has demonstrated that the spectrum of NMO is broader than previously known. In this context, the new concept of NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) was recently introduced, in which may represent CNS AQP4 autoimmunity. As NMOSD often causes severe disability, early initiation of effective therapy is very important to prevent attack-related disability. At present, the treatment of NMOSD is not well-established. High dose intravenous corticosteroids are widely employed as the first-line treatment of acute attacks, whereas therapeutic plasmapheresis is applied in the case of corticosteroids failure. Various strategies for the prevention of relapses have been employed in small case series with modest activity, while clinical experience suggests that standard MS immunomodulatory therapies may worsen the course of NMOSD. We will discuss the treatment options for NMOSD and introduce our experience of repeated treatment of rituximab based on the assessment of peripheral circulating memory B cells and rescue therapy using mitoxantrone. Journal of Multiple Sclerosis 2(2):45-51, 2011 Key Words: Neuromyelitis optica, Treatment 서론 시신경척수염 (neuromyelitis optica, NMO) 은중추신경계의염증성질환으로단안또는양안의심한시신경염 (optic neuritis) 과척추 3분절이상을침범하는긴척수염 (longitudinally extensive myelitis) 이특징적으로발현한다. 과거에 NMO는다발성경화증 (multiple sclerosis, MS) 과유사한임상적특징때문에 MS의아형또는이형으로생각되었으나, 최근여러동물실험및임상연구를통해 NMO의병리가중추신경계의아쿠아포린-4 (aquaporin-4, AQP4) 수분채널에대한항체에의해매개되는것이규명되면서, 1,2 NMO는독립된질환으로인식되게되었다. Received September 6, 2011 / Accepted September 8, 2011 Address for correspondence: Ho Jin Kim Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang , Korea Tel: , Fax: , hojinkim@ncc.re.kr Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 2, No. 2,
2 또한 NMO에매우특이적인항 AQP4 항체를근거로기존에알려진시신경염과척수염외에보다다양한 NMO 의임상적특징이보고되었고, 3-6 NMO의임상적기준을다만족시키지못한상태에서도 NMO 범주질환 (NMO spectrum disorder, NMOSD) 이라는개념하에재발방지를위한조기치료가가능하게되었다. 7 최근이러한 NMO 질환에대한이해를바탕으로 NMO 치료에대한많은발전이있어왔다. NMO는낮은발생률및질환초기에심한장애를남길수있는특징때문에아직까지무작위대조군연구는없지만, 여러연구들이면역억제치료제들의재발억제효과를보고하고있다. 본고에서는최근보고된 NMO의재발방지치료약물들에대한연구를살펴보고자한다. 본론 1. 면역조절치료 (Immunomodulatory treatment) 최근몇몇연구에서 MS 환자들에서일차치료제로가장널리사용되는베타인터페론 (Interferon β) 이 NMO 에서는효과가없을뿐만아니라, 8-10 오히려질환의경과를악화시킬수있다는것을보고하였다 년에 Tanaka 등은 35명의 NMO 환자와 69명의 MS 환자에서베타인터페론치료전후 1년동안재발률을비교하였을때, MS 환자에서는베타인터페론치료후뚜렷한재발률의감소를보였지만, NMO 환자에서는재발률의감소가관찰되지않았다 년에 Uzawa 등은 6개월이상인터페론치료를받은 13명의 NMO 환자와 29명의 MS 환자에서치료전 2년과치료후의재발률을비교하였을때 NMO 환자에서재발률의유의한감소는관찰되지않았고, 5명의환자 (38%) 에서베타인터페론치료후재발률이 50% 이상증가하였다는것을보고하였다. 10 Schimizu 등은 2008년과 2010년에각각베타인터페론치료후심한뇌병변이발생한환자 2명과 90일이내에 Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 7점이상의심한재발이있었던환자 7명을보고하였으며, Palace 등은베타인터페론사용후재발을동반한 AQP4 항체역가의상승을보고하여베타인터페론치료가 NMO의경과를악화시킬수있다는근거를제시하였다 하지만아직까지이러한 NMO 환자에서베타인터페론치료에의한악화가능성에대해서는몇몇증례보고에그쳐 NMO 환자에서베타인터페론치료의유해한영향에대해서는완전히정립되지는않았다. 그럼에도불구하고, 베타인터페론의치료가체내 B세포활성인자 (B-cell activating factor, BAFF) 를증가시켜 B세포를활성화한다는것을고려하면, 체액면역이주요병리기전으로작용하는 NMO에서베타인터페론치료는질환의악화를초래할수있을것이다. 15,16 2. 면역억제치료 (Immunosuppressive treatment) (Table 1) 1) Azathioprine & 경구스테로이드 Azathioprine (AZT) 는 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) 의전구약물로체내에서 6-MP로전환되어간에서활성대사물인 6-thioinosinic acid로대사된후 purine antagonist로서 DNA 및 RNA합성을억제한다. 그결과 T세포의활성화가억제되고, 항체생성이감소되며, 단핵구및과립구의생성을억제한다. 17 AZT (2-3 mg/kg/day) 은경구면역억제제로서스테로이드 (steroids) 를병용하거나단독요법으로 NMO 환자에서재발방지치료를위해이용되고있다. 1998년에 Mandler 등이 7명의 NMO 환자에서 AZT (2 mg/kg/day) 와경구스테로이드 (1 mg/kg/day, 이후 3개월마다 10 mg씩감량 ) 를병용투여한결과 18개월동안재발이없고치료전과비교하여유의한신경학적상태의호전을처음보고하였다. 18 이후 Bichuetti 등은브라질의 29명의 NMO 환자를대상으로 AZT 단독또는경구스테로이드병용요법으로평균 28개월동안치료전과비교하여 70% 의재발률감소효과를보고하였고, 19 최근에는 99명의 NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) 환자에서후향적연구를통해평균 22개월의 AZT 단독또는스테로이드병용치료후 76% 의재발률감소및 40% 의환자에서신경학적상태의개선을보고하였다. 20 하지만 MS 환자를대상으로한연구에서장기간의 AZT 치료는소화기계장애및백혈구감소증 (>10%), 기회감염, 알러지, 혈액학적이상등의부작용이흔한것으로보고되었고 (1-10%), 21 Mayo 연구에서도 22명의 NMO 환자가부작용때문에치료를중단하였고, 3명의환자는림프종이발생하여중단하였다. 20 뿐만아니라 AZT는치료효과를나타날때까지시간이걸려처음시작시스테로이드병용을필요로하며, 이전의치료효과를보고한연구들에서도상당수의환자가치료기간내내스테로이드치료를병용했거나, 병용을필요로했다. 19,20 따라서 AZT 치료선택시에는이러한장기간의스테로이드병용에따른부작용의위험성도고려해야한다. 게다가대략 10% 내외로보고되는 thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) 효소결핍이있는환자에서는, 22 현재권장되는 AZT 용량으로처음부터치료시에는심한골수저하증을초래할수있으므로그러한환자들에게는 46 대한다발성경화증학회지제 2 권제 2 호, 2011
3 Table 1. Summary of immunosuppressive treatment for neuromyelitis optica Drug Investigators No. of patients studied Median follow-up duration, mo (range) Median ARR pre Median ARR post % relapse free post Azathioprine Mandler et al, NR Azathioprine Bichuetti et al, * 0.6 * 55 Azathioprine Costanzi et al, (12-180) Mycophenolate Mofetil Jacob et al, (18-89) Rituximab Cree et al, (6-18) Rituximab Jacob et al, (6-40) Rituximab Pellkofer et al, NR (10-45) 2.35 * 0.93 * NR Rituximab Bedi et al, (7-63) Rituximab Kim et al, * 0.3 * 70 Mitoxantrone Weinstock-Guttman et al, NR NR 60 Mitoxantrone Kim et al, (8-22) ARR: annualized relapse rate, NR: not reported. * Mean ARR. AZT 치료가금기이다. 20 하지만 rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil 등의면역억제치료제와비교하여치료비용면에서저렴하고, 쉽게접근이가능하다는점에서현재 AZT는스테로이드병용하여시작하였다가 2-3개월후스테로이드를천천히중단하는방법으로 NMO 환자에서일차선택치료로권고되고있다. 23 하지만아직까지 NMO에서 AZT에대한장기간의치료효과및부작용에대해서는규명된바가없으며, 일부 NMO 환자에서는그치료효과가불충분한것으로보인다. Mayo 연구에서도 AZT 치료에도불구하고신경학적장애가진행된환자가호전된환자보다많았고 13명의환자가치료효과가없어 AZT 치료를중단하였으며, 20 다른면역억제치료제의연구에서도상당수의대상환자들이 AZT 치료에실패한환자였다 따라서 AZT 치료시작후치료효과가불충분하다고판단되거나, 심한부작용이발생하는경우다른종류의면역억제치료제로전환하는것을적극적으로고려해야할것이다. 아울러모든 AZT 치료를받는환자는정기적인혈액검사의모니터링이필요하다. 20,23 2) Mycophenolate mofetil Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 는 1980년이래로장기이식후에발생할수있는급성거부반응의예방목적으로널리사용되어온약물로 inosine 5 -monophosphate dehydrogenase의선택적비경쟁적억제제이다. MMF는 AZT와는달리호중구에는영향이적고림프구에비교적선택적으로작용하여, T세포및 B세포의증식및이 동, 수지상세포의기능그리고, 항체생성을억제하는효과가있으며, 29 류마티스관절염, 건선등의다른자가면역질환에서사용되고있다. 최근의후향적연구에서 Jacob 등이 24명의 NMOSD 환자에서 27개월의 MMF 치료동안 79% 의재발률감소및 91% 환자에서신경학적상태의안정또는개선을보고하였다. 30 MMF는비교적안전한약물로부작용으로는소화기장애, 혈액학적이상및비뇨기계부작용이있으나, AZT와달리간독성, 신독성및심한골수부전을유발하지않는다. 31 3) Rituximab Rituximab 는 chimeric anti-cd20 단클론항체로 B 세포분화단계에서 CD20을발현하는 B세포전구체및성숙 B세포에결합하여간접적으로형질세포로의분화및항체생성을감소시킨다. 32 Rituximab은원래림프종치료목적으로사용되었으나, 최근류마티스관절염 (rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 에서치료제로서승인을받았으며, 그외에도루푸스, 쇼그렌증후군, 다발성경화증등의여러자가면역질환에서도그효과가보고되고있다. 33,34 Rituximab 의선택적인 B세포억제효과는 NMO 병태생리를고려할때뚜렷한임상적효과를기대할수있게한다. Cree 등이 2005년에처음으로 8명의 NMO 환자를대상으로 1년간의 open-label 연구를진행하여유의한재발률의감소및신경학적상태의호전을보고하였다. 35 이후에 Jacob 등이후향적연구를통해 25명의 NMO 환자에서평균 19개월의치료기간동안뚜렷한재발률의감소및 80% 의환자에서신경학적상태의호전및안정을보고 Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 2, No. 2,
4 하였다. 25 이두연구에서 rituximab 은 2주간격으로 1,000 mg 2번또는 1주간격으로 375 mg/m 2 을 4주간투여하는한번의주기치료는 NMO 재발방지를유지하기에불충분하였다. 첫번째주기치료이후 Cree 등의연구에서 rituximab 재투여를받지않은한명의환자가재발을경험하였고, Jacob 등의연구에서는 48% 의환자가첫번째주기치료이후재발하였다. 25,35 따라서 rituximab의재치료가필요한데, 반복적인치료의임상적효과및언제, 어느정도의용량을투여하느냐하는것은의문으로남아있었다. 최근 Pellkofer 등이 AZT, mitoxantrone ( 매달간격으로 3번투여 ) 등의치료에실패한 10명의 NMO 환자에서 rituximab을처음 2주간격으로 1,000 mg 2번투여후에 6-9개월간격으로같은용량을재투여하는방법으로최대 5번까지의반복치료하여 NMO에서 rituximab 반복적치료의임상적효용성과안정성을주장하였다. 28 또한 23명의 NMO 환자에서도 Cree 등의연구에서사용되었던같은방법으로 12개월마다처음주기때투여한것과같은용량의 rituximab 을재치료하여유의한재발률의감소및안정성이보고되었다. 24 그러나이러한연구들에서유의한재발률의감소에도불구하고, 고정적인 6-12개월간격의 rituximab 재치료는모든 NMO 환자에서재발을막는데, 불충분한것으로보인다. RA에서는 rituximab 재치료는 RA의점진적인증상이재출현할때시행하도록권고되고있으나, 36 NMO 는 RA와달리재발이갑작스럽게나타나고, 한번의재발로심한신경학적장애를초래할수있으므로 rituximab 의반복치료시행시기는이상적으로는재발이전이어야할것이며, 환자들마다질환의활성도가다른점을반영하여결정되어야할것이다. 최근에저자들은 30명의 NMOSD 환자에서 2년간반복적인 rituximab 치료의임상적효과및항 AQP4 항체의감소를보고하였다. 26 Rituximab의투여방법은첫주기에는이전연구들과같이 2주간격으로 1,000 mg 2번또는 1주간격으로 375 mg/m 2 을 4주간투여하였고, 이후에반복적투여는 6-8주간격으로말초혈액의유세포분석을통해기억 B세포 (memory B cells) 를모니터링하여기억 B세포가말초혈액내단핵구의 0.05% 이상으로회복될때마다 rituximab 375 mg/m 2 을 1회재투여하였다. 그결과 2년동안 88% 의환자에서재발률이유의하게감소하였고, 70% 의환자가재발이없었으며, 97% 환자에서신경학적상태가호전되거나안정되었다. 30명의환자중 9명이 rituximab 치료기간동안재발을경험하였는데, 5명은치료초기에불충분한치료효과와관련이있었고, 2명은재치료시기가지연되었을때발생하였다. 기억 B 세포 0.05% 미만에서의임상적재발을없었으며, 임상적재발시기억 B 세포의상승과함께항 AQP4 항체의상승이동반되었다. 2년동안재치료의빈도및기간은환자들마다다양하였는데, 첫번째치료주기이후재치료의평균빈도는 3.7번 (range, 2-7번 ) 이었으며, 재치료의기간은평균 23.6주 (range, 6-41주 ) 였다. 이러한재치료기간은이전연구에서제시한 6-12개월보다짧지만, 재치료용량이 rituximab 375 mg/m 2 한번으로써이전연구의 375 mg/m 2 4번또는 1,000 mg 2번보다훨씬적어 2년동안의전체누적용량을비교할때유의하게적었다. 또한이러한치료방법은환자들마다각기다른기억 B세포의회복에맞춘 rituximab 의재치료를통해이전의연구에서보다더많은수의환자에서치료효과를보였다. Rituximab 반복치료의안정성에대해서는아직뚜렷하게밝혀지지않았으나, 최근 RA 환자에서 7년이상 rituximab 의반복적치료시면역글로불린의감소는있으나, 뚜렷한기회감염의증가는없다는보고가있었다. 37 드물게 rituximab 치료시진행성다초점백질병증 (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML) 발생이보고되고있으나, 38 대부분 PML이발생했던환자들은다른면역억제제를병용하거나, 이전에치료받은기왕력이있는환자여서 rituximab 단독으로치료시 PML의발생에대해서는아직까지분명하지않다. 4) Mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone은현재이차진행형다발성경화증에서유일하게승인된세포독성제제로 DNA에끼어들어 DNA 및 RNA 합성을억제하여, 단핵구및림프구이동, B세포및 T세포의기능, 염증성사이토카인의분비를억제하고수지상세포의세포사를유도하는등의전반적인면역을억제한다. 39 2년간의전향적연구에서 5명의 NMO 환자에서 6개월동안매달 mitoxantrone 12 mg/m 2 투여후 3개월간격으로 3번의추가치료를하였을때, 4명의 NMO 환자에서치료효과를보고하였으나, 이연구에서는고용량의스테로이드치료를병용하여 mitoxantrone 치료효과판정시스테로이드의영향을배제할수없었다. 40 최근에저자들은 20명의 NMOSD 환자에서 mitoxantrone 단독치료의효과를보고하였다. 27 대상환자들은 mitoxantrone 치료전 1년동안적어도 2번이상의재발이있었던높은재발률을보이던환자들로처음 7명은 3개월간매달 mitoxantrone 12 mg/m 2 유도 (induction) 치료후 3개월간격으로 6 or 12 mg/m 2 을유지 (maintenance) 치료를하였으나, 3명의환자에서 3개월간의유도치료후재발이있어이후 13명의환자들은처음유도치료를 48 대한다발성경화증학회지제 2 권제 2 호, 2011
5 6개월로연장하였고, 총누적용량 mg/m 2 까지유지치료를시행하였다. Mitoxantrone 치료후재발률은 75% 감소하였으며, 모든환자에서신경학적상태의호전되거나안정된상태를유지하였다. Mitoxantrone 치료시작후평균 41개월까지추적관찰하였을때, 심부전, 백혈병및 PML 등의심한부작용은없었다. NMO 환자에서 Mitoxantrone의치료기전을밝히기위해 10명의환자에서치료전후림프구비율을유세포분석을통해비교하였을때, mitoxantrone 치료가다른림프구에비해특히기억 B세포를더욱억제하는것을보여주었다. 이는체액면역기전이주요병리기전으로작용하는 NMO 에서 mitoxantrone 치료에의한뚜렷한임상적효과를설명할수있는근거가될수있다고하겠다. 하지만 mitoxantrone 은백혈구감소증, 간독성, 오심, 탈모, 비뇨기계감염및무월경등의비교적가벼운부작용외에일정누적용량이상치료시심부전 (0.4%), 백혈병 (0.8%) 등의심각한부작용의위험성이뚜렷하게증가하므로치료기간의제한이있다 이연구에서 20명의 NMOSD 환자들은높은질환의활성도를보이고있었던환자들로다른면역억제치료는질환을안정화시키는데까지시간이걸릴수있으므로빠르고강한면역억제치료가시급한상태였다. 따라서 mitoxantrone 치료는다른면역억제치료전 rescue 치료의목적으로시행되었고, 환자들은 mitoxantrone 치료후 rituximab 이나 MMF로전환된뒤에도안정적인임상적경과를보였다. 44 Mitoxantrone은 NMO 환자에서일반적으로일차선택제로는권고되지않으나, 질환의활성도가높은환자에서는 6개월간의 mitoxantrone 유도치료후다른면역억제제를이용한유지치료는유용한치료방법중하나가될수있겠다. 3. 기타치료방법 재발방지목적의치료효과에대해서는 2009년에두명의 NMO 환자에서보고가있었다. 46 1년에 2-3번, 1회에서 5회의혈장교환술을반복하여재발률의감소를보고하였으나, AZT과경구 steroid를함께투여하였고, 두명의환자에대한임상적결과로혈장교환술의재발방지치료효과에대한결론을내리기는어렵다. 결론 아직까지 NMO에서재발방지면역억제치료에대한높은수준의근거는부족하지만, 최근의연구들을통해전문가들사이에일치된의견은 NMO 환자에서면역조절치료는큰효과가없으며, 면역억제치료가필요하다는것이다. NMO는재발로인한심한장애가질환초기에발생할수있으므로조기진단과이에따른적절한면역억제치료가무엇보다필요하다. 하지만 NMO 환자에서효과가보고된여러면역억제치료제중최적의선택에있어서는치료제간의비교연구가없어아직까지성립된바는없다. 따라서치료제의선택은환자마다의질환의활성도, 이전의치료실패기왕력여부, 신경학적장애정도, 경제적사정및환자의순응도등다양한인자들을고려하여결정해야할것이다. 또한면역억제치료동안적절한용량과투여방법으로최대한의치료효과를이끌어내고, 만약치료의반응이불충분하다고판단되면, 다른치료제로의전환도적극적으로고려해야할것이다. 최근에는 NMO 질환의면역병리학적기전들에대한발전된이해를바탕으로 B세포및보체를표적으로하는새로운치료제들이지속적으로개발되고있다. NMO는희귀질환이므로, 앞으로재발방지치료에대한연구를위해서는지속적인관심과공동의노력이필요하다. 면역글로불린 (Intravenous immunoglulins, IVIG) 은체액면역조절을통해 NMO에서효과가있을수있다고생각되나, 이를뒷받침하는보고는별로없다. 2004년에스테로이드및 AZT 치료에반응이없던두명의환자에서 1년간매달 IVIG 치료를받은후약 5.5년간재발이없다는보고있으나, 이두명의환자를근거로 IVIG의치료효과에대한결론을내리기는어렵다. 45 혈장교환술 (Plasmapheresis) 은혈장에서항체, 염증성싸이토카인및기타염증매개자등의다양한체액면역구성요소들을제거함으로써치료효과를보인다고생각되며, NMO에서는주로급성기치료목적으로스테로이드치료후에치료반응이불충분한경우에사용된다. REFERENCES 1. Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Fujihara K, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004;364: Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005;202: Kim W, Park MS, Lee SH, Kim SH, Jung IJ, Takahashi T, et al. Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in central nervous system aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Mult Scler 2010;16: Apiwattanakul M, Popescu BF, Matiello M, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA, et al. Intractable vomiting as the Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Vol. 2, No. 2,
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