Journal of Radiation Industry 9 (3) : 137 ~ 141 (2015) Technical Paper 인쇄회로기판검사를위한단일조사이중에너지엑스선영상기법의유용성에관한연구 김승호 1 김동운 1 김대천 1 김준우 1 박지웅 1 박은평 1 김진우 1
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1 Journal of Radiation Industry 9 (3) : 137 ~ 141 (2015) Technical Paper 인쇄회로기판검사를위한단일조사이중에너지엑스선영상기법의유용성에관한연구 김승호 1 김동운 1 김대천 1 김준우 1 박지웅 1 박은평 1 김진우 1 김호경 1, * 1 부산대학교기계공학부 Feasibility of Single-Shot Dual-Energy X-ray Imaging Technique for Printed-Circuit Board Inspection Seung Ho Kim 1, Dong Woon Kim 1, Daecheon Kim 1, Junwoo Kim 1, Ji Woong Park 1, Eunpyeong Park 1, Jinwoo Kim 1 and Ho Kyung Kim 1, * 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University Abstract - A single-shot dual-energy x-ray imaging technique has been developed using a sandwich detector by stacking two detectors, in which the front and rear detectors respectively produce relatively lower and higher x-ray energy images. Each detector layer is composed of a phosphor screen coupled with a photodiode array. The front detector layer employs a thinner phosphor screen, whereas the rear detector layer employs a thicker phosphor screen considering the quantum efficiency for x-ray photons with higher energies. We have applied the proposed method into the inspection of printed circuit boards, and obtained dual-energy images with background clutter suppressed. In addition, the single-shot dual-energy method provides sharper-edge images than the conventional radiography because of the unsharp masking effect resulting from the use of different thickness phosphors between the two detector layers. It is promising to use the singleshot dual-energy x-ray imaging for high-resolution nondestructive testing. For the reliable use of the developed method, however, more quantitative analysis is further required in comparisons with the conventional method for various types of printed circuit boards. Key words : Nondestructive testing, X-ray, Dual-energy imaging, Multilayer detector, PCB 서 반도체회로의집적도가증가할수록전자부품과인쇄회 로기판 (PCB, printed-circuit board) 간의납땜부위의수역 시증가하며, 따라서 BGA (ball grid array) 와같이납땜부 의위치가부품의아랫면에위치하는전자부품패키지를주 론 * Corresponding author: Ho Kyung Kim, Tel , Fax , . hokyung@pusan.ac.kr 로이용한다. 생산자동화기술의발전에따라정밀한부품검사가요구되는반면, 외관검사만가능한기존의광학적인방법으로는 BGA 타입의전자부품을포함하는회로기판의검사는불가능하다. X선을이용할경우이러한외관검사의단점을극복할수있다 (Neubauer 1997). 그러나, 일반적인투과 X선영상에서는각종부품들이인쇄회로기판과겹쳐서나타나기때문에부품내부구조를비롯한납땜부결함검사가힘들수도있다. X선 CT (computed tomography) 는부품들간의중첩이없는영상을제공할수있다 (Chiffre et al. 2014). 하지만, CT 137
2 138 김승호 김동운 김대천 김준우 박지웅 박은평 김진우 김호경 의경우 360도방향에대해모든 X선투과영상을요구하기때문에인쇄회로기판과같이얇은구조물에대해서는비실용적이다 (Zhou et al. 1996; Liu 2012). 이와같은문제를극복하기위해 laminography (Kim et al. 2005) 또는 digital tomosynthesis (Cho et al. 2012a, b) 방법이인쇄회로기판검사에활용되고있다. 비록 CT, laminography 또는 digital tomosynthesis에비해가시성이떨어지지만추가의기구학적인장치및운동없이중첩된배경영상을줄일수있는이중에너지 (dual-energy) X선영상기법이최근들어주목을받고있다 (Alvarez and Macovski 1976; Firsching et al. 2011). 특히이방법은물질의정량적분석이가능하기때문에더욱큰관심을받고있다. 일반적으로이중에너지기법은서로다른에너지를이용하여얻은 2장의 X선투과영상간의차이를구하는기법으로, 배경이되는영상신호를억제시키고, 반대로목적하는물질에대한영상신호를강조시켜가시성을향상시키는방법이다. 본연구에서는 이중조사 (double-shot) 이중에너지방법을대신하여 1회의 X선조사를통해이중에너지기법의결과를얻을수있는 단일조사 (single-shot) 이중에너지기법을소개하고, 인쇄회로기판검사로의가능성에대해논하고자한다. 1회의 X선조사로이중에너지효과를얻기위해서는 2대의 X선영상검출기의적층이필요하며, 이와같은구성의영상검출기를다층검출기 (multilayer detector) 또는샌드위치영상검출기 (sandwich detector) 라부른다. 앞쪽의영상검출기로부터 ( 상대적으로 ) 낮은 X선에너지영상을획득하고, 뒤쪽의영상검출기로부터높은 X선에너지영상을획득하는원리를이용한다. 비록이중조사기법에비해추가의영상검출기가하나더필요하지만, 단일조사이기때문에 X선관의가열부하 (heat load) 를줄일수있고, 촬영시간을절반으로줄일수있는장점이있다. 1. 이론적배경 재료및방법 Fig. 1에서보인바와같이두영상검출기를적층하여 X 선영상을획득하게되면뒤편에위치한영상검출기는앞쪽영상검출기를통한 X선빔경화 (beam hardening) 효과에의해앞쪽영상검출기에비해상대적으로높은에너지에대한영상신호를획득하게된다. X선스펙트럼 N(E) 를다양한물질 ( 선형감쇠계수 μ j 로표현 ) 및두께 t j 로구성된피사체에조사하였을때앞쪽및뒤쪽영상검출기에서의신호를표현하면각각다음과같다 ( 하첨자 F와 R로구분 ). d F= 0 N(E) e - jμjtj R F(E) de (1) d R= 0 N(E) e - jμjtj T(E) R R(E) de (2) 여기서 R(E) 는영상검출기의응답함수 (spectral response function) 를의미하며, T(E) 는앞쪽영상검출기등에의한 X선빔세기의감쇠를나타낸다. 위두식은비선형함수이기때문에선형연산이불가능하다. 이에본연구에서는두영상신호를다음과같이간략하게가정하였다. d F N F e - jμjtj (3) d R N R e - jμjtj (4) 식 (3) 및 (4) 를선형연산이가능하도록각각로그변환한후 ( 즉, p k= - ln( ----) dk ) 다음과같이가중치 w를고려하여뺄 N k 셈연산을적용하면이중에너지영상을획득할수있다. p DE =p R - w p F (5) q(e) Fig. 1. Sketch describing the operation principle of the sandwich detector. While the front detector generates low-energy-weighted image signal, the rear detector generates high-energy-weighted image signal. E denotes the energy difference between the two measured x-ray spectra from the front and rear detector layers. E E(keV)
3 산업용단일조사이중에너지엑스선영상기법 139 Fig. 4. A picture showing the experimental setup. Fig. 2. Design and realization of the sandwich detector. (a) A CAD drawing and (b) a picture describing the developed sandwich detector. 같이메모리칩을실장한인쇄회로기판에대한영상을획득하였다. 메모리칩뒤편에숨겨진부위를강조하기위해 Fig. 3에나타낸두영역에서의신호차이가최소가되도록식 (5) 를반복계산하여가중치 w를결정한후이를고려하여이중에너지영상을구하였다. Fig. 4는실험장치를보여주며, 영상획득을위해 X선관전압은 50 kvp 그리고관전류는 0.9 ma를인가하였다. 결 과 Fig. 3. A picture showing a phantom used for single-shot dual-energy imaging. The phantom is the PCB with memory chip packages. 2. 샌드위치검출기의제작 본연구에서는미국의 Carestream 사의 Gd 2O 2S:Tb 기반 의형광스크린과 Teledyne Rad-icon Imaging 사의포토다 이오드어레이를이용하여영상검출기를제작하였다. X 선 빔의감쇠및검출효율을고려하여앞쪽에는얇은형광스크린 (~34 mg cm -2 ) 을, 그리고뒤쪽에는상대적으로두꺼운형광스크린 (~67 mg cm -2 ) 을사용하였다. 영상검출기의픽셀의크기는 mm이며, 영상면적은 mm 2 이다. Fig. 2에개발한샌드위치영상검출기의 CAD 드로잉및실제제작된사진을나타내었다. 3. 실험 단일조사이중에너지영상기법의가능성확인을위해개발한샌드위치영상검출기를이용하여 Fig. 3에보인바와 샌드위치영상검출기를구성하는각층의검출기로부터샘플인쇄회로기판에대해얻은영상을 Fig. 5(a) 와 5(b) 에각각나타내었다. 얇은형광스크린을채택하고있는앞쪽영상검출기에서얻은영상이두꺼운형광스크린을사용하는뒤쪽영상검출기에비해훨씬선명함을알수있다. 더불어뒤쪽영상검출기에서얻은영상을살펴볼때양자잡음 (quantum noise 또는 quantum mottle) 이거의관찰되지않는것으로보아충분한양의 X선양자가뒤쪽영상검출기에측정되는것으로판단된다. 한가지더주목할점은메모리칩의그림자가 Fig. 5(a) 와 5(b) 에보이는것을알수있으며, 따라서영상의 contrast를떨어뜨리고있다는사실이다. 메모리칩의그림자가억제된이중에너지영상을구하기위해 Fig. 3에표시한두영역의평균신호차이가최소가되도록식 (5) 의 w를바꾸어가며계산하였으며, 그결과를 Fig. 6에나타내었다. w가증가할수록신호의차이가감소하다가최소값을보인후다시증가하는결과를보였으며, 신호차이의최소값에서의 w 값인 0.99를이중에너지영상을구하기위한가중치로결정하였다. 결정한가중치 w를이용하여구한이중에너지영상을 Fig. 5(c) 에나타내었으며, Fig. 5(a) 및 5(b) 와비교하였을때메모리칩의그림자가효과적으로제거되었음을알수있
4 140 김승호 김동운 김대천 김준우 박지웅 박은평 김진우 김호경 것이다. 두영상검출기에서사용하고있는형광스크린의두께가서로다르기때문에공간해상도능력이다르며, 이렇게얻어진두영상간의차이를이중에너지영상에서활용하고있기때문에디지털영상처리에서널리알려져있는 unsharp masking과비슷한효과가적용되기때문으로풀이된다. 고 찰 Fig. 5. Projection images obtained from (a) the front and (b) rear detectors for a single-shot x-ray exposure. The resultant dual-energy image is shown in (c). Signal difference Weighting factor Fig. 6. Signal difference between two regions of interest, which are designated in Fig. 3, as a function of weighting factor. 다. Fig. 5(c) 의결과영상에서주목할점은영상전반에걸 쳐윤곽선등이강조되어영상의 sharpness 가향상되었다는 샘플인쇄회로기판에대한단일조사이중에너지영상화기법의가능성을살펴보았다. 본연구에서는결과영상들에대해육안으로만판단하였으나, 제안한방법의장단점을확실히규명하기위해서는정량적인지표의정의와기존방법과의비교가필요할것이다. 더불어더다양하고많은샘플영상에대한분석이이루어져야할것이다. 샌드위치구조내두영상검출기간의평균에너지차이가클수록배경영상의억제정도가클것으로예상되기때문에 Fig. 1 및 2(a) 에서나타낸바와같이두영상검출기사이에금속판을삽입하여 X선빔경화를증가시키는것도하나의방법이될것이다. 다만, X선빔의감쇠가증가할수록뒤쪽영상검출기에도달하는 X선양자수가줄기때문에양자잡음이증가할수있다. 따라서금속판의종류및두께의최적화연구또한필요할것이다. 결론두영상검출기를앞뒤로붙여샌드위치구조로만든후앞쪽에서는상대적으로낮은 X선에너지, 그리고뒤쪽에서는상대적으로높은 X선에너지의영상신호를획득한후가중치를고려한로그변환뺄셈연산을적용하여관심없는배경물질영상신호를억제하고, 관심있는물질에대한영상신호를강조하는단일조사이중에너지기법을개발하였다. 이기법의비파괴검사로의활용가능성타진을위해본연구에서개발한샌드위치영상검출기를이용하여인쇄회로기판에대한이중에너지영상을획득하였으며, 전자부품에의해가려진영역을복원할수있었다. 무엇보다두영상검출기간의공간해상도차이에의한 unsharp masking 효과로인해기존투과영상에비해 sharpness가향상된영상을얻을수있었다. 샌드위치영상검출기를이용한단일조사이중에너지기법은높은공간해상도를요구하는비파괴검사에적합할것으로예상되며, CT 또는 digital tomosynthesis로도활용될수있을것으로예상된다.
5 산업용단일조사이중에너지엑스선영상기법 141 사 이논문은정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재 단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No. 2013M2A2A ; No. 2014R1A2A2A ). 사 참고문헌 Alvarez RE and Macovski A Energy-selective reconstructions in x-ray computerized tomography. Phys. Med. Biol. 21(5): Cho MK, Youn H, Jang SY and Kim HK. 2012a. Cone-beam digital tomosynthesis for thin slab objects. NDT&E Int. 47: Cho MK, Youn H, Jang SY, Lee S, Han M-C and Kim HK. 2012b. Digital tomosynthesis in cone-beam geometry for industrial applications: Feasibility and preliminary study. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 13(9): De Chiffre L, Carmignato S, Kruth J-P, Schmitt R and Weckenmann A Industrial applications of computed tomography. CIRP Ann. - Manuf. Technol. 63(2): Firsching M, Nachtrab F, Uhlmann N and Hanke R Multi-energy x-ray imaging as quantitative method for materials characterization. Adv. Mater. 23(22-23): Kim HK, Ahn JK and Cho G Development of a lenscoupled CMOS detector for an x-ray inspection system. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A. 545(1-2): Liu T Cone-beam CT reconstruction for planar object. NDT&E Int. 45(1):9-15. Neubauer C Intelligent x-ray inspection for quality control of solder joints. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. Part C. 20(2): Zhou J, Maisl M, Reiter H and Arnold W Computed laminography for materials testing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(24): Received: 11 August 2015 Revised: 20 August 2015 Revision accepted: 25 August 2015
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