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1 신종양에서복강경및경피적고주파파괴술의효용성 Efficacy of Laparoscopic and Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Tumor 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 4 호 2008 Sang Rak Bae, Tae Hyo Kim, Gyung Tak Sung From the Department of Urology, Dong-A University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea Purpose: We report here on the safety and efficacy of nephron-sparing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for treating renal tumor. Materials and Methods: Starting June 2004, a total of 14 patients underwent RFA for renal tumor during the following 3 years. Of these, 12 cases were followed up for at least 6 months postoperatively. Eight cases of combined computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonogram-guided percutaneous RFA, and four cases of intraoperative ultrasonography-guided laparoscopic RFA were performed with mean follow-up of 18.2 months (range: 4-27 months). The treatment indications were a localized, small (<4cm), solid renal mass in the elderly patients and those patients with co-morbid conditions. Physical examination, CBC, determining the serum creatinine levels and urine analysis were performed for the follow-up laboratory study and kidney CT was performed at day 1, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after ablation and thereafter semi-annually. The mean follow-up duration was 18.2 months (range: 4-27 months). Results: All the patients underwent successful RFA without any serious events. Four patients had mild perinephric hematoma on the follow-up CT scan and there was one case of mild gross hematuria postoperatively. With a mean follow-up of 18.2 months, two patients showed residual tumor at 3 months & 22 months, respectively, on the follow-up contrastenhanced CT after the first tumor ablation. One patient underwent a second RFA and another patient underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, and no residual tumor was seen on the follow-up CT. Distant metastasis was not found in any cases and all the patients are alive on serial follow-up. Conclusions: Percutaneous or laparoscopic RFA is considered a useful treatment for selected patients who have a small renal mass, and to spare the nephrons. The ultimate role of this modality will continue to evolve and this warrants further studies. (Korean J Urol 2008;49: ) Key Words: Radiofrequency ablation, Nephron-sparing, Laparoscopy 동아대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실 배상락ㆍ김태효ㆍ성경탁 접수일자 :2007년 10월 2일채택일자 :2008년 3월 12일 교신저자 : 성경탁동아대학교병원비뇨기과부산광역시서구동대신동 3 가 1 번지 TEL: FAX: sunggt@daunet. donga.ac.kr 서론최근수년간초음파, 전산화단층촬영, 자기공명촬영등의진단도구가널리사용되면서증상이없는환자에서검진등을통해작은크기의신종물이발견되는경우가급증하였다. 1 신장암의표준치료방법은개복술또는복강경수술을통해신장을근치적으로적출하는것이다. 그러나환자의삶의질과신기능보존에대한관심이증가하면서부분 신절제술과같은신원보존술식의필요성이대두되기시작하였다. 4cm 미만의작은신종양이나중증의내과적동반질환및단일신또는양측성신장암의경우에서신원보존술식이시행되고있다. 이미여러연구에서신원보존술식의치료예후가우수하다고보고되면서종양이신장내에국한된경우에서신원보존술식이시행되고있다. 그러나환자의삶의질과신기능보존에대한관심이증가하면서선택된경우에신원보존술식이시도되었고여러연구에서치료효과가우수한것으로보고되면서점차증가 287
2 288 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 4 호 2008 하고있는추세이다. 따라서현재 4cm 미만의작은신종양이나중증의내과적질환이동반된경우, 단일신에서발생한신장암또는양측성신장암과같은경우에는일차적으로근치적신적출술보다는신원보존술식이우선고려되고있는추세이다. 이중고주파파괴술은 1990년연부조직종양에처음으로시행되었다. 2 특히간종양의경우간부분절제술이불가능한경우대체요법으로널리시행되고있다. 3 신장에대한적용은 1997년 Zlotta 등 4 이처음으로신장암에광범위한괴사를만들기위해시행하였다는보고이후초음파등을이용한경피적접근법에의한고주파파괴술이시행되고있으며, 2001년 Yohannes 등 5 은복강경고주파파괴술을최초로보고한이래많은연구자들이그성과를보고하는등전세계적으로시행하는례가증가하고있다. 6-8 이에본저자들은신원보존술식의하나로최소침습적시술인초음파유도하또는전산화단층촬영유도하의경피적고주파파괴술을시행하였고, 경피적으로고주파탐침의접근이어려운경우복강경하고주파파괴술을시행하여평균 18.2개월간추적관찰한단기성적을보고하고, 안정성과효용성을평가하고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2004년 6월부터 2006년 12월까지우연히발견된신종물을주소로내원하여전산화단층촬영또는자기공명영상을통해신장에국한된신세포암으로의심되는신종양을가진환자총 14례중 6개월이상경과관찰이가능하였던 12명을대상으로하였다 (Table 1). 고주파파괴술을선택한이유로는내과적동반질환으로인해전신마취가불가능하였던경우 9례, 종교적신념에따라무수혈시술을원한경우 2례및미용적문제로수술을원치않았던여성 1례등이었다. 대상환자군의평균연령은 56세 (22-73) 이며, 남녀비는 2:1 이었다. Body mass index (BMI) 는평균 22.7kg/m 2 ( ) 이었다. 신장암으로진단되기전동반증상으로는 1회의육안적혈뇨를보인환자가 1례였고, 그외 11명은무증상으로우연히발견되었다. 신종양의평균크기는 2.4cm ( ) 였다. 1례는중심형 (central type) 이었으나, 나머지는모두외장형 (exophytic type) 이었다. 총 12례중 8례는국소마취를통해경피적으로전산화단층촬영및초음파유도하고주파파괴술을시행하였으며, 4례는전신마취하에복강경고주파파괴술이이루어졌다. Table 1. The patient characteristics and pre-operative status of the 12 cases Patient No. Coexistence Biopsy Lesion type Approach Tumor character/size (Sex/Age) conditions result Case 1 (M/67) Previous gastrectomy Bilateral, Perc. Mesonephric Right, lower pole: 1.5cm history, due to AGC, exophytic adenoma Left, middle pole: 2cm inactive pulmonary Tbc Bilateral multiple small renal cysts Case 2 (F/45) Religious cause* Exophytic Perc. RCC Right, lower pole: 2.1cm Case 3 (F/43) GB stone Central Lapa. None Left, middle pole: 2.8cm Case 4 (M/64) Hypertension, Bilateral, exophytic, Perc. RCC Right, middle pole: 3.1cm BPH, GB stone dumbbell shape Left, upper pole: 6.2x6.5cm Case 5 (M/62) Thyrotoxicosis, Exophytic Lapa. None Right, lower pole: 1.8cm religious cause* Case 6 (F/60) DM Exophytic Perc. None Lt. upper pole: 3.5cm Case 7 (M/73) DM Exophytic Lapa. None Rt. lower pole:1.6cm Gout Case 8 (M/66) Esophageal ca. Exophytic Perc. None Rt. upper pole: 1.9cm -Esophagectomy Case 9 (M/72) DM Exophytic Perc. None Rt. upper pole: 3cm Case 10 (M/50) DM Exophytic Perc. None Rt. lower pole: 3.9cm CRF Case 11 (F/22) Cosmetic cause Exophytic Lapa. None Lt. lower pole: 2.5cm Case 12 (M/48) Atelectasis Exophytic Perc. RCC Rt. upper pole: 1.4cm AGC: advanced gastric cancer, Tbc: tuberculosis, GB: gall bladder, BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia, Perc.: percutaneous, Lapa.: laparoscopic, RCC: renal cell carcinoma. *: Jehovah's Witnesses, He/She refused blood transfusion and open surgery
3 배상락외 : 신종양에서복강경및경피적고주파파괴술의효용성 289 복강경고주파파괴술 4례는간과흉막, 횡경막등에둘러싸여고주파탐침의접근이힘들었던 3례와담낭염으로복강경하담낭절제술을함께시행한 1례였다. 10례는일측성신종양이었으며, 2례는양측성신종양으로그중 1례는위전적출술을시행받은분으로환자가수술적인치료를원하지않아양측신종양에대해체위변경을통해고주파파괴술을동시에시행하였고, 조직검사상중신선종으로진단되었다. 다른 1례는양측성신세포암으로우측신장의 3.1cm의아령모양 (dumbbell shape) 의국소신세포병변에대하여아령모양의양단에고주파파괴술을 2회시행하였고 1개월간의경과추적후에종양의크기가 6.5cm인대측신장의근치적신절제술을시행하였다. 시술전컴퓨터단층촬영에서신장암이불확실하였던 4례에서술전조직검사를시행하였고, 시술후각각중신선종 1례와초기신세포암 3례로확인되었다 (Table 1). 환자는술후 1일, 7일, 1개월, 3개월, 6개월, 12개월에이학적인검사및일반혈액검사, 신기능검사, 소변검사, 전산화단층촬영을시행하였다. 2. 연구방법고주파파괴술의기구로는 Cool-tip TM system (Radionics, Tyco, USA) 을사용하였으며, 이는자동적으로시술시조직내부의온도를감지하여최적의고주파강도를조절하여가열과냉각을반복하여, 시술자의수동조작없이종양에적절한가온을하면서주위정상신조직과주위장기의고열손상을막을수있도록고안되었다. 고주파발생기는 W의전류를통해 kHz의고주파를발생시켜탐침주위의조직에서전자의불안정을초래하여조직에열을가하게되고이는단백질을변성시켜효소형성을막고세포막을녹임으로써세포사를유발하게되는원리를가지고있다. 고주파탐침은종류별로 10, 15, 20cm의길이를가지고있어종양의위치와깊이에따라선택적으로사용할수있으며, 고주파탐침의전방으로 5mm, 측방으로 3cm의고주파파괴범위를가지고있다. 내부에카눌라 (canulla) 가있어이를통해냉각수를주입하게되면탐침내부의온도를 25 o C 이하로유지시켜탐침주변조직이타는것을방지하게된다. 이전의기기에비해개선된점으로, 고주파파괴범위내의열전도가고르게분포하여부분적으로열이전달되지않아종양조직이파괴되지않고잔존하는확률이낮아졌다는점을들고있다. 경피적접근법을통한고주파파괴술은환자를측와위로위치시켜환측신장이위쪽을향하게하고, 초음파또는전산화단층촬영을시행하여종양의크기와위치를확인하였다. 탐침에따라환자의체위를변경하고탐침의각도와삽 입깊이를측정하여결정하고이를환자의체표면에표지하였다. 시술시행전에진통및진정제로먼저 fentanyl ( mcg, IV) 과 midazolam (2-5mg, IV) 을투여하였다. 탐침삽입부위에국소마취제를투여하고베타딘및에탄올을이용해소독을시행하고, 초음파하에신종양의위치와크기를확인하면서종양의경계부위까지탐침을삽입하였다. 이후전산화단층촬영을시행하여탐침이종양내에위치하였는가를확인한다. 탐침이종양경계부에위치된것을확인할때까지이과정을반복하였다. 종양의위치과탐침위치의적절성여부가확인된이후, 1회 12분간 Cooltip TM probe를통해고주파파괴술을시행하였으며, 12분의시술이후에도전산화단층촬영을시행하여잔존부위가발견되거나첫회에서충분히종양의파괴가일어나지않은경우탐침의위치를조절하여 6-12분의추가시술을시행하였다. 전산화단층촬영을통해종양에대한시술이완료되었다고판단된경우후복막강및탐침삽입위치를따라종양의파급을막기위해고주파를작동시킨상태에서탐침을제거하여잔존암에의한재발및시술에의한전이를최소화하고자하였다. 복강경접근법을통한고주파파괴술은환자에게전신마취를시행한이후측와위로자세를잡아복강경신적출시와동일하게자세를잡았다. 배꼽아래의 12mm 절개창을설치하고 10mm 카메라삽입포트 (infra-umbilical working port, 10mm) 를삽입하고기복막강을형성한다. 이후늑골변연의정중선에 2번째 working port를삽입하였으며, 앞위엉덩뼈능선 (anterosuperior iliac crest) 과배꼽의중간에 3번째 working port를삽입하였다. 복강내부의장유착또는이상상태여부를확인한후복강경직시하에먼저후복벽의 Toldt 선 (the line of Toldt) 에절개를시행하여상행결장을젖혀후복막강을노출시켰다. 주변조직을박리하여신주위지방조직을확인한후신주위지방을박리하여신실질이노출되게한후신종양을육안으로확인하였다. 종양이확인된이후 working port를통해복강경초음파탐침을삽입한다. 초음파를통해종양의크기및위치, 내부성상에대한확인을한다. 복강경으로확인하면서측복부에서최단거리에경피적접근을통한탐침삽입을시행하였다. 종양과탐침과의위치관계를복강경초음파로확인하면서탐침의첨부를종양의변연에위치시켰다. 이후 12분 1주기의 Cool-tip TM probe를이용한고주파파괴술을시행한다. 복강경직시하에서신종양조직이고주파에의해파괴되면서고주파탐침첨부주변으로기포의발생과삼출액발생을육안적으로직접확인하였다. 1회시술이후복강경초음파를통해종양의전반적인상태와내부성상과정상신실질의손상여부와잔존종양여부, 종양조직의파괴정도를
4 290 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 4 호 2008 확인한후잔존종양이확인된경우 6-12분의추가고주파파괴술을시행하였다. 경피적접근법을고주파파괴술의경우와동일하게종양의복강내파종또는탐침삽입부로의파종을막기위해고주파를작동한상태로탐침제거를시행하였다. 복강경을통해장손상, 출혈및타장기손상여부등을확인한후기복강을제거하면서 working port를제거하고, 복부절개창을봉합하였다. 결과경피적접근법을통한고주파파괴술의경우환자가전산화층촬영기구내에서시술을위한자세를취한이후초음파를통한탐침삽입부터탐침을제거하는시간까지평균시술시간이 99.6분 (73-143) 이었고, 복강경접근법을통한고주파파괴술의경우평균수술시간이피부절개에서부터피부봉합까지평균수술시간이 162.7분 ( ) 이었다. 모든환자군에서술후 1일째에신기능검사와일반혈액검사를시행하였고술후신종양의변화와신주위출혈을확인하기위해전산화단층촬영을시행하였으며, 소변검사도같이시행하였다. 혈액검사에서혈중크레아티닌 (creatinine) 수치가증가한경우가 3례있었으나모두정상범위를보였으며, 1례에서육안적혈뇨를보였으며, 전례에서현미경적혈뇨소견을보였으나 1개월경과관찰에서는모두정상소견을보였다. 술후 1개월째시행한일반혈액검사와신기능검사에서는 1례에서일반혈액검사에서경증의빈혈소견을보였으나수혈은시행하지않았으며, 1개월경과관찰에서는정상범위를보였다. 전산화단층촬영에서는조영제주입전영상과주입후영상의 HU를비교하여, 조영증강이없는것을혈종으로보았고, HU<20을시술성공으로보았으며, HU 20인경우재발또는잔존암으로보았고, 잔존암또는재발의경우는시술후 1개월에시행한전산화단층촬영에서결정하였다. 9 전례에서시술직후와술후 1일째에시행한전산화단층촬영에서시술전조영증가를보이던종양내부조직이고주파에의해파괴가된이후주변조직보다조영이감소되어보이는소견이었으며, 종양주변으로삼출물의축적과부종에의한부피증가소견을보였으며, 4례에서파괴술주변과종양내부의혈종으로인한일시적인조영증강소견을보였다. 그러나 4례모두 1개월과 3개월째시행한전산화단층촬영상조영증강이소실되었으며, 전례에서 1개월경과후시행한전산화단층 Fig. 1. (A) The follow up CT scan image 24 hours after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) shows slightly enhanced peripheral lesion. (B) The follow up CT image 1 month after RFA shows no contrast enhancement of the left renal tumor, but a slightly increased size. (C) The follow up CT image 6 month after RFA shows a decreased tumor size compared to that immediately after RFA. (D) The follow up CT image 9 month after RFA shows a more decreased tumor size.
5 배상락외 : 신종양에서복강경및경피적고주파파괴술의효용성 291 촬영에서부피증가소견을보였다. 시술후, 전례에서시술전조영제주입전후 HU>20의조영증강을보이던신종양은각각의례에서 1개월째시행한전산화단층촬영상조영제주입전후조영증강이 HU<20이었다. 6개월이상장기추적한환자에서시간경과에따른전산화단층촬영상에서종양의크기를비교한결과 6개월째에는술전종양직경에비해 14% (5-28%), 1년째에는 32% (13-60) 감소된소견을보였다 (Fig. 1). 술후합병증으로는고주파파괴술에의한기포발생이 2례가있었으며, 4례에서신주위혈종의소견을보였으나경과관찰중시행한전산화단층촬영에서는모두소실되었다. 집뇨계의손상또는누공발생은전례에서관찰이되지않았다. 환자들의평균재원일수는경피적접근법을시행한군의경우 3.7일 (3-8) 이었으며, 복강경접근법을시행한군에서는 6.2일 (5-10) 이었다. 시술과관련된중증의합병증은전례에서관찰되지않았다. 모든환자에서퇴원후 2주간의경구용항생제및진통제의투여가이루어졌으며, 시술후 1주일째외래에서시행한이학적검사에서는복강경시행군의 3례에서봉합부위의경미한통증을호소한경우를제외하고특이소견이관찰되지않았다. 평균 18.2개월 (3-27) 의경과관찰이이루어졌으며, 양측성신종양 1례에서는재발소견이, 일측성신종양 1례에서잔존종양이발견되어일측성의 1례는술후 3개월째에재시술을시행하였으며, 이후에시행한전산화단층촬영에서는잔존종양소견및재발소견은관찰되지않았다. 양측성종양으로진단되었던다른 1례에서는 22개월경과관찰에서종양의재발소견이관찰되어복강경하근치적신적출술을시행하였다. 조직검사상 clear cell type의신세포암으 Table 2. Results of radiofrequency ablation in the 12 patients Value Mean tumor size 2.45cm ( ) Body mass index 22.7kg/m 2 ( ) Hospital day Percu. 3.7 days (3-7) Lapa. 6.2 days (5-8) Mean operation time Percu min (73-143) Lapa min ( ) Follow-up duration 18.2 months Size reduction after RFA at 6 months 14% (5-28) at 1 year 32% (13-60) Recurrence rate 1/12 (8.3%) Survival rate 100% RCC: renal cell carcinoma, Percu.: percutaneous, Lapa.: laparoscopic, RFA: radiofrequency ablation 로진단되었으며, 핵분화도는 II였고, 추후경과관찰에서대측신장에재발소견은관찰되지않았다. 술후 3개월째잔존종양이발생한 1례와 22개월째에재발소견이발견된 1 례를제외한전례에서경과관찰중시행한일반혈액검사및신기능검사, 소변검사, 전산화단층촬영에서특이소견이관찰되지않았으며, 전례에서현재까지원격전이의소견은관찰되지않았다 (Table 2). 고찰최근초기신장암에대한치료로근치적신적출술을대신하는고주파파괴술, 냉동치료, 부분신적출술등신원보존술식의이용이증가하고있다. 신원보존술식은악성신종양뿐만아니라작은크기의초기신종양으로오인될수있는양성혈관지방근육종이나중신선종, 비정형신낭종, 신동정맥기형, 신배게실과같은양성병변에의한근치적신적출술이라는과잉치료를막을수있는장점등이있다. 또한근치적신적출술과비교하여안전성및종양학적측면에서도우수한결과가보고되기도한다. 그러나신원보존술식에대한부정적인연구결과들도보고되고있는데, Uzzo와 Novick 10 에의하면 4cm 이하의종양에서현저히낮은재발률을가짐에도불구하고신원보존술식을시행한후시행한조직검사의 5% 에서다발성병변이발견되고, 이는신종양의불완전제거로인한결과라고주장하였다. 또한신원보존술식중개복하또는복강경부분신절제술의경우누공형성, 급성신세뇨관괴사및이와관련된급성신부전, 술후대량출혈가능성, 인접장기손상및창상감염등의합병증을보이며일부에서는아직까지는근치적신적출술에비해보다많은합병증등이보고되었다 따라서이러한부분신적출술의단점을보완하기위한방법으로고주파파괴술, 냉동치료등이시도되었다. 일반적으로신원보존술은다음과같은경우시행할수있는데, 신원보존술의절대적적응증은근치적신적출술을통한양측신절제를시행한이후신부전이발생하여혈액투석또는복막투석을시행하는경우, 이식등이필요로하는경우, 구조적, 기능적단일신의경우, 양측성신종양의경우이다. 상대적적응증은요로결석, 방광요관역류, 만성신우신염, 신혈관협착등의비뇨기과적질환, 동반된고혈압, 당뇨병, 사구체경화증및시구체병증등의신병증의내과적질환으로인해시술후신기능의악화가예견되는경우이다. 그외에도신종양의특성에따라적응여부가달라지는데일반적으로 1.6-5cm의종양까지시술이가능하나대측신장이정상신기능을가지고, 종양이신장내에국한된경우에서신원보존술식의적응증이되는것으로알려져
6 292 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 4 호 2008 있다. 14 그러나조절이되지않는혈액응고질환, 패혈증등과같은급성질환, 만성심부전등과같은경우에는금기증으로알려져있다. 신원보존술식중고주파파괴술은고주파로인해발생하는열로인한단백질의변성을이용해종양조직을파괴하는방법으로환측신장을보존할수있을뿐아니라경피적고주파파괴술의경우신적출술과전신마취등으로인해발생하는합병증을예방할수있다는장점이있다. 고주파파괴술은그사용이증가하고있는추세로많은기관에서그장점등을보고하고있는데, Mahnken 등 15 은 154명의신종양환자를대상으로시행한경피적, 복강경하, 개복하신장고주파파괴술의다기관결과를보고하였는데, 평균적인종양의크기가 2.7cm, 평균 14.4개월간의추적관찰에서 97.2% 의질병관해율을보고하였다. 또한 Uzzo와 Novick 10 도 1,800례의신원보존술식을시행한결과 4cm 이하종양의경우병기가낮은경우에서는확연히낮은재발률을보고하였다. 그외에도신장에대한고주파파괴술의우수한결과를많은기관에서보고하였다 그러나신원보존술식후발생하는재발은신장내원발종양의잔존가능성과방사선검사상발견되지않는현미경적미세병변, 신장내재발등이원인이될수있다. Li 등 21 에따르면, 부분신절제술의경우종양을중심으로 1cm 이상의정상조직을포함한절개가필요하다고주장하였다. 신원보존술식중고주파파괴술에있어 2002년 Rendon 등 22 이보고한결과에따르면신세포암에대해경피적접근법을통한고주파파괴술을시행한후즉시신적출술을시행한 5례와 7일후에부분혹은근치적신적출술을시행한 6례에서종양세포의잔존여부를확인하기위한병리학적인조직검사결과에서, 사용한탐침의신파괴범위와가열시간에차이는있었으나, 전체종양중 10% 까지일부분신세포암의잔존을보고하였고, 이에따라, 신세포암에서시행한고주파파괴술의경우향후장기간의추적관찰이필요함을주장하였다. 또한최근의보고들을살펴보면 Zagoria 등 23 은 22명의신종양환자에서전산화단층촬영유도하에고주파파괴술을시행하였으며, 전산화단층촬영또는자기공명영상으로경과관찰도중첫시술시행후평균 7개월째에잔존종양이발견되어재시술을시행하였다고보고하였다. Gervais 등 6 은 85명의신종양환자에서 100회의고주파파괴술을시행하여 52 례의 3cm 이하의종양과 68례의돌출성신종양환자는 1회시술로종양이소실되었으며, 3cm 이상의신종양환자에서는 2회이상의시술이필요하였다고보고하였다. Su 등 18 은 29명의환자에서시행한 35례의고주파파괴술을시행하였다. 평균 9개월의경과관찰에서 35례중 33례가 1회시술로신종양소실소견을보여 94% 의성공률을보고하였으며, 2례에서는 2회의고주파파괴술로신종양이소실되었다고보고하였다. McDougal 등 24 은 4.6년의평균경과관찰에서돌출형은평균 1.1회시술을보고하였으며, 중심형은평균 1.8회시술을보고하였다. Matsumoto 등 7 은 109명의크기가작은신종양환자를 91례의전산화단층촬영유도하의고주파파괴술과 46례의복강경고주파파괴술을보고하여첫번째시술에서 98% 의성공률은가진다고보고하였다. 적어도 1년이상경과관찰이가능하였던 60명의환자에서 1.7% 의부분전이를보고하였으며원격전이는없었다고보고하였다. 고주파파괴술후발생가능한합병증으로는통증과탐침삽입부위의감각이상이있으며, 신주위혈종, 일과성혈뇨, 신우요관이행부협착, 간의열손상등이있다. Weizer 등 25 은 24명의환자에대해고주파파괴술을시행하여 5례의합병증을보고하였는데, 2례의신주위혈종, 1례의지속되는소변종과근위부요관협착, 2례의장손상을보고하였다. 본원의경우 12례중 10례에서는 1회시술로종양소실소견을보였으며 (83%), 재발이발견된 2례중 1례에서 1회의추가적인고주파파괴술을시행하였으며, 1례는복강경근치적신적출술을시행하였다. 시술후합병증으로는신주위혈종 3례와육안적혈뇨 1례가있었으나술후 1개월경과관찰에서모두소실되었다. 평균 18.2개월의경과관찰기간중부분전이나원격전이가일어난례는없었다. 따라서본원에서시행한경피적접근법을통한고주파파괴술이나최소침윤수술인복강경고주파파괴술은부분신적출술의단점을보완할것으로생각되는데, 종교적신념에의한수혈거부와신적출에의한합병증발생이가능한경우, 고령의환자, 기존개복또는복강경수술로인한경복막적접근이어려운환자군에서고주파파괴술이부분신절제술을대체할것으로생각한다. 결론신원보존술식의하나로경피적접근법또는복강경접근법을통한고주파파괴술은재발률과전이에대한술기의안전성에대한장기추적관찰및수술결과에대한연구가필요하다. 그러나본원의결과및지금까지보고된결과등을볼때개복하또는복강경근치적신적출을고려하기어려운환자군의경우최소침윤적접근법을통한고주파파괴술이기존의근치적신적출술을대체할수있을것으로생각한다.
7 배상락외 : 신종양에서복강경및경피적고주파파괴술의효용성 293 REFERENCES 1. Moll V, Becht E, Ziegler M. Kidney preserving surgery in renal cell tumors: indications, techniques and results in 152 patients. J Urol 1993;150: Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F, Ierace T, Solbiati L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions. Radiology 2000;214: Martin AP, Goldstein RM, Dempster J, Netto GJ, Katabi N, Derrick HC, et al. Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation - a clinical and histological examination. Clin Transplant 2006;20: Zlotta AR, Wildschutz T, Raviv G, Peny MO, van Gansbeke D, Noel JC, et al. Radiofrequency interstitial tumour ablation (RITA) is a possible new modality for treatment of renal cancer: ex vivo and in vivo experience. J Endourol 1997;11: Yohannes P, Pinto P, Rotariu P, Smith AD, Lee BR. Retroperitoneoscopic radiofrequency ablation of a solid renal mass. J Endourol 2001;15: Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, McDougal WS, Mueller PR. Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: part 1, indications, results, and role in patient management over a 6-year period and ablation of 100 tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;185: Matsumoto ED, Johnson DB, Ogan K, Trimmer C, Sagalowsky A, Margulis V, et al. Short-term efficacy of temperature-based radiofrequency ablation of small renal tumors. Urology 2005;65: Jacomides L, Ogan K, Watumull L, Cadeddu JA. Laparoscopic application of radio frequency energy enables in situ renal tumor ablation and partial nephrectomy. J Urol 2003;169: Zagoria RJ. Imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal masses. Radiographics 2004;24(Suppl 1):S Uzzo RG, Novick AC. Nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol 2001; 166: Ljungberg B, Alamdari FI, Holmberg G, Granfors T, Duchek M. Radical nephrectomy is still preferable in the treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma. A long-term follow-up study. Eur Urol 1998;33: Leach GE, Lieber MM. Partial nephrectomy: Mayo Clinic experience Urology 1980;15: Siqueira TM Jr, Kuo RL, Gardner TA, Paterson RF, Stevens LH, Lingeman JE, et al. Major complications in 213 laparoscopic nephrectomy cases: the Indianapolis experience. J Urol 2002;168: Delakas D, Karyotis I, Daskalopoulos G, Terhorst B, Lymberopoulos S, Cranidis A. Nephron-sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma with a normal contralateral kidney: a European three-center experience. Urology 2002;60: Mahnken AH, Gunther RW, Tacke J. Radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors. Eur Radiol 2004;14: Ogan K, Jacomides L, Dolmatch BL, Rivera FJ, Dellaria MF, Josephs SC, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors: technique, limitations, and morbidity. Urology 2002;60: Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Wood BJ, Goldberg SN, McDougal WS, Mueller PR. Radio-frequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: early clinical experience. Radiology 2000;217: Su LM, Jarrett TW, Chan DY, Kavoussi LR, Solomon SB. Percutaneous computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal masses in high surgical risk patients: preliminary results. Urology 2003;61(4 Suppl 1): Walther MM, Shawker TH, Libutti SK, Lubensky I, Choyke PL, Venzon D, et al. A phase 2 study of radio frequency interstitial tissue ablation of localized renal tumors. J Urol 2000;163: Pavlovich CP, Walther MM, Choyke PL, Pautler SE, Chang R, Linehan WM, et al. Percutaneous radio frequency ablation of small renal tumors: initial results. J Urol 2002;167: Li QL, Guan HW, Zhang QP, Zhang LZ, Wang FP, Liu YJ. Optimal margin in nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma 4cm or less. Eur Urol 2003;44: Rendon RA, Kachura JR, Sweet JM, Gertner MR, Sherar MD, Robinette M, et al. The uncertainty of radio frequency treatment of renal cell carcinoma: findings at immediate and delayed nephrectomy. J Urol 2002;167: Zagoria RJ, Hawkins AD, Clark PE, Hall MC, Matlaga BR, Dyer RB, et al. Percutaneous CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal neoplasms: factors influencing success. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183: McDougal WS, Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Mueller PR. Long-term followup of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with radio frequency ablation with curative intent. J Urol 2005;174: Weizer AZ, Raj GV, O Connell M, Robertson CN, Nelson RC, Polascik TJ. Complications after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors. Urology 2005;66:
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