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1 낭종의위치에따른복강경신낭종조대술결과비교 : 말초형과신우주위형낭종 Comparison of the Surgical Outcome of Laparoscopic Cyst Marsupialization for Peripheral and Parapelvic Renal Cysts Seung Hwa Choi, Ill Young Seo, Joung Sik Rim From the Department of Urology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Korea Purpose: The location of renal cysts is related with the symptoms and signs. Parapelvic cysts are a rare form of simple renal cysts, and they are much more commonly associated with the symptoms of obstruction, pain, infection and stone formation. We evaluated the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic renal cyst marsupialization for treating the peripheral and parapelvic types of renal cysts. Materials and Methods: Between November 1993 and April 2007, 87 patients (91 cases) who presented with symptomatic renal cysts underwent laparoscopic renal cyst marsupialization. There were 76 cases in the peripheral cyst group and 15 cases in the parapelvic cyst group. The mean age was 59.2 years (age range: 20-77) for the patients with peripheral renal cysts and 62.9 years (age range: 47-79) for the patients with parapelvic cysts. Results: The mean operative time was 108 minutes (30-280) for the patients with peripheral renal cysts and 144 minutes (80-270) for the patients with parapelvic cysts, and there was a significant difference (p=0.031). However for the other factors, including the time for the first oral intake, the time to remove the drain and the length of the hospital stay, there were no significant differences (p=0.671, 0.088, 0.268, respectively). Complications, including bleeding and leakage, were detected in 11 patients (14.4%) of the peripheral cyst group and in 4 patients (26.6%) of the parapelvic cyst group; there was a statistical difference (p=0.035). Both groups had a high success rate, 98.7% in the peripheral cyst group and 100% in the parapelvic cyst group. Conclusions: We found that laparoscopic renal cyst marsupialization was a standard treatment with a high success rate and a fast recovery time. However, performing this for parapelvic cysts showed a longer operative time and a higher complication rate as compared with peripheral cysts. (Korean J Urol 2008;49: ) Key Words: Laparoscopy, Cystic renal disease, Cysts 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 6 호 2008 원광대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실, 원광의과학연구소 최승화ㆍ서일영ㆍ임정식 접수일자 :2008년 3월 18일채택일자 :2008년 5월 6일 교신저자 : 서일영원광대학교병원비뇨기과전북익산시신용동 TEL: FAX: seraph@ wonkwang.ac.kr 서론단순신낭종은증상이없을때에는특별한치료없이경과를관찰하지만, 수신증및신실질위축등의합병증, 낭종의크기증가로인한측복통, 악성종양과의감별이힘든경 우, 감염, 혈뇨등의증상이발생할경우등에는적극적인치료가필요하다. 1 증상이있는단순신낭종의치료법으로경피적신낭종흡인술및경화법이비침습적인치료법으로사용되고있다. 그러나 30-70% 의재발률을보이며, 반복시술시감염의가능성이높다는단점이있다. 2 최근에는개복수술을 497
2 498 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 6 호 2008 대신하여덜침습적인치료로복강경신낭종조대술이이용되고있으며, 많은연구에서그안정성과효과가보고되고있다. 3-5 신우주위형낭종은단순신낭종의드문형태로서신우를압박하여수신증, 측복부동통등을잘유발시키므로적극적인치료법이고려되는질환이다. 6 신우주위형낭종은신문부의혈관과집합계에인접하고있으므로경피적흡인술이위험하며, 경화법의경우경화제가후복강으로유출되는경우심한염증과이차적인신우요관이행부패색을발생하므로치료방법의선택이어렵다. 7 따라서, 수술적절제가일반적인치료원칙이며, 최근에는복강경신낭종조대술이시행되고있다. 저자들은단순신낭종의위치에따른복강경낭종조대술의안정성과효용성을파악하고자후향적으로분석한임상결과를보고하고자한다. 대상및방법 1993년 11월부터 2007년 4월까지본원에서증상을동반한단순신낭종으로복강경신낭종조대술을받은환자중추적검사가가능하고진료기록의분석이가능한 87명 (91례) 을대상으로후향적으로연구하였다. 진단은복부초음파검사혹은복부전산화단층촬영술을이용하였다. 낭종의크기는복부전산화단층촬영의경우가장큰직경을이용하였고, 복부초음파검사만시행한경우초음파의가장큰직경을이용하였다 (Fig. 1, 2). 영상검사결과에따른낭종의위치는말초형신낭종 76례 (73명), 신우주위형신낭종 15례 (14명) 였다. 수술의적응증은낭종의크기가커요관폐색및수신증을유발한경우 14례, 혈뇨나측복통과같은증상이있는경우 67례, 악성종양가능성을배제할수없는경우가 10례이었다. 이중악성종양의가능성을배제할수없었던증례들은정기적인추적관찰중에환자의적극적인요구로수 Fig. 1. Abdominopelvic computed tomography shows a 4.7cm-sized right parapelvic cyst (arrow). It compresses the right renal pelvis and it may have caused the renal stones at the lower calyx. Fig. 2. Abdominopelvic computed tomography shows a 10.4cm-sized right peripheral cyst (arrow).
3 최승화외 : 낭종의위치에따른복강경신낭종조대술 499 술을시행한경우였으며, 낭종의조직검사및흡입액의세포검사에서단순신낭종으로진단되었다. 4명의환자는양측성낭종으로양측성복강경신낭종조대술을받았으며, 말초형환자 3명과신우주위형환자 1명이었다. 환자의평균연령은말초형의경우 59.2세 (20-77), 신우주위형은 62.9세 (47-79) 였으며, 남녀비는각각 1:1.5와 1:1.3 이었다. 낭종의크기는말초형이평균 6.07cm (1.3-15), 신우주위형이평균 5.84cm (3.7-9) 였다 (Table 1). 복강경신낭종조대술은전신마취하에시행되었으며, 모든증례에서경복막접근법을이용하였다. 환자를 70도측와위로눕힌후 Veress 침을이용하여기복을만들었다. 중부쇄골선에서배꼽 1cm 하방에 10mm 카메라포트를유치한후복강경을넣고, 복강내부를관찰한후중부쇄골선에서늑골연직하부와, 후액와선에서배꼽위치에두개의포트를유치시켜모두 3개의트로카를사용하였다. 먼저 Toldt 백선을절개한후상행결장혹은하행결장을내측으로견인한후후복막을노출시켰다. 신주위지방조직을박리하고신낭종을관찰하였다. 신우주위형낭종의경우엔신동맥과정맥, 상부요관의위치를확인한후낭종을절제하였다. 낭종의위치가육안적으로확인하기힘든경우엔복강경초음파 (Prosound SSD-3500SV; Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) 를이용하여낭종을찾았다. 낭종을완전히박리한후낭종내용물을바늘로천자하여낭종액의세포검사및화학검사를실시하였다. 낭종벽을초음파메스 (Sonosurg7; Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan) 로절제한후낭종내부를관찰하였다. 신주위지방조직을신낭종안으로넣어낭종을덮은후봉합하였다. 출혈유무 를확인한후배액관을넣고수술을마쳤다. 수술후추적검사는복부초음파검사를 1 개월과 3 개월에 Table 1. The baseline characteristics of the patients in each groups No. of cases (No. of patients) Mean age (years) Sex ratio (male:female) Laterality (right/left/bilateral, %) Mean cyst size (cm) Hematuria (%) Cyst location (%) Upper pole Mid pole Lower pole Mean follow up duration (months) Peripheral cyst 76 (73) 59.2 (20-77) 1:1.5 30/43/3 (39.4/56.5/3.9) 6.07 ( ) 27 (35.5) 11 (14.4) 49 (64.4) 16 (21.0) 6.6 (3-84) Parapelvic cyst 15 (14) 62.9 (47-79) 1:1.3 6/8/1 (40/53.3/6.6) 5.84 ( ) 7(46.5) 4(26.6) 8(53.3) 3(20.0) 10.2 (3-72) 실시하였고이후엔매년정기적으로시행하였다. 수술후평균추적기간은말초형의경우 6.6개월 (3-84), 신우주위형의경우 10.2개월 (3-72) 이었다. 수술의성공유무는추적검사에서낭종이완전히소실된경우성공, 낭종의크기가 50% 이하로남아있는경우부분성공, 50% 이상으로남아있는경우실패로정의하였다. 통계처리는 SPSS 12.0K for Windows 프로그램을사용하였으며합병증과재발의비교는 Pearson's chi-square test를시행하였고다른평균값의비교는비모수적검정방법인 Mann-Whitney U test를이용하였으며, p<0.05인경우를통계학적으로유의한차이가있는것으로판정하였다. Table 2. Comparison of the perioperative and follow-up data Mean operative time (min) Mean first oral intake time (days) Mean drainage removal time (days) Mean hospital stay (days) Mean follow up duration (months) Complications (%) Bleeding (%) Transfusion (units) Leakage (%) Outcomes (%) Complete remission Partial remission Recurrence Mean analgesic use (diclofenac, mg) 결 평균수술시간은말초형이 108분 (30-280), 신우주위형이 144분 (80-270) 으로말초형낭종군에서유의하게짧았다 (p= 0.031). 그러나경구섭취개시일은평균 1.27일 (1-4) 과 1.21 일 (1-2), 배액관제거일은평균 4.5일 (1-19) 과 5.9일 (2-14), 재원기간은평균 7.5일 (3-28) 과 8.8일 (5-17) 로말초형낭종군과신우주위형낭종군간의유의한차이가없었다 (p= 0.671, 0.088, 0.268). 수술후통증은디크놀 (diclofenac betadimethylaminoethanol, 일동제약, 서울, 한국 ) 근육주사를이용하여조절하였는데, 평균사용량은말초형의경우 60.4mg (0-450), 신우주위형의경우 54.6mg (0-270) 이었으며, 통계학 Peripheral cyst Parapelvic cyst p-value (30-280) 1.27 (1-4) 4.5(1-19) 7.5(3-28) 6.6(3-84) 11 (14.4) 9 (11.8) 2.5(1-7) 2(2.6) 과 66 (86.8) 9 (11.8) 1(1.3) 60.4 (0-450) (80-270) 1.21 (1-2) 5.9 (2-14) 8.8 (5-17) 10.2 (3-72) 4(26.6) 2(13.3) 5(2-8) 2(13.3) 14(93.3) 1 (6.6) (0-270)
4 500 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 6 호 2008 적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.963). 수술합병증은말초형낭종군과신우주위형낭종군에서 11례 (14.4%) 와 4례 (26.6%) 가관찰되었으며, 신우주위형에서통계적으로의의있게더흔히발생하였다 (p=0.035). 말초형낭종군에서는출혈 9례 (11.8%), 요누출 2례 (2.6%) 가있었고, 신우주위형낭종군에서는출혈 2례 (13.3%), 요누출 2례 (13.3%) 가있었다. 수술중급성출혈로인해수혈한증례는없었으며수술후시행한혈색소수치의저하로수혈을시행한 11례의경우를출혈로정의하여수혈하였고, 평균수혈양은말초형에서농축적혈구 2.5단위 (1-7), 신우주위형에서 5단위 (2-8) 로신우주위형낭종에서더많았다. 요누출은수술후초음파검사를통하여확인하였으며 4례모두에서배액관의유치를연장하는등의보존적치료로소실되었다. 수술후평균추적기간은말초형이 6.6개월 (3-84), 신우주위형이 10.2개월 (3-72) 이었다. 추적기간중말초형낭종군 1례에서 1년후시행한복부초음파검사에서재발이발견되었으나, 증상이없어추적검사중이며, 신우주위형낭종군에서는없어두군모두에서높은수술성공률 (98.7%, 100%) 을보였다 (Table 2). 고찰단순신낭종은신피질에서기원하는양성질환으로서 40 세이하성인에서약 20%, 60세이상에서는 33% 에서발견되며, 50세이상부검자의약 50% 에서발견된다. 대부분의신낭종은무증상으로우연히발견되며남녀비는 2:1로남자에게서더흔하다. 8,9 단순신낭종은무증상인경우치료가필요치않으나측복통등의국소증상이있거나, 낭종에의해신우나상부요관을압박하여수신증이발생하는경우나, 신실질을압박하여신성고혈압을유발하는경우엔치료를해야만한다. 단순신낭종의치료방법으로는 1960년대까지는개복에의한조대술을시행하였으나술후합병증의빈도가높고수술시간과재원기간이높은문제점이있었다. 이후시행된단순천자법의경우 90% 의높은재발률이보고되었다. 따라서재발률을줄이기위해서낭종을흡인한후 ethanol 등다양한약물을낭종내로주입하여경화시키는방법이시행되고있으며, 70% 이상의치료성공률을보고하고있다. 10 그러나경화요법은작열감, 오심, 측복통등의부작용이발생하수있고, 1회시술시재발률이높으며, 신우주위형낭종의경우에는집뇨계에손상을줄수있으므로금기시되고있다. 11 복강경신낭종조대술은개복술에비해절개창이작고술 후동통이나장폐색이적으며, 경화요법에비해서수술부위를직접확인해서제거할수있으며신우주위형낭종의경우에도시행할수있는장점이있다. 복강경신낭종조대술을경피적흡인및경화요법과비교하였을때, 수술성공률은 % 로경화요법의성공률인 % 보다높았다. 그러나피하기종, 복막파열, 장폐색, 후복막혈종, 횡격막손상등합병증발생이경화요법보다많았다. 10,12,13 국내의보고에서도, Seo 등 4 은복강경조대술의수술성공률을 96.2% 로보고하여경화요법의성공률인 77.8% 보다높았으며, 합병증발생률이 23.1% 로경화요법의 3.7% 보다높았다. Oh 등 5 의보고에서는경화요법의경우재발률이높고반복적으로시행하는경우에드는비용이높아복강경낭종조대술이신낭종의우선적인치료법으로고려해볼수있다고보고했다. 단순신낭종의비교적드문형태인신우주위형낭종은신문부의혈관과집뇨계에인접하고있으므로집뇨계와혈관에손상가능성이있는경피적흡인및경화요법은금기시되고있다. 따라서, 관혈적낭종절제술이일차적치료법으로고려되고있다. 신우주위형낭종에대한복강경조대술은 1992년 Hulbert 등 3 이처음시행하였으며, 이후다양한임상결과가보고되고있어, 신우주위형낭종에대한표준치료법으로관혈적신낭종절제술을대체하고있다. Camargo 등 14 은 4례의신우주위형낭종에대한복강경낭종조대술을시행하였고 100% 의수술성공률과 0% 의합병증을보고하면서신우주위형낭종에대한복강경낭종조대술은말초형신낭종보다숙련된복강경기술이필요하나안전하고효과적인치료법이라고보고하였다. 국내의보고로, Chun 등 15 은신우주위형낭종에대한후복막강경신낭종절제술 5례를보고하였는데평균수술시간이 179분으로길었지만평균 9.2개월간의추적기간동안재발없이 100% 의성공률과 40% 의합병증을보고하면서복강경신낭종조대술이신우주위형낭종의표준치료법으로고려될수있다고주장하였다. 낭종의위치에따른복강경신낭종조대술의결과에대하여, Yoder와 Wolf 16 는말초형신낭종 8례와신우주위형낭종 9례에대한보고에서평균 52개월간의추적검사결과합병증은말초형환자에서 2례보고되었고, 수술시간은말초형은평균 145분신우주위형은 163분으로유의한차이는보이지않았으며, 성공률은각각 89% 와 55% 로역시통계적유의성은없었다. 결론적으로신낭종의위치는수술도중및수술후의결과에큰영향을미치지못한다고주장하였고, 복강경신낭종조대술을신낭종의표준치료로권장하였다. 그러나, 국내에는낭종의위치에따른복강경조대술의
5 최승화외 : 낭종의위치에따른복강경신낭종조대술 501 결과에대한보고가아직까지없는형편이다. 저자들의연구에서복강경신낭종조대술의수술시간은신우주위형이말초형에비해더길었으며, 수술합병증도더흔히발생하였다. 그러나수술의성공률은말초형과신우주위형모두높은성공률을보였다. 수술시간이신우주위형낭종에서더긴이유는작은신낭종의경우신문부조직으로인하여찾기어려울수있으며, 신동맥및정맥, 상부요관등의손상을피하면서낭종을박리해야하므로더많은시간이소요된것으로생각한다. 복강경신낭종조대술의접근방법에서, 후복막접근법과경복막접근법을비교한논문들에서두방법의수술결과는큰차이가없었고, 병변의위치, 수술자의기호, 동반수술의유무에따라접근방법이결정된다고보고되고있다. 12,13 저자들의경우다른복강경수술등을경복막적접근법으로더많이경험하였기에해부학적인친밀성때문에경복막적접근법을이용하였다. 결 복강경하신낭종조대술은쉽고성공률이높으며합병증도적어단순신낭종의일차적치료법으로고려될수있다. 그러나신우주위형신낭종의경우말초형낭종에비하여수술시간이더길고합병증의발생률이상대적으로높다. 따라서안전한수술을위해서는신낭종의위치에대한수술전방사선검사가필요하고, 신우주위형낭종의경우수술중낭종에대한주의깊은접근이필요하다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Kissane JM, Smith MG. Pathology of infancy and childhood. 2nd ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1975; Dean AL. Treatment of solitary cyst of kidney by aspiration. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg 1939;32:91 3. Hulbert JC, Shepard TG, Evans RM. Laparoscopic surgery for renal cystic disease. J Urol 1992;147: Seo IY, Jeong CS, Jeong HJ, Rim JS. Long term follow-up results of laparoscopic renal cyst marsupialization: comparison with alcohol sclerotherapy. Korean J Urol 2004;45: Oh CK, Kim DW, Lee KW, Lee YS, Yang SC, Rha KH. Cost analysis of renal cyst ablation: laparoscopic cyst marsupialization versus repeated sclerotherapy about recurrent renal cyst. Korean J Urol 2006;47: Glassberg KI. Renal dysgenesis and cystic disease of the kidney. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED Jr, Wein AJ, editors. Campbell's urology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002; Amar AD, Das S. Surgical management of benign renal cysts causing obstruction of renal pelvis. Urology 1984;24: Marumo K, Horiguchi Y, Nakagawa K, Oya M, Ohigashi T, Asakura H, et al. Incidence and growth pattern of simple cysts of the kidney in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Int J Urol 2003;10: Terada N, Ichioka K, Matsuta Y, Okubo K, Yoshimura K, Arai Y. The natural history of simple renal cysts. J Urol 2002;167: Wolf JS Jr. Evaluation and management of solid and cystic renal masses. J Urol 1998;159: Camacho MF, Bondhus MJ, Carrion HM, Lockhart JL, Politano VA. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction resulting from percutaneous cyst puncture and intracystic isophendylate injection: an unusual complications. J Urol 1980;124: Gauzzoni G, Montorsi F, Bergamaschi F, Consonni P, Bellinzoni P, Centemero A, et al. Laparoscopic unroofing of simple renal cysts. Urology 1994;43: Hoenig DM, Leveillee RJ, Amaral JF, Stein BS. Laparoscopic unroofing of symptomatic renal cysts: three distinct surgical approaches. J Endourol 1995;9: Camargo AH, Cooperberg MR, Ershoff BD, Rubenstein JN, Meng MV, Stoller ML. Laparoscopic management of peripelvic renal cysts: University of California, San Francisco, experience and review of literature. Urology 2005;65: Chun SJ, So YS, Kim CS. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic ablation of peripelvic renal cyst. Korean J Urol 2002;43: Yoder BM, Wolf JS Jr. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic decortication of peripheral and peripelvic renal and adrenal cysts. J Urol 2004;171:583-7
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