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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 11 pp , ISSN / eissn 곽은조 1, 박성영 2* 1 공주대학교대학원기계공학과, 2 공주대학교기계자동차공학부 Production Process Development and Prototype Evaluation for Roller Tappet Housing of Valvetrain Eun-Jo Gwak 1, Sung-Young Park 2* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kongju National University 2 Div. of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University 요약본연구에서는엔진의밸브트레인에적용되는롤러태핏하우징의냉간단조공정을개발하였다. 시제품을제작하였으며, 태핏하우징의내구성평가를통하여작동성을확인하였다. 소재시편의압축시험을통하여태핏에사용되는소재의물성을확보하고상용소프트웨어인 Deform-3D 을이용하여단조해석을수행하였다. 해석결과를바탕으로냉간단조공정을설계하였으며, 실제금형을제작하고시제품을제작하였다. 제작한시제품의평가를위하여치수정밀도, 표면조도, 평행도, 동심도를확인하였으며, 목표한항목에모두부합하는결과를확인하였다. 또한제품의작동성및내구성평가를수행하기위하여, 엔진밸브트레인의구동을모사하는별도의시험장치개발을완료하였다. 디젤엔진의아이들상태를가정하여작동성을평가하고, 엔진의최고회전수를가정하여내구성시험을진행하였다. 시험결과태핏하우징의마모는시험전, 후외경치수 mm 감소로, 미소한마모를보였다. 본연구를통하여정밀냉간단조기술을이용한제품개발프로세스를정립하였다. 또한본연구에서개발한작동성평가시험기를통해밸브트레인용부품의작동성및내구성평가시험이가능할것으로사료된다. Abstract In this study, a cold forging process was developed for the roller tappet housing of an engine valvetrain system. A tappet sample was manufactured and subjected to an endurance test. The material properties were obtained from a compression test, and forging analysis was carried out to design a forging process using a commercial program, Deform-3D. The forging process was set up based on the analysis results, and a die set and sample tappet housing were manufactured. To evaluate the sample, the dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, parallelism, and concentricity were measured and confirmed. To evaluate the actuation and durability, a special test rig was developed to simulate the valvetrain system of the engine. An actuation test was performed based on the idle speed of a general diesel engine, and an endurance test was done based on the maximum speed. The results show minor wear of mm. The developed test rig will be used to evaluate the actuation and durability of other valvetrain parts. Keywords : Cold Forging, Forming Analysis, Tappet housing, Process Development, Prototype evaluation 1. 서론 엔진은실린더안에서혼합기가폭발할때생기는에 너지를운동에너지로바꾸는기능을한다. 특히엔진의출력에영향을주는핵심부품중에밸브트레인부품들이엔진의성능과출력에직접적인영향을미친다 [1-2]. * Corresponding Author : Sung-Young Park(Kongju Univ.) Tel: sungyoung@kongju.ac.kr Received August 9, 2016 Accepted November 10, 2016 Revised (1st September 8, 2016, 2nd September 12, 2016) Published November 30,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 11 호, 2016 밸브트레인의형태와구조는엔진의연소실에공기와연료를공급하는중요한역할을수행하기때문에엔진의초기설계에서부터개발이진행되는엔진의핵심부품군중의하나로많은연구가수행되었다 [3-4]. 밸브트레인은엔진의종류와규격에따라다양하게분류될수있지만, 일반적으로직동식 (Direct Acting Type), 핑거팔로우어 (Finger Follower Type), 그리고 Center Pivot OHV의 Roller Follower Type으로나눌수있다. Center Pivot OHV의 Roller Follower Type HLA(Hydraulic Lash Adjuster) 태핏은롤러, 니들베어링, 체크밸브, 플런져및하우징 ( 혹은바디 ) 로구성되어있으며, Fig. 1. 은롤러태핏의구조를나타낸다. 이다. 시험장비는 SHIMADZU사의압축및인장시험기이며, 최대 25kN까지시험가능한장비이다. 시험장비파손을방지하기위하여압축시험시편은원통형으로직경 9 mm, 높이 13 mm로제작하였다. 총 5개의시편을 8 mm 압축하는방식으로시험하여하중, 응력데이터를확보하고소재의변형특성을확인하였다. Fig. 2. Compression testing machine and samples Fig. 1. Roller tappet structure 밸브트레인에서태핏은엔진의밸브를작동시키기때문에매우높은정밀도를요구하고있다. 기존의롤러태핏하우징은 CNC와 MCT를통한기계가공공법으로생산하고있다. 가공을통한제품생산은시간이오래걸리며소재투입량이과대한단점이있다. 따라서최근에밸브트레인뿐만아니라많은자동차부품들이가공을통한생산에서고정밀냉간단조공법을통한생산으로전환이이루어지고있는추세이다 [5-7]. 본연구에서는정밀냉간단조를통한태핏하우징생산공법을개발하고, 시제품의성능을확인하였다. 시험결과시편에가해지는압축응력곡선은 Fig. 3. 과같다. 소재의항복은약 380 MPa이었다. 2. 본론 2.1 소재압축시험태핏하우징의재질은특수합금강 (16MnCr5) 으로단조재기초물성을파악하기위하여압축시험을수행하였다. Fig. 2. 는압축시험에사용된장비와압축시험시편 Fig. 3. Compressive stress of the compression test sample 2.2 냉간단조공정설계및 CAE 해석태핏하우징제작을위한공정설계를진행하였다. 공정은태핏의형상을고려하여 1차, 2차로나누어공정을진행하였다. 각공정에따른형상변화는 Fig. 4. 와같다. 224
3 Fig. 4. Cold forging process 냉간단조성형해석을위해상용소프트웨어인 Deform-3D를이용하여해석을진행하였다 [8]. 압축시험을통하여확보한소재물성을해석프로그램의소재물성에적용하여해석을수행하였다. 냉간단조공정해석은재질 16MnCr5, 요소수는약 30,000개이며, 소재를안착시킨후상부금형을하강시키는방식의해석을진행하였다. 해석결과평균응력과주응력은전방압출끝단부가성형되는다이의끝부분에서가장높은응력이발생하였으며, 펀치에걸리는최대하중및다이에작용하는압축응력은 Table 1. 과같다. Fig. 5. Analysis result of 1st cold forging process Table 1. Result of forging simulation 1 st Forging 2 nd Forging Punch load 152 Ton 124 Ton Compressive stress on top of die 1,470 MPa 1,170 MPa Compressive stress on bottom of die 1,176 MPa 936 MPa Fig. 5. 는 1차냉간단조해석결과를보여주고있다. 해석결과예비성형체의최종치수에만족을하였으며, 미충진은발생하지않았다. Fig. 6. 은 2차냉간단조해석결과를보여주고있으며, 해석결과최종형상치수에부합하였고미충진또한발생하지않았다. 해석결과를바탕으로냉간단조공정사이에열처리및피막공정을추가하여시제품제작을위한공정도를확정하였다. Fig. 6. Analysis result of 2nd cold forging process 2.3 태핏하우징시제품제작금형소재인 AISI-D2의압축항복강도확인결과물성의압축항복강도는 2,200 MPa로 [9], 해석결과에따르면금형의파손이예상되었다. 따라서실제금형제작시 225
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 11 호, 2016 열박음링을적용하였다. 제작한금형은 Fig. 7. 과같다. Fig. 7. Cold forging molds 금형의구조는크게펀치홀더, 펀치, 펀치하우징, 펀치가이드, 다이, 카운터펀치, 수압판등으로이루어며, 금형의수명및치수정밀도와동심도를개선하기위하여금형의경도를 HRC 60 이내로관리하였다. 태핏하우징냉간단조공정은아래 Table 2. 과같다. 소재절단후열처리, 피막작업을진행하고 1차냉간단조수하였으며, 2차단조전예비성형체의열처리와피막작업을수행하였다. 단조작업완료후가공을통하여태핏하우징의완제품을제작하였으며시제품은 Fig. 8. 과같다. Table 2. Process order Process `Substance Fig. 8. Produced tappet housing sample 2.4 태핏하우징시제품평가제작된시제품평가를위하여표면조도, 치수정밀도, 평행도, 동심도, 피막두께를측정하였다. 표면조도는일본 Mitutoyo사의 Surftest SJ-400 장비를사용하였고, 치수정밀도와평행도, 동심도는 CNC Coordiante Measuring M/C를이용하여치수를측정하였다. 시제품평가결과는 Table. 3 에정리하였으며, 평가결과목표한항목모두에만족하는결과를보였다. Meterial Heat treatment / Shot blast Film 1st Cold forging Heat treatment / Shot blast Film 2nd Cold forging 1st Lathe turning Hole fabrication Heat treatment Grinding Finishing products 16MnCr5 Annealing / Decarbonization / Scale removing Phosphate coating + Metallic soap lublication Forming preform Annealing / Decarbonization / Scale removing Phosphate coating + Metallic soap lublication / Coating thickness control Simultaneous forging / Dimension control Rough machining Hole fabrication Carburization Tolerance control Assembly Table 3. Result of prototype evaluation Evaluation Target Result Dimensional accuracy Less than 0.06 mm mm Surface roughness Less than 12 Rmax 10.2 Rmax Parallelism Less than 0.05 mm 0.01 mm Concentricity Less than 0.2 mm mm 2.5 시제품작동성및내구성평가 태핏하우징의작동성평가를위한시험장치는동력 부, 윤활부, 밸브작동부로구성되며, 실제엔진에서밸 브트레인의작동을모사하는장비이다. 작동성평가시 험기는원활한작동을위하여별도의오일펌프를통해 내부윤활을수행하며카트리지내부에오일을분사하여 윤활조건을만족한다. Fig. 9. 는작동부의내부구조를나 타내고있다. 226
5 설계한캠의프로파일은 Fig. 11. 와같고, 캠의최대양정은 2 mm를가지며, 최고속도는약 mm/deg, 최고가속도는약 mm/deg 2 를가진다. 설계한캠의도면과제작한캠은 Fig. 12. 와같다. Fig. 9. Structure of endurance testing machine 시험기는모터동력을통하여캠을구동하는방식으로, 모터회전수는인버터를통하여제어하며 60 Hz에서 1500 rpm으로구동된다. 모터와캠은 2:1 기어비를가지며벨트를통하여회전력을전달한다. 시험기캠의최대회전수는분당 3000 rpm 이다. 본시험을위해작동부에적용될카트리지와캠을설계하였으며, 카트리지에밸브및태핏이설치된다. Fig. 10. 은카트리지의도면과제작된카트리지를보여주고있다. Fig. 11. Cam profile for the endurance test Fig. 12. Endurance test cam design Fig. 10. Endurance test cartridge design Fig. 13. 은제작한카트리지와캠을시험기에장착한사진이다. 작동성평가방법은엔진의아이들상태인 1000 rpm을가정하여, 캠회전수기준 500 rpm 으로 2 분간작동성을확인하였다. 시험결과태핏의원활한작동이가능하였으며, 시제품의파손이나긁힘이발견되지않았다. 227
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 11 호, 2016 공정을개발하고, 시제품의작동성및내구성평가를진행하였다. 본연구를통하여얻은결론은다음과같다. Fig. 13. Endurance testing machine 내구성평가방법은일반적인디젤엔진의최고회전수 4800 rpm에서 100만번작동하였다. 시험시간은약 7 시간동안진행하였으며, 시험전, 후태핏외경치수를 3 개지점에서측정하여마모를확인하였다. 외경치수는최대 mm 감소하여미소한마모가발생한것을확인하였다. 시험결과태핏하우징시제품에서파손이발견되지않았다. Fig. 14. 는시험전, 후의태핏을보여주고있다. 1. 본연구를통하여롤러태핏하우징개발시소재의물성평가에서공정개발및시제품제작까지의개발프로세스를정립하였다. 특히, 실제엔진밸브트레인의구동을모사할수있는롤러태핏시험기를제작하고, 내구성및작동성실험을수행하였다. 2. 시제품의평가결과표면조도 10.2 Rmax, 치수정밀도 mm, 평행도 0.01 mm, 동심도 mm 로목표치수에부합함을확인하였다. 3. 태핏하우징의작동성및내구성평가를수행한결과, 외경치수가 mm 이하로감소하여허용가능한마모량을보였다. 또한 100만번의작동시험에서제품의파손부위가없었으며, 양호하게작동되었다. 4. 본연구를통하여개발한시제품개발프로세스와내구성시험장치는유사한밸브트레인용태핏하우징의기초성능및작동성능개발에활용이가능할것으로사료된다. References Fig. 14. Endurance test result of tappet housing 3. 결론본연구에서는롤러태핏하우징의제작공정과시제품을개발하였다. 본연구에적용된태핏하우징은승용디젤엔진의밸브트레인과가솔린직접분사방식의펌프에주로사용되는사양이다. 성형해석을통하여냉간단조 [1] J. T. Staron, P. A. Willermet, An Analysis of valve Train Friction in Terms of Lubrication Principles, SAE Trans., Vol. 1, pp , DOI: [2] C. M. Taylor, Engine Tribology, Elsevier Science Publishers. Tribology Series 26, [3] M. E. Crane, R. C. Meyer, A Process to Predict Friction in an Automotive Valve Train, SAE , DOI: [4] D. C. Han, M. R. Cho, The Characteristics of Friction in Direct Acting OHC Valve Train System, J. of KSTLE, vol. 14, no. 1, pp 23-27, [5] J. H. Nam, S. H. Jung, T. W. Jung, Y. S. Lee, Study on New Process for Precision Forging of Helical Gear, Transaction of the Korean Society For Technology of Plasticity, pp , [6] B. H. Lee, S. Y. Park, Development of E-100 Fuel Pump lower Housing Using Cold Forging Process, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 13, no. 1 pp , DOI: [7] B. H. Lee, S. Y. Park, Development of LPI Vehicle Fuel Filter Housing, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 15, no
7 pp , DOI: [8] DEFORM User s Manual V11.0, Scientific Forming Technologies Cooperation., [9] MatWeb, Material Property Data: AISI 1045 Steel, 곽은조 (Eun-Jo Gwak) [ 정회원 ] 2014 년 2 월 : 공주대학교기계자동차공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2014 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 공주대학교기계공학과석사과정 < 관심분야 > 열유체해석, 내연기관성능개발 박성영 (Sung-Young Park) [ 정회원 ] 1993 년 2 월 : 충남대학교기계공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1995 년 2 월 : 충남대학교기계공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2002 년 5 월 : Texas A&M Univ. 기계공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2006 년 4 월 ~ 현재 : 공주대학교기계자동차공학부, 정교수 < 관심분야 > 열유체해석, 내연기관성능개발 229
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