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1 대한임상신경생리학회지 13(2):87~92, 2011 ISSN Original Article 수술소견과자기공명영상소견을통한발목터널증후군의원인연구 가천의과학대학교가천의대길병원신경과 1, 정형외과 2 손민기 1 박홍기 2 이영배 1 Etiologic Study of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome by Operative and MRI Findings Min-Ki Son, M.D. 1, Hong-Ki Park, M.D. 2, Yeong-Bae Lee, M.D. 1 Departments of Neurology 1 and Orthopedic Surgery 2, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea Received 14 July 2011; received in revised form 21 October 2011; accepted 12 December Background: Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is an entrapment neuropathy that occurs in the ankle. Previous studies reported that this disease was due to physiologic factors and structural lesions in the ankle or foot. The authors investigated the causative factors of TTS and their frequency via operative findings. The diagnostic value of MRI was also evaluated based on the concordance between the operative findings and the MRI findings. Methods: This study was performed in retrospective by using medical record of the patients who underwent operations with TTS from August 2003 to May Physical examination, nerve conduction study, and MRI were conducted on patients who visited department of neurology or orthopedic surgery due to pain and sensory abnormality of their ankle and foot. Results: 34 patients underwent the operation. Ganglion accounted for the largest portion of the operative findings. In addition, varicose veins, intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy, tenosynovitis, and fascia thickening were mainly observed. Of the 34 patients, 33 patients underwent pre-operative MRI, of whom 18 patients showed MRI findings consistent with the operative findings. Conclusions: Space-occupying lesions accounted for the majority of the causative factors in TTS patients who underwent the surgical treatment. In this study, the MRI appeared useful for identifying causes of TTS. Key Words: Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Magnetic resonance imaging, Etiology 서 론 발목터널증후군은발목부위에발생하는포착신경병증 (entrapment neuropathy) 이며그유병률이점차증가하고있 Address for correspondence; Yeong-Bae Lee, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, 1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel: Fax: yblee@gachon.ac.kr 는질환이다. 1 지금까지발목터널증후군의원인으로는운동선수나무용수들처럼과도하게발목을사용하는경우나적절하지못한신발및붕대, 부목등의사용에의해발생하는경우가많은것으로알려져있으며발목및발의기질적병변에의해서도발생할수있는것으로알려져있으나이러한기질적병변들의빈도에대한체계적인연구는아직부족한상태이다. 1-4 저자들은발목터널증후군환자들중수술을시행받은환자들의수술적소견을토대로발목터널증후군을유발하는기질적원인의빈도에대해알아보고자하였으며부가적으로수술전시행한발목자기공 Copyright 2011 by The Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 87
2 손민기 박홍기 이영배 명영상소견과수술소견을비교하여발목터널증후군을일으키는기질적병변에대한자기공명영상의진단적가치에대해연구하기로하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 2003년 8월부터 2010년 5월까지, 본원에내원하여발목터널증후군을진단받고수술을시행한환자들의의무기록을바탕으로후향적으로이루어졌다. 발목내측및발바닥의저린감, 통증, 시린감또는무딘감등발목터널증후군의특징적인임상증상을호소한환자들을대상으로신경전도검사를시행하여이에합당한소견이관찰된경우발목터널증후군으로진단하였다. 환자들은본원또는타병원에서최소 1개월간증상조절을위한약물치료를하였으나증상의호전이없었던경우수술을시행하였으며수술전발목자기공명영상을시행하였다. 2. 연구방법신경생리검사는 Viasys 사의 Viking IV를이용하였으며검사실실온을 26 이상으로유지하고환자의표피온도가 34 이상의상태에서직류전류자극기와활성전극및기준전극을이용하여시행하였다. 자극의강도는운동신경전도검사시최대상자극 (supramaximal stimulation) 으로, 감각신경전도검사시최대복합신경전위의진폭을나타내는최소한의강도로자극하여복합운동전위와감각신경전위를유발하였다. 신경전도검사에서발목터널증후군의진단은경골신경의 A-P (Ankle-Popliteal fossa) 구간의말단잠복기와신경전도속도가정상이면서내측또는외측족저신경의 A-G (Ankle-Great toe) 구간에서운동또는감각신경의말단잠복기의지연또는신경전도속도의감소를진단기준으로삼았다. 잠복기와신경전도속도는정상범위에들어있으나진폭만감소된경우는이상소견으로보지않았으며반복적인자극에도불구하고의미있는진폭자체가관찰되지않은경우는이상소견으로보았다. 정상소견의기준치는 Oh가제시한수치들을참고하였으며감각신경의말단잠복기는연령대별정상치를구분하여적용하였다. 5 내측족저신경의운동신경전도검사는활성전극을단족무지굴근 (flexor hallucisbrevis muscle) 의안쪽힘살 (belly) 에부착하고기준전극은하방으로 4 cm에부착한후발목과상방 10 cm에최대상자극을하여말단잠복기와신경전도속도를측정하였다. 외측족저신경의운동신경전도검사는활성전극을소지외전근 (abductor digitiquinti muscle) 의외측측면에부착하고기준전극은하방으로 4 cm에부착한후발목과상방 10 cm에최대상자극을하여말단잠복기와운동신경전도속도를측정하였다. 내측족저신경의감각신경전도검사는활성전극을내측복사 (medial malleolus) 와아킬레스건사이에부착하고기준전극을상방 4 cm에부착한후단족무지굴근의안쪽힘살부분에자극하여말단잠복기와감각신경전도속도를측정하였다. 외측족저신경의감각신경전도속도는활성전극을내측복사 (medial malleolus) 와아킬레스건사이에부착하고기준전극은상방 4 cm에부착한후소지외전근의외측측면을자극하여말단잠복기와감각신경전도속도를측정하였다. 발목자기공명영상은 Simens 사의 1.5T (Avanto) 와 3T (Verio) 장비를이용하여검사를시행하였으며두명의환자는 Simens사의 Magnetom vision (1.5T) 을이용하였다. 자기공명영상방법은다면다중스핀에코방법을이용하였으며, T1 강조영상과 T2 강조영상을얻기위하여고속스핀에코를사용하였다. T1 강조영상은 TR , TE 15였으며 T2 강조영상은 TR 4000, TE는 에해당하였다. 영상은관상, 가로, 시상단면의것을얻고, 화면크기는 8-10 cm, matrix 크기는 mm 또는 mm을사용하였다. 절편두께와절편사이는각각 mm와 1 mm로하고한번또는두번의 Nex (number of excitation) 로영상을얻었다. 수술과정은우선발목관절내측의후하부를따라곡선피부절개를하고굴근지대 (flexor retinaculum) 를노출시킨뒤종적으로절개하였다. 후경골신경의압박을확인한뒤원인이되는병변을제거하였으며수술시관찰된종양성병변은본원병리과를통해조직학적검사를시행하였다. 결과본연구의연구기간내에발목터널증후군으로수술을시행하여일차적으로연구대상에포함된환자는 38명이었으나그원인이과거의외상및골절과연관된 4명의환자는본연구에서제외하여최종적으로연구에포함된환자의수는총 34명이었으며모든환자는일측에서수술을시행하였다. 성별분포는남성 15명과여성 19명이었으며평균연령은 45.8±13.6세였다. 신경전도검사결과일측에서만발목터널증후군의소견이관찰된환자는 19명 (55.9%) 이었으며나머지 15명 (44.1%) 은양측에서이상소견이관찰되었으나수술을시행한측의반대측은임상적으로발목터널증후군의증상이없었거나약물치료후호전되어 88 Korean J Clin Neurophysiol / Volume 13 / December 2011
3 수술소견과자기공명영상소견을통한발목터널증후군의원인연구 최종적으로수술은 34명모두일측에서만시행하였다. 수술을시행한측의결과만을가지고이상소견의특징을정리하였을때, 감각신경과운동신경모두에서이상소견이관찰된환자가 20명 (58.8%) 이었으며감각신경에서만이상 소견이관찰된환자는 12명 (35.3%) 이었고감각신경은정상이었으나운동신경에서이상소견이관찰된환자는 2명 (5.9%) 이었다. 전체환자 34명중 26명 (76.5%) 은내측과외측족저신경모두에서이상소견이관찰되었으며 6명 Table 1. Demographics and results of subjects Case No. Age/Sex Symptom Past history Operative findings MRI findings 1 51/M Tingling sensation None Ganglion Ganglion 2 35/F Pain None Ganglion Ganglion 3 32/M Pain None Ganglion Ganglion 4 50/F Pain None Muscle hypertrophy, fascia thickening Tenosynovitis 5 35/F Pain RA Varicose vein Not remarkable findings 6 56/F Coldness None Tenosynovitis, varicose vein Tenosynovitis, varicose vein 7 32/M Pain None Tenosynovitis, varicose vein Not remarkable findings 8 52/M Pain None Varicose vein, adhesion Ganglion 9 50/F Tingling sensation None Tenosynovitis, ganglion, muscle hypertrophy Tenosynovitis 10 45/F Pain None Tenosynovitis, ganglion Ganglion 11 66/F Pain HTN Tenosynovitis Tenosynovitis 12 52/F Tingling sensation None Ganglion Ganglion 13 60/F Pain None Muscle hypertrophy, varicose vein Muscle hypertrophy 14 21/F Coldness None Talocalcaneotarsal coalition Talocalcaneotarsal coalition 15 52/M Tingling sensation None Accessory muscle Accessory muscle 16 43/M Pain None Talocalcaneal coalition Talocalcaneal coalition 17 57/M Numbness None Muscle hypertrophy Not remarkable findings 18 57/F Pain None Intramuscular cystic mass Intramuscular cystic mass 19 51/M Numbness DM Fascia thickening Not remarkable findings 20 42/M Pain None Talocalcaneal coalition Talocalcaneal coalition 21 55/M Numbness None Ganglion Ganglion 22 33/M Pain None Fascia thickening Not remarkable findings 23 51/M Pain None Muscle hypertrophy, ganglion Muscle hypertrophy, ganglion 24 55/F Pain Thyroid Ca. Fascia thickening Fascia thickening 25 49/M Pain None Ganglion Ganglion 26 45/F Tingling sensation None Accessory muscle Accessory muscle 27 55/F Pain None Muscle hypertrophy Not remarkable findings 28 23/F Pain None Ganglion Ganglion 29 32/M Pain None Adhesion Not remarkable findings 30 67/M Pain HTN Adhesion Not remarkable findings 31 52/F Pain DM Accessory muscle, varicose vein Accessory muscle 32 56/F Pain HTN Ganglion, varicose vein Ganglion 33 23/F Pain None Adhesion Not remarkable findings Results of a patient who performed ankle sonography were excluded. RA; rheumatoid arthritis, HTN; hypertension, DM; diabetes mellitus. Korean J Clin Neurophysiol / Volume 13 / December,
4 손민기 박홍기 이영배 (17.6%) 은내측에서만, 2명 (5.9%) 은외측에서만이상소견이관찰되었다. 34명중 26명 (76.5%) 은말단잠복기의연장과신경전도속도의감소가동시에관찰되었으며 7명 (20.6%) 은신경전도속도에서만, 1명 (2.9%) 은말단잠복기에서만이상소견이관찰되었다. 34명의환자중 33명에게서수술전발목부위자기공명영상을시행하였으며나머지환자 1명은발목부위초음파를시행하였으나본연구에선자기공명영상을시행한 33명에대해서만수술후소견과의비교를시행하였다 (Table 1). 34명중 10명에서수술결과증상과연관된소견이 2가지 Table 2. Operative findings of TTS and rates of correlation with MRI findings Number Rate of correlation with MRI finding Ganglion 11 91% Varicose vein % Intrinsic foot muscle % hypertrophy Tenosynovitis 5 60% Fascia thickening 5 25% Adhesion 4 0% Accessory muscle 3 100% Talocalcaneal coalition 3 100% Lipoma 1 100% Total 46 씩관찰되었고 1명에게선 3가지이상소견이함께관찰되어총이상소견개수의합은 46개였다. 이중가장많은수를차지한것은 34명중 11명 (32.4%) 에서관찰된결절종 (ganglion) 이었으며정맥류 (varicose vein) 와내재성족근비대 (intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy) 가각 7명 (20.6%) 에게서관찰되었다. 건막염 (tenosynovitis) 과섬유화근막 (fascia thickening) 이각 5명 (14.7%) 에서관찰되었고발목터널내조직들간의유착이관찰된경우가 4명 (11.8%) 이었다. 그외의소견으로는부속근 (accessory muscle), 거종골결합 (talocalcanealcoalition) 이각 3명 (8.8%) 에게서나타났으며근육내의양성지방종에의한경우가 1명 (2.9%) 관찰되었다 (Table 2). 수술전발목자기공명영상을시행한 33명의환자중 18명 (54.5%) 은영상에서관찰된소견과수술결과관찰된소견이정확히일치하였으나각각의원인별로수술소견과영상소견의일치율을비교하였을땐많은차이가관찰되었다. 수술후결절종이확인된 11명중 10명 (91%) 이자기공명영상에서같은부위병변이관찰되어높은일치율을나타냈으며거종골결합이확인된 3명, 부속근이확인된 3명, 근육내양성지방종에의한환자 1명도모두자기공명영상결과와일치하는소견을보였다 (Figure 1). 그러나수술결과확인된건막염은 5명중 3명 (60%), 근비대는 6명중 2명 (33.3%), 정맥류는 7명중 2명 (28.6%), 그리고섬유화근막은 4명중 1명 (25%) 만자기공명영상에서관찰된병변과일치하였으며수술결과발목터널내의유착이관찰된환자 4명의경우자기공명영상에서병변이확인된경우는단한명도없었다. A B C Figure 1. A 31-year-old man with a ganglion cyst (arrows) in right tarsal tunnel. Axial (A) and sagittal (B) T2-weighted image with fat suppression depict multiseptated cystic lesion in tarsal tunnel, resulting in displacing tibial nerve to posterior aspect. Operation (C) demonstrates that ganglion cyst in tarsal tunnel compresses tibial nerve, consistent with MRI findings. 90 Korean J Clin Neurophysiol / Volume 13 / December 2011
5 수술소견과자기공명영상소견을통한발목터널증후군의원인연구 고찰발목터널증후군은발목내측복사뼈와종골 (calcaneous) 을연결하는굴근지대 (flexor retinaculum) 아래에서내부적 (intrinsic) 또는외부적 (extrinsic) 원인에의해후경골신경또는그갈래인족저신경의압박에의해저린감및통증등의이상감각증상이발생하게되며증상이심해질경우무딘감및감각소실, 근력약화까지발생할수있는질환으로내, 외측족저신경이방향을전환하여족저부로내려가는이행부위인굴근지대의원위부에서협착이발생하는경우가가장흔한것으로보고된바있다. 4 그원인에대해선서론에서밝힌것과마찬가지로다양한생리적, 기질적원인이있을수있으며연구결과에따라적게는 15% 에서많게는 50% 이상이특발성인것으로보고된바있다. 1,4,6 그러나기질적원인의질환별빈도에대해선아직체계적인보고가부족한상태이고이에대한국내연구결과들도대부분소수의수술증례를이용한증례보고에한정되어있는상태이다. 본연구과정에서고찰한연구중 50예의수술소견을바탕으로원인을분석했던한연구의결과에서도결절종이가장많은비율 (36%) 을차지하였으며그뒤는거종골결합 (30%), 특발성 (18%), 외상성 (10%), 기타종양성 (6%) 순서로나타났다. 7 국내저자들이보고한다른연구결과에서도 16예의수술결과원인이된병변으로결절종이 10예 (62.5%) 에서관찰되어가장많은비중을차지하였으며거종골결합이 1예 (6.25%), 기타종양성병변이 2예 (12.5%) 에서관찰되었으나원인이밝혀지지않은특발성도 3예 (18.75%) 가있었다. 6 이연구결과들은결절종을제외하고는본연구와많은차이를보였으며본연구에서비교적다수를차지한정맥류및내재성족근비대, 건막염, 섬유화근막등이관찰되지않았고골결합에의한비율이높았다. 고찰한문헌상만으로이와같은차이가발생한원인을정확히알수는없었으나본연구에서관찰된족근비대나건막염, 섬유화근막등의병변들이앞선연구에선특발성으로분류되어있을가능성을의심해볼수있었고본연구에선외상성환자들을결과에서제외한것이영향을주었을것으로생각된다. 발목터널증후군의진단을위해선발목이하족저신경영역의통증및저린감등이상감각증상및티넬 (-Tinel) 징후양성등특징적인임상양상의확인이우선되어야하며신경전도검사의민감도가 65% 에서 90% 로높게보고되어있어이를보조적진단기준으로이용할수있다. 4 전기생리학적검사에비해영상학적검사는그동안발목터널증후군의진단에서차지하는중요도가낮았으나근육및 지방등연부조직이상에대한민감도가높은자기공명영상의발달로인해점차그중요도가커지고있다. 4 발목터널증후군의진단도구로서신경전도검사는비교적적은비용으로높은민감도를가진다는장점이있는반면그원인질환에대한구체적인확인은어렵다는단점이있으나자기공명영상을통해서는증상을일으킨원인을정확히파악할수있을뿐아니라병변의위치까지도진단이가능하므로수술적치료를시행하게될경우수술전평가로서매우중요한가치를지닌다고볼수있다. 자기공명영상을이용한발목터널증후군진단의정확도에대해선보고들마다차이를보였으나본연구와같이자기공명영상및수술소견과의비교를시행한한연구에선수술을시행한 21예중 19예 (90.5%) 에서수술전시행한자기공명영상과같은소견이관찰되었고자기공명영상에서원인을알수없었던 2예는수술결과신경주변부반흔및내재성족근비대에의한것으로보고된바있다. 8 본연구의경우전체환자의수술소견과자기공명영상소견간의일치율 (54.5%) 은이전연구결과보다낮았으나결절종및지방종, 거종골결합그리고부속근등의병소에대해선높은정확도를나타내어그진단적가치를재확인할수있었다. 본연구는기존의국내연구대비다수의환자를대상으로수술후확인된소견을바탕으로발목터널증후군을일으킨원인들에대해연구를시행하였고각각의질환에대한영상학적소견과의일치율에대해연구하였다는점에서그의의가있다고할수있겠으나약물치료만으로호전을보인경증환자군의원인에대해선정확한평가를할수없었다는점은차후연구에서보완해야할점으로생각한다. 발저림등발목터널증후군의증상은과거엔특별한병적소견으로여겨지지않았으나삶의질및건강에대한관심이증가하고운동을즐기는야외활동인구가점차증가함으로인해증상을호소하며병원을찾는환자수의꾸준히증가할것으로예상되고있다. 이와더불어진단적기법또한나날이발전하고있으므로임상의의정확한진단과적극적인치료가이루어진다면많은환자들의삶의질을향상시키는데도움이될수있을것으로생각한다. REFERENCES 1. Kuper BC. Tarsal tunnel syndrome. OrthopNurs 1998;17: Kennedy JG, Baxter DE. Nerve disorders in dancers. Clin Sports Med 2008;27: Kinoshita M, Okuda R, Yasuda T, Abe M. Tarsal tunnel syndrome in athletes. Am J Sports Med 2006;34: Finkel JE. Tarsal tunnel syndrome. MagnReson Imaging Clin N Am 1994;2: Korean J Clin Neurophysiol / Volume 13 / December,
6 손민기 박홍기 이영배 5. Oh SJ. Clinical electromyography: nerve conduction studies. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 2003; Sung KS, Park SJ. Clinical results of tarsal tunnel decompression in case of known etiology. J Korean Foot Ankle Soc 2007;11: Takakura Y, Kitada C, Sugimoto K, Tanaka Y, Tamai S. Tarsal tunnel syndrome. Causes and results of operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73: Frey C, Kerr R. Magnetic resonance imaging and the evaluation of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Foot Ankle 1993;14: Korean J Clin Neurophysiol / Volume 13 / December 2011
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