성기선(동일) hwp
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1 대한족부족관절학회지 : 제 11 권제 2 호 2007 J Korean Foot Ankle Soc. Vol. 11. No. 2. pp , 2007 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원정형외과학교실 성기선 박세준 Clinical Results of Tarsal Tunnel Decompression in Case of Known Etiology Ki-Sun Sung, M.D., Se-Jun Park, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea =Abstract= Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present our clinical results after surgical treatment in tarsal tunnel syndrome due to space occupying lesions. Material and Methods: We performed surgical decompression for tarsal tunnel syndrome in 20 patients from July 2004 to February Out of them, thirteen cases were due to space occupying lesions around the tarsal tunnel. The average age at operation was 51.3 years old and the duration from symptom onset to surgery was 16.5 months. The operation included removal of space occupying lesions and tarsal tunnel decompression. The clinical parameters were pain visual analogue scale (VAS), AOFAS scale, and subjective satisfaction. Results: The ganglion cysts were the most frequent causes (ten cases) and synovial chondromatosis in 1 case, neurofibroma in 1 case, talocalcaneal coalition in 1 case. The average follow-up duration was 14.5 months. The AOFAS scale showed significant improvement from 77.8 to The average VAS decreased from 6.4 to 2.2. Seven out of thirteen patients were satisfied with the results. The excellent results were shown in six patients, the good results in one patient, the fair result in three patients and the unsatisfactory results in three patients. Conclusion: Favorable results could be obtained in patients with known etiology. But not all cases with surgical decompression of space occupying lesions showed satisfactory results. We assume that the clinical results were related to the multiple factors, not only well performed surgery but also age, size lesions and duration of symptoms, ect. Key Words: Tarsal tunnel, Space occupying lesions, Tarsal tunnel decompression 서 론 Address for correspondence Ki-Sun Sung, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, , Korea Tel: Fax: kisun.sung@samsung.com * 본논문의요지는 2007년도대한정형외과학회추계학술대회에서발표되었음. 족근관이란경골의내과뒤에위치한굴근지대의아래부분을의미하며전방으로는경골에의해, 내측으로는굴근지대, 외측으로는거골의후돌기와종골에의해경계가지어진다. 경골신경은족근관의근위부에서밑을통과하며족근관내에서내측및외측족저신경과내측종골신경으로분지하며경골신경이나그분지가압박되어증세가나타날때족근관증후군이라정의한다
2 1962 년 Keck 과 Lam 12) 에의해처음명명된이래몇몇저자들이이주제에관해언급하였으나증례보고형식의보고가많았고수술적치료의결과에대한보고는많지않았다. 수근관증후군과는달리족근관증후군은족근관이넓고얇기때문에그발생빈도가높지않으며전통적으로족근관증후군의수술후치료결과는압박을일으키는뚜렷한구조물을확인할수있는경우를제외하고는예후가좋지않다고알려져있다 17,18,20,21). 이에본논문에서는경골신경을압박하는공간점유병소로인한족근관증후군의수술적치료결과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2004 년 7월부터 2007 년 2월까지본원정형외과에서족근관증후군으로진단받고수술적치료를받은 20명중추시가능했던 18명중원인적병변이알려진환자는 15명이었고, 이중추시가능했던 13명, 13예를대상으로하였다. 13예중 8예가좌측, 5예는우측이었으며양측성인경우는없었다. 성별은남자가 7명, 여자가 6명이었다 (Table 1). 진단당시의평균나이는 51.3 세 (34~65 세 ) 였으며 1명을제외한 12명이 40세이상이었다. 증상발현부터수술까지의평균기간은 16.5개월 (3~60 개월 ) 이었다. 족근관증후군의진단은임상증상과근전도검사를이용한전기적진단으로하였고, 초음파촬영또는자기공명영상을통해원인적병변의유무를확인하였다. 모든환자에대하여수술적치료전평균 4.2 개월 (2~22 개월 ) 동안비수술적치료를시행하였고비수술적치료로약물치료, 국소스테로이드주사요법, 물리치료등을이용하였다. 수술은최소한 2개월의비수술적치료에도증상호전이없었던경우혹은증상을유발하는공간점유병소의증거가있는경우를적응증으로하였다. 수술적치료의대상이되었던증상중가장흔한것은경골신경과그분지의영역을따라발생한감각이상이었다. 결과분석을위해후족부 AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) 척도, pain VAS (Visual analogue scale) 척도, 주관적인만족도를측정하였다. 1. 수술기법 Table 1. Data of 13 patients Case Sex/Age Medical history* Symptom Etiology AOFAS VAS Satisfaction Residual symptoms 1 F/54 - coldness ganglion excellent - tingiling sense 2 F/57 DM tingling sense synovial fair numbness numbness chondromatosis 3 M/47 - numbness ganglion +3-8 excellent - 4 M/56 - mass ganglion 0 0 dissatisfied Sx worsen numbness 5 F/51 - numbness ganglion excellent - hypesthesia 6 F/59 previous tingling sense ganglion 0 0 dissatisfied same as preop Sx operation numbness 7 M/47 - numbness ganglion 0 0 dissatisfied same as preop Sx tingling sense 8 M/34 - numbness ganglion fair mild numbness 9 F/57 - numbness talocalcaneal excellent - coalition 10 M/46 - tingling sense neurofibroma excellent - 11 F/48 - tingling sense ganglion good Sx (+) when hard walking 12 M/65 - tingling sense ganglion excellent - numbness 13 M/52 - numbness ganglion 0 0 fair mild numbness *Medical history, that can cause the tarsal tunnel syndrome; AOFAS, VAS, means the difference between preoperative and postoperative scores; Sx, abbreviation of symptom
3 성기선 박세준 경골의내과주위로 6~8 cm 크기의피부절개를가하고굴근지대를노출시켰으며주위의작은혈관들을소작시켰다. 연부조직박리시신경을직접조작하는것을최대한피하여수술후반흔형성을최소화하였으며신경주위의지방조직의박리시에도최대한주의를기울였다. 또한술후통증과부종을줄이기위해세심한지혈을하였다. 굴근지대를완전히절개한후굴근지대의원위부말단에서경골신경이세분지즉내측, 외측족저신경, 내측종골신경으로분지되는것을확인하였다. 모든신경은무지외전근의건막을빠져나가는부위까지압박된부위가없는지확인하였다. 신경을압박하는심부근막이있으면심부근막을절개하였으며공간점유병소에의해신경이압박되고있으면그병소를제거하였다. 단하지석고부목을이용하여족관절을고정하였다. 결과모든환자에서틴넬 (Tinel) 징후가양성으로나타났으며지각이상, 감각저하를포함하는다양한감각장애를호소하였다. 8예에서내측족저신경영역, 3예에서외측족저신경영역, 2예에서는족저전반에증상을나타내었다. 수술후적출된조직은모두병리학적인검사를받았으며원인적병변으로결절종이 10예로가장많았고활액막연골종증이 1예, 섬유종이 1예, 거종결합이 1예였다 (Table 1). 평균추시기간은 14.5 개월 (2~39 개월 ) 이었다. 술전, 술후미국정형외과족부족관절학회평가척도, VAS 척도와환자의주관적만족도를비교분석하였다 (Table 2). 미국정형외과족부족관절학회척도는 13예중 9예에서증가하였고 4예에서는차이가없었는데평균 77.8 점 (47~100 점 ) 에서 92.7점 (75~100 점 ) 으로유의하게향상되었다 (p= by Paired T-test). VAS 척도또한 13예중 9예에서감소하였고 4예에서는차이가없었는데평균 6.4 점 (0~9 점 ) 에서 2.2 점 (0~7 점 ) 으로감소하였다 (p= by Wilcoxon s signed rank test). 주관적만족도는잔여증상을기준으로측정하였으며잔여증상이없는경우를매우만족, 경미한잔여증상이있는경우를만족, 상당한잔여증상이있는경우를보통, 증상호전이없거나악화된경우를불만족으로하였다. 13명중매우만족이 6명 (46%), 만족이 1명 (8%), 보통이 3명 (23%), 불만족이 3명 (23%) 이였다 (Table 1). 고찰족근관은굴근지대로덮여있는섬유성박판으로그기저부는거골및종골의내측면과경골원위부의내측면으로경계가지어진다. 족근관내에서내측에서외측으로후경골근건, 장족지굴근건, 후경골동맥과정맥, 장무지굴근건이지나가고있으며경골신경과그분지들은후경골동맥과함께족근관을통과한후관깊숙이에서내, 외측족저신경으로나뉘고내측종골신경분지는굴근지대를뚫고나온다. 굴근지대의원위경계부위는내, 외측족저신경이방향을전환하여족저부로내려가는곳으로신경포착이쉽게발생하여족근관증후군을야기한다 17). Dellon 등 4) 은사체연구를통해서대부분의경우 (93~95%) 내, 외측족저신경이족근관내에서분지된다고하였으나일부에서는 (5~7%) 족근관내로들어오기전에분지한다고하여이러한경우경골신경의분지들이더넓은영역에서압박을받음으로써족근관증후군이발생할가능성이높다고하였다. Edward 등 5) 은외측족저신경이무지외전근의섬유성개구부를단독으로관통하고내측족저신경보다더근위부로지나므로손상받기쉽다고하였지만본연구에서는내측족저신경에병변이있는경우가 8예로외측족저신경에서보다많이관찰되었다. 여러문헌의고찰에의하면족근관증후군의 60~80% 에 Table 2. Results of Operation by Average Score of VAS, AOFAS* Group I (N=18) Group II (N=13) Group III (N=5) VAS Preoperative 6.7 (0-10) 6.4 (0-9) 8.2 (7-10) Postoperative 3.5 (0-9) 2.2 (0-7) 6.8 (2-9) AOFAS Preoperative 73.4 (38-100) 77.8 (47-100) 61.4 (38-100) Postoperative 84.8 (38-100) 92.7 (75-100) 63.2 (38-90) *VAS, AOFAS, values are given in average (range); Group I, the patients who had received operation; Group II, the patients who had received operation in case of a specific cause; Group III, the patients who had received operation in case of idiopathic cause
4 서원인이있었다고하였으며족근관을압박하는소위공간점유병소에의해발생한다고하였다 13). 다른원인적분류로는골성돌출물, 외상, 전신적인하지부종, 후족부의외반이나내반변형, 결절종, 지방종, 신경초종같은연부조직종양, 정맥류나정맥울혈, 건초염, 신경주위섬유증, 전신적염증성관절염, 당뇨병, 비후된굴근지대등이있을수있다 1,2,7,10,11,14,15,20,22). 본연구에서는원인이밝혀진족근관증후군중결절종이 13예중 10예 (77%) 로가장많은부분을차지하였으며원인이없는특발성인경우가수술적치료를받은 20예중 5예 (25%) 에서관찰되었다. 일반적으로수근관증후군과는달리족근관증후군은양측성인경우가드물다고알려져있으며 9) 저자들의경우도양측성인경우는없었다. 족근관증후군의진단은통증의위치와양상이일정하지않고모호하며틴넬징후를제외한특이한신체검진소견이없기때문에상세한병력청취와철저한이학적검사가필수적이라고할수있으며영상진단과전기진단을통하여객관적인정보를얻을수있다 6). 통증의양상은작열감, 무감각, 저린증상등다양하게나타나며장시간의보행이나기립자세에서악화되는특징이있다. 이학적검사로는틴넬징후가가장중요하며경골신경주행을따라깊게촉진하였을때발생하는통증도진단에도움을준다. 족근관주위의부종이나종괴의촉진은공간점유병소의가능성을나타낸다. Kinoshita 등 10) 은족근관증후군을진단하는데족배굴곡-외번검사를보고하였다. 이검사는족관절은수동적으로최대한족배굴곡, 외번시키고모든중족-족지관절을최대한족배굴곡시킨상태에서 10초간유지하는것으로이러한조작으로일시적으로무감각이나통증을유발할수있다고하였다. 본연구의대상환자들중 13명모두에서틴넬징후가양성으로나타났으며무감각을호소한경우가 10예, 저린증상을호소한경우가 7예였으며작열감을호소한경우가 1예에서관찰되었다. 영상진단에는우선단순방사선검사를통하여후족부주위의골변형, 거종결합, 골성돌출물등을확인한다. 필요시전산화단층촬영이나자기공명영상혹은초음파를이용할수있는데 Zeiss 등 23) 은공간점유병소가의심되는경우자기공명영상을통해병변범위를정확히파악하고신경과주위조직과의유착을미리파악함으로써의인성손상을방지할수있다고하여그유용성을언급하였고족근관증후군의진단에서 82~83% 의높은정확도를보였다고하였다. 저자들의경우외측족저신경영역에증상을보였던 1예에서외부에서시행한자기공명영상을술전진단에 사용하였다. 초음파촬영은후경골근건과장족지굴근건, 장무지굴근건등의건초염을확인하는데유용하며결절종이나공간점유병소를파악할수있다. 또한경골신경과그분지들을추적하여신경이분지되는위치도파악할수있다고하였다 6). 저자들은 11예에서술전초음파촬영을하였으며비침습적으로병소의위치, 크기및압박하고있는신경분지를파악함으로써진단에도움을주었으며술전계획수립에필요한정보를얻을수있었다. 11예모두에서초음파촬영결과와수술후병리진단결과가일치하는소견을보여술전초음파촬영이족근관증후군을진단하는데있어유용한진단적도구라고생각된다. 신경근전도검사는현재족근관증후군의확진을위해대부분에서이루어지고있는중요한진단도구이며말초신경병증과신경근병증을감별하는데에도도움을준다. 본연구에서는 13명의환자중 10예에서신경근전도검사를실시하였으며이중 7예에서내측족저신경병증을, 3예에서족관절주위의경골신경병증을보였다. 3예에서검사를실시하지않았는데이중 1예는외부자기공명영상에서경골신경주위의종괴가발견된경우였으며 2예는임상증상이족근관증후군을시사하며초음파검사를통해족근관내에서경골신경을압박하는병변이확인된경우였다. Oh 등 16) 은운동신경전도검사는 47% 의민감도만을가진다고하였고, 감각신경전도검사는 90~100% 의민감도를가진다고보고한바있으며 Guilloff 와 Sherratt 8) 는내, 외측족저신경의말단감각신경잠복기가 90% 의정확도를갖는다고하여최근에는근전도검사와지각신경전도속도가진단에사용되고있다. 환자의증상과이학적검사가족근관증후군을시사할때전기진단검사가양성으로나온다면이질환의확진에도움을준다고하나이진단방법도 100% 정확도를가지는것은아니며정상검사소견이라고해서족근관증후군을배재할수는없다고하였다. 족근관증후군의치료로우선보존적치료를시도해볼수있는데보존적요법에는비스테로이드성항염제, 보조기, 물리치료그리고스테로이드국소투여등이있으나단독사용에는한계가있으며수술적치료를요하는경우가많았다. 또한 Franson 과 Baravarian 6) 은오랜유병기간이수술적치료의결과를나쁘게하기때문에장기간의보존적치료는바람직하지않으며짧은기간동안효과를보지못할경우수술적치료를고려해야한다고하였다. 저자들의경우도 13명중내원당시이미증상보유기간이 2개월이상인경우가 12명이었기때문에이들에대해서바로수술을시행할수있었다. 하지만보존적치료를언제중지해야하는지에는논란의여지가있으며많은연구결과를토대로
5 성기선 박세준 그한계를설정해나가야할것이다. 수술적치료의결과는저자마다다르게보고되고있으나 Cimino 3) 가 24개의연구를분석한것에따르면 69% 에서만양호한성적을보였고, 22% 에서는중간, 9% 에서는불만족한결과를보였다고하였다. Pfeiffer 와 Cracchiolo 17) 는 30 명의환자를평균 31개월간추시하였는데 44% 에서만족할만한결과를보였으나 38% 에서는불만족한결과를보였다고하였으며공간점유병소의존재가수술적치료의가장좋은적응증이된다고보고하였다. 여러저자들은비정상적인해부학적구조물이좋은예후의유일하게근거있는예측인자라고하였다 17,19,20). 저자들의경우에는원인이밝혀진 13예중 7예 (54%) 에서만만족할만한결과를보였으며 3예에서는보통, 3예에서는불만족한결과를보여여러문헌에서보고되었듯이원인이밝혀진경우수술후대체로양호한결과를얻을수있었다 (Table 1). 그러나수술전증상이완전히소실된경우는 6예에불과하였고 4예에서는오래서있거나걸을때잔여증상이남아있었다. 3예에서는증상의호전이전혀관찰되지않았다. 증상의호전이전혀없었던 3예중 1예는 1 cm 크기의결절종에의해경골신경이압박받고있었으며신경의허혈성변화로추정되는색깔변화가있었다 (Table 1의 Case 4). 1예에서는 5년전두번에걸친같은부위의낭종절제술을시행받았으며수술소견상 2 cm 크기의낭종이관찰되었고주위의유착소견을보였다 (Table 1의 Case 6). 나머지 1예는 1 cm 크기의결절종이관찰되었는데결절종외에도족근관부위의장족지굴근건에건초염소견및 8 mm 크기의석회화물질이관찰되었다 (Table 1의 Case 7). 하지만주관적만족도와수술, 병리소견간의통계적유의성을도출해낼수는없었다. 수술적감압술의실패율은 10~20% 로보고되고있는데 Zeiss 등 23) 은그이유로족근관증후군의잘못된진단, 신경압박이굴근지대이외의곳에서발생한경우, 굴근지대를불충분하게유리한경우라고보고하였다. 또한본연구에서미국정형외과족부족관절학회척도나 VAS 척도가감소하였는데도주관적만족도는높지않은경우도관찰할수있었는데이에는수술에대한기대치정도, 증상의잔존여부등이영향을미칠것으로생각된다. 수술후의예측하기힘든결과에는몇몇인자들이작용한다고보고되었다. Takakura 등 20) 이 41예의족근관증후군을수술후평균 4년 9개월간추시한보고에서증상의시작과수술적치료까지의시간이길수록수술결과가좋지않았으며나이가젊을수록예후가좋았다고하였다. 또한그는거종결합이나종양이가장우수한결과를보였고특발성이거나외상성인경우는결과가불량했다고하여원인에 따른예후의차이를보고하였다. Pfeiffer 와 Cracchiolo 17) 도원인에따른결과를언급하였는데신경주위의정맥류, 비후되고단단한굴근지대, 반흔조직에의한신경포착등에서불만족한결과를보고하였다. 저자들의경우에도원인이밝혀지지않은 5예에서단단하고팽팽한굴근지대를확인할수있었으며모두불만족스러운결과를보였다. 하지만본연구에서는작은표본집단으로인하여나이나증상보유기간, 원인에따른결과의차이는입증할수없었다. 결 론 원인이밝혀진족근관증후군의수술적치료후대체로양호한결과를얻을수있었으나, 증상이남아있거나호전이없는경우도상당히있어그결과를예측하기어려운것으로판단되는데, 본연구에서는예후인자를파악할수없었다. 따라서더많은환자를대상으로한연구가필요하며, 수술전환자에게주의깊은설명이필요할것으로생각된다. REFERENCES 1. Belding RH: Neurilemoma of the lateral plantar nerve producing tarsal tunnel syndrome: a case report. Foot Ankle, 14: , Boyer MI, Hochban T and Bowen V: Tarsal tunnel syndrome: an unusual case resulting from an intraneural degenerative cyst. Can J Surg, 38: , Cimino WR: Tarsal tunnel syndrome: review of the literature. Foot Ankle, 11: 47-52, Dellon AL and Mackinnon SE: Tibial nerve branching in the tarsal tunnel. Arch Neurol, 41: , Edwards WG, Lincoln CR, Bassett FH 3rd and Goldner JL: The tarsal tunnel syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA, 207: , Franson J and Baravarian B: Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a compression neuropathy involving four distinct tunnels. Clin Podiatr Med Surg, 23: , Fujita I, Matsumoto K, Minami T, Kizaki T, Akisue T and Yamamoto T: Tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by epineural ganglion of the posterior tibial nerve: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Foot Ankle Surg, 43: , Guiloff RJ and Sherratt RM: Sensory conduction in medial plantar nerve: normal values, clinical applications, and a comparison with the sural and upper limb sensory nerve action potentials in peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 40: , Kaplan PE and Kernahan WT Jr: Tarsal tunnel syndrome:
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