장무지굴근기능장애의자기공명영상소견 김지은 1 최혜영 1 최호철 1 이경규 2 전경녀 1 신태범 1 나재범 1 목적 : 장무지굴근기능장애의자기공명영상소견을알아보고, 이질환에서자기공명영상의유용성을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 1992년부터 2003년까지수술로확진된 40명

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1 김지은 1 최혜영 1 최호철 1 이경규 2 전경녀 1 신태범 1 나재범 1 목적 : 을알아보고, 이질환에서자기공명영상의유용성을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 1992년부터 2003년까지수술로확진된 40명의장무지굴근기능장애환자중자기공명영상을시행한 22명, 총 24예 (2명은양측성 ) 를대상으로하였다. 자기공명영상에서장무지굴근과장무지굴근건의신호강도, 장무지굴근건초와건초삼출액, 발목의골병변을후향적으로분석하였다. 결과 : 비특이적인장무지굴근건초삼출액의증가가 12예 (50%) 에서나타났으며다량의건초삼출액은 5예 (21%) 에서관찰되었다. 장무지굴근건은모든환자에서정상적으로관찰되었고, 1예 (4%) 에서장무지굴근의근건접합부위상방에고신호강도가관찰되었으며, 거골의골부종과거골의박리성골연골염이각각 1예 (4%) 에서나타났다. 결론 : 장무지굴근기능장애환자의자기공명영상소견은비특이적장무지굴근건초삼출액의증가로나타났다. 그러므로장무지굴근기능장애의진단에자기공명영상은제한적인역할을할것으로생각되며, 내측발목통증을유발하는건이나골질환을배제하는데도움을줄것으로생각된다. 서론장무지굴근기능장애는반복적인건손상으로인한건염증의결과로발생하며심한경우협착성건초염으로진행하여건의활주를방해하는건유착과결절이형성되는질환이다 (1, 2). 장무지굴근기능장애는주로발레무용수에서호발하는만성질환으로기술되어있으며, 달리기를많이하는운동선수에서도보고된바있다 (3-11). Oloff 등은무용수나운동선수가아닌일반인에서도장무지굴근기능장애가흔하게발생한다고보고하였다 (1, 2). 건조영술 (tenography) 은장무지굴근기능장애환자에서발 목통증의위치를추정하고진단및치료를할수있는검사방법이다 (12-14). 현재까지에대한분석은없었으며, 자기공명영상의유용성에관한문헌보고는없다. 본연구의목적은을알아보고, 이질환에서자기공명영상의유용성에관해알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 1992년부터 2003년까지수술로확진된 40명의장무지굴근기능장애환자중자기공명영상을시행한 22명을대상으로후향적으로연구하였다. 이중 2명은양측성으로총 24예를대상으로하였다. 대상환자의남녀비는 5:6이었고연령분포는 18- 대한자기공명의과학회지 12: (2008) 1 경상대학교의과대학영상의학교실 2 한림대학교의과대학영상의학교실접수 : 2008 년 8 월 6 일, 채택 : 2008 년 9 월 15 일통신저자 : 나재범, ( ) 진주시칠암동 90, 경상대학교의과대학영상의학교실 Tel. (055) Fax. (055) jbna4216@paran.com

2 53세였으며, 평균연령은 37세였다. 사용한자기공명영상기기는 1.0T 기기 (Magnetom Impact Expert, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) 와 1.5T 기기 (Magnetom Vision, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany), (Signa, GE Medical systems, Milwaukee, U.S.A.), (Gyroscan Intera, Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, Netherlands), (Vistar HPQ, Picker International, Highland Heights, OH, USA) 를사용하였으며, 스핀에코기법으로축상면, 시상면 T1-강조영상 (TR/TE= 500/15-20 ms) 과축상면, 시상면, 관상면 T2-강조영상 (TR/TE= / ms), 관상면, 시상면양자밀도영상 (TR/TE= /15-20 ms) 을얻었다. 모든환자에서조영증강은시행하지않았다. 영상범위 (FOV) 는 mm, 행렬수 (matrix number) 는 , 절편간격은 mm, 절편두께는 3-4 mm로영상을얻었다. 장무지굴근건과장무지굴근의신호강도, 장무지굴근건초와건초삼출액, 발목의골병변을두명의근골격계영상의학전문의가합의하여후향적으로분석하였다. 장무지굴근건초삼출액의정도는건지름과삼출액의반지름비율을측정하여 0.25 미만을 grade 1, 0.25 이상 1 미만을 grade 2, 1이상을 grade 3 로정의하였다 (15). 건초삼출액의위치는 3부분으로나누어해부학적으로종골후방을근위부, 재거돌기하방의섬유골터널부위를중위부, 섬유골터널을지난부위를원위부로정의하여분석하였다. 결 과 Fig. 1. A 27 year-old male with medial ankle pain. Axial T2-weighted MR image (3700/119) shows high SI in FHL muscle(arrow), representing muscle injury. 장무지굴근의건은모든환자에서정상적으로관찰되었으며, 장무지굴근의근건접합부위상방에고신호강도가 1예 (4%) 에서관찰되었다 (Fig. 1). 장무지굴근건초삼출액의증가가 12 예 (50%) 에서관찰되었으며, grade 3의다량의건초삼출액은 5예 (21%) 에서관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 다량의건초삼출액은장무지굴근의건근위부에 1예, 원위부에 2예가나타났으며, 나머지 2예에서근위부와원위부에모두나타났다. 삼각골 (os trigonum) 은 4예 (17%) 에서관찰되었으며, 4예중 1예에서원위부에다량의건초삼출액 (grade 3) 이관찰되었고, 1예에서 a b c Fig. 2. A 49 year-old male with medial ankle pain. Consecutive axial T2-weighted MR images(2400/80) show a large amount of fluid (grade 3, arrow) in proximal (a) and distal (c) FHL tendon sheath and moderate amount of fluid(grade 2, arrow) in mid (b) FHL tendon sheath

3 김지은외 는중위부에 grade 1의건초삼출액이나타났다. 거골의골부종이 1예 (4%) 에서관찰되었으며, 거골의박리성골연골염이 1 예 (4%) 에서관찰되었다 (Fig.3). 건근위부와원위부에다량의건초삼출액이있었던환자에서 1년전외상에의한발바닥근막염 (plantar fasciitis) 이나타났다. 고 장무지굴근건초는거골후방결절높이의굴근지대로부터기시한다. 그후종골내측과재거돌기의하방을따라섬유골터널에합류한다. 장무지굴근근건접합부는다양한둘레와길이를가지며, 발목이나무지의배굴시근육이섬유근터널로들어가서근건접합부의충돌이야기될수있다. 또한이해부학적위치는건이상을직접적으로초래할수있는건방향의변화와관련이있다. 가역적인동통과염증이나타나는급성건손상이반복되면건증이나협착성건초염으로알려진만성건이상으로진행하게된다. 건증은건내부손상과관련되며, 발과발목에서는후경골건, 아킬레스건, 비골건에서가장흔하다. 장무지굴근의건증에서는건비후, 점액성퇴화, 결절생성, 또는부분파열등으로나타나며, 협착성건초염은건초내에건유착이생겨건활주와정상적인건기능을방해하는상태이다 (1-12). Fig. 3. A 47 year-old male with medial ankle pain. Coronal T2-weighted MR image(3000/119) shows subchondral high SI with overlying cartilage defect in the medial corner of talus(arrow), representing osteochondritis dissecans. 찰 Hamilton은최초로장무지굴근건염을무용수건초염으로기술하였으며발끝으로서는동작을반복하는여자발레무용수에서건의만성적반복적손상으로인해장무지굴근건에협착성건초염또는건증이생기고엄지발가락에결절이형성되며건이좁은섬유골터널로들어가는거골이나종골후방결절부위에부분건파열이생긴다고주장하였다 (3-12). Oloff 등은장무지굴근기능장애라는용어를사용하였으며, 무용수나젊은여자운동선수외에도다양한연령과성별의비운동선수환자가많다고보고하였다. 그러나이질환에대한의사의인식이부족하여장무지굴근기능장애를다른병으로오인하여수개월또는수년의대증요법이나치료실패후에장무지굴근기능장애가발견되는경우가많다고주장하였다 (1, 2). 장무지굴근기능장애와감별해야할질환으로는무증상삼각골 (asymtomatic os triogonum), 후방충돌증후군 (posterior impingement syndrome), Steida 돌기 (Sheperd) 골절, 거골박리성골연골염 (osteochondritis dissecans of the talus), 거골하관절결합 (subtalar articular union), 후경골근, 장족지굴근, 비골근, 아킬레스건초염, 낭종, 종양, 염증성또는감염성관절염등많은질환이포함된다 (2). 장무지굴근기능장애의진단을위한영상학적검사에는단순촬영, 건조영술, 초음파, 자기공명영상등이있다. 단순촬영은후방충돌증후군, 거골결합 (tarsal coalition), 골연골성병변, 석회화된연조직종양을배제하는데유용하다. 건조영술은발목통증의원인을찾고협착성건초염에서협착과섬유화를잘나타낼수있으며치료를동시에시행할수있는중요한검사방법으로보고되어있다 (12-14). 초음파는동적인영상을얻을수있어건의움직임을직접관찰할수있고, 건자체의파열이나비후를잘알수있으며특히건초삼출액진단에유용하다. 또한초음파를이용하여건초에직접주사하여건초염을치료하기도한다 (16-18). 자기공명영상은경험적으로발목관절이상이나건증, 건초염, 연조직종양등을포함한다양한질환의진단에유용하다고알려져있다. 그러나이나역할에대한연구는없었으며, 단지여러저자들의경험을기술한보고만있어왔다 (2, 11). 본연구에서는 50% 의증례에서장무지굴근건초삼출액증가를관찰할수있었고, 21% 에서 grade 3의다량의건초삼출액이관찰되었다. 이러한결과는 Sweitzer 등이장무지굴근질환이없는일반인을대상으로한연구에서건초삼출액이 31% 에서나타났고다량의건초삼출액이 14% 에서보였다는결과와비교하여빈도가높았다 (15). 또한 Sammarco와 Cooper 는무용수나운동선수에서장무지굴근의손상을받은환자를대상으로 38%(3/8) 의아령 (dumbell) 모양의가성낭종 (peudocusyst) 을보고하였는데 (11), 본연구방법을적용하여보면 grade 3의건초삼출액으로생각되며, 본연구보다는빈도가높게나타났다. 보고된연구결과와비교하여보았을때장무지굴근기능장애환자에서건초삼출액의빈도는일반인보다

4 약간높게나타나고무용수나운동으로장무지굴근손상을받은환자보다는그빈도가낮았다. 그이유는건초삼출액이증가하는급성건초염과달리, 장무지굴근기능장애는만성적으로진행되면서협착이나섬유화등이발생하므로건초삼출액의양이감소한것으로생각된다. Lo 등은장무지굴근포획 (entrapment) 의중요한원인을커진삼각골, 종골골절, 연부조직반흔 (soft tissue scar) 으로생각하였고 62%(8/13) 에서포획상방에건초삼출액이관찰되어, 거골상방에다량의건초삼출액을포획을시사하는중요한자기공명영상소견으로보고하였다 (19). 본연구에서도삼각골이 17% 에서관찰되었으나삼각골상방에특징적인섬유화나다량의건초삼출액은관찰되지않았다. 일반적으로삼각골은무증상의일반인에서도흔히관찰할수있는정상변이이다. 본연구에서도삼각골주변부의섬유화나삼각골에의한건이나건초삼출액압박소견은관찰되지않아장무지굴근기능장애와삼각골의연관성은적어보인다. Sammarco와 Cooper의보고에서관찰된아령모양의건초삼출액이본연구에서도 2예에서관찰되었다 (11). 이러한건초삼출액분포의특성은중위부로정의한섬유골터널에삼출액을저류할수있는공간이작기때문으로생각된다. 그러나나머지 3예중 1예는근위부에만, 2예에서는원위부에만다량의건초삼출액이관찰되어건초삼출액의분포는비특이적으로생각된다. 본연구에서거골골부종, 거골박리성연골염, 발바닥근막염, 장무지굴근의손상이각각 1예에서나타났다. 거골골부종과장무지굴근의손상은 20세의운동을좋아하는활동성이강한사람들에서관찰되었는데, 이러한소견은활동성이강한사람들에서나타날수있는소견으로생각된다 (20). 발바닥근막염은 1년전외상에의해생겨난것으로, 장무지굴근기능장애와는관련이없는소견으로생각된다. 본연구는여러제한점이있다. 첫째, 자기공명영상에서조영증강을시행하지않았는데조영증강을하였다면건초의조영증강을분석하여질환의만성도나건초의비후등을좀더정확하게평가할수있었을것으로기대된다. 둘째로, 연구자료의수집에시간이오래걸려여러종류의자기공명영상기기가사용되었다는점이다. 이러한영상기기의다양성으로인하여영상분석에오류가발생했을가능성이있다. 결론적으로장무지굴근기능장애는자기공명영상에서비특이적장무지굴근건초삼출액의증가로나타났다. 그러므로자기공명영상은장무지굴근기능장애의진단에제한적인역할을할것으로생각되며내측발목통증을유발하는건이나골질환을배제하는데도움을줄것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 2.Schulhofer SD, Oloff LM. Flexor hallucis longus dysfunction: an overview. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2002;19: Hamilton WG. Tendonitis about the ankle joint in classical ballet dancer s. Am J Sports Med 1977;5: Cowell HR, Elener V, Lawhon SM. Bilateral tendinitis of the flexor hallucis longus in a ballet dancer. J Pediat Orthop 1982;2: Garth WP Jr. Flexor hallucis tendinitis in a ballet dancer. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981;63: Lereim P. Trigger toe in classical-ballet dancers. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1985;104: Hamilton WG. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon and posterior impingement upon the os trigonum in ballet dancers. Foot Ankle 1982;3: Hamilton WG. Foot and ankle injuries in dancers. Clin Sports Med 1988;7: Kolettis GJ, Micheli LJ, Klein JD. Release of the flexor hallucis longus tendon in ballet dancers. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996;78: Lynch T, Pupp GR. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus at the ankle joint. J Foot Surg 1990;29: Sammarco GJ, Cooper PS. Flexor hallucis longus tendon injury in dancers and nondancers. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19: Jaffee NW, Gilula LA, Wissman RD, Johnson JE. Diagnostic and therapeutic ankle tenography: outcomes and complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol ;176: Na JB, Bergman AG, Oloff LM, Beaulieu CF. The flexor hallucis longus: tenographic technique and correlation of imaging findings with surgery in 39 ankles. Radiology 2005;236: Gelbart MS, Parikh A, Chong W, Gilula LA.. A novel approach to flexor hallucis longus tenography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187: Schweitzer ME, van Leersum M, Ehrlich SS, Wapner K. Fluid in normal and abnormal ankle joints: amount and distribution as seen on MR images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;162: Cunnane G, Brophy DP, Gibney RG, FitzGerald O. Diagnosis and treatment of heel pain in chronic inflammatory arthritis using ultrasound. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996;25: Wang CL, Shieh JY, Wang TG, Hsieh FJ. Ultrasonographic assessment of posterior heel pain. J Formos Med Assoc. 1999;98: Mehdizade A, Adler RS. Sonographically guided flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath injection. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26: Lo LD, Schweitzer ME, Fan JK, Wapner KL, Hecht PJ. MR imaging findings of entrapment of the flexor hallucis longus tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176: Lohman M, Kivisaari A, Vehmas T, Kallio P, Malmivaara A, Kivisaari L. MRI abnormalities of foot and ankle in asymptomatic, physically active individuals. Skeletal Radiol 2001;30: Oloff LM, Schulhofer SD. Flexor hallucis longus dysfunction. J Foot Ankle Surg 1998;37:

5 김지은외 J. Korean Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 12: (2008) MR Findings of Flexor Hallucis Longus Dysfunction Ji Eun Kim 1, Hye Young Choi 1, Ho Cheol Choi 1, Gyung Kyu Lee 2, Kyung Nyeo Jeon 1, Tae Beom Shin 1, Jae Boem Na 1 1 Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine 2 Department of Radiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine Purpose : To find the MR findings and evaluate the usefulness of MR in flexor hallucis longus(fhl) dysfunction. Materials and Methods : From 1992 to 2003, fourty patients were found to have surgically confirmed FHL dysfunction. 24 cases of 22 patients who had performed MR were included in this study. We analyzed the signal intensity of FHL tendon and muscle, tendon sheath, sheath effusion, and bone lesions, retrospectively. Results : Non-specific, increased sheath effusion of FHL tendon was seen in 12 cases (50%). Large amount of sheath effusion(grade 3) was observed in 5 cases (21%). The signal intensity of FHL tendon was normal in all cases. High signal intensity at the FHL muscle, proximal to musculotendinous junction was seen in 1 case (4%). One case (4%) of marrow edema of the talus and another one case (4%) of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus was seen. Conclusion : Non-specific, increased sheath effusion of FHL tendon was observed on MR in FHL dysfunction patients. Therfore, MR has a limited role in diagnosis of FHL dysfunction and is useful to exclude other bone and tendon diseases causing medial ankle pain. Index words : Magnetic resonance (MR) Ankle Tendon Corresponding author : Jae Boem Na, M.D., Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital # 90 Chilam-dong, Jinju, , Korea Tel Fax jbna4216@paran.com

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