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1 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 8 호 pp August 2017 / 511 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 34, No. 8, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 특집 직선 회전모터구동이송 회전체연구 XVI 선형구동기를적용한가변예압스핀들의성능평가 Performance Evaluation of a Variable Preload Spindle by Using Linear Actuator 김동현 1, 우완식 2, 이춘만 2, 황영국 3,# Dong-Hyeon Kim 1, Wan-Sik Woo 2, Choon-Man Lee 2, and Young-Kug Hwang 3,# 1 서울대학교융합지식기반창조형기계항공인재양성사업단 (BK21 Plus Transformative Training Program for Creative Mechanical and Aerospace Engineers, Seoul National University) 2 창원대학교기계공학부 (School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University) 3 조선이공대학교메카트로닉스과 (Department of Mechatronics, Chosun College of Science & Technology) # Corresponding Author / hyk@cst.ac.kr, TEL: , FAX: KEYWORDS: Machine tool spindle ( 공작기계스핀들 ), Bearing preload ( 베어링예압 ), Variable preload ( 가변예압 ), Linear actuator ( 선형구동기 ) Bearings having a small clearance during normal operation are selected. In some cases, bearings having a negative clearance when mounted are selected, to generate internal stress which enables achieving various effects. This so-called preload can be applied only to rolling bearings and not sliding ones. The performance of bearings is greatly affected by the applied preload. Application of a heavy preload to enhance the stiffness at the spindle undermines the high-speed rotation performance. In contrast, when a light preload is applied for high speed rotation, the stiffness is undermined. Therefore, a variable preload method is required. This study aims to develop a variable preload device using a linear actuator of the ball screw type, and to perform the performance evaluation of the developed device. Our studies verified that the proposed device worked satisfactorily. Manuscript received: May 29, 2017 / Revised: June 16, 2017 / Accepted: June 23, 서론공작기계스핀들 (Spindle) 에채용된구름베어링 (Rolling Bearing) 은일반적인운전상태에서약간의틈새를유지하도록사용되고있다. 그리고목적에따라여러가지효과를얻기위해음의틈새를주어의도적으로내부에응력을발생시키는데, 이를베어링예압이라한다. 1-3 고속성능을가지는공작기계스핀들은절삭작업시가공의효율성을위해저속영역에서의중절삭특성과고속영역에서의경절삭특성을동시에만족해야한다. 이를위해스핀들베어링 (Bearing) 에예압을적용한다. 4 베어링은회전정밀도, 스핀들강성등에영향을미치는핵심부품으로, 베어링에예압을적용하고조절함으로써강성증대, 진동및소음감소, 전동체미끄럼방지, 샤프트 (Shaft) 의안내정밀도향상그리고베어링수명연장에큰역할을한다. 하지만예압이과할경우, Fig. 1 에서보여주는바와같이베어링내마찰증가에의해발열증가, 베어링수명저하등을초래할수있다. 5,6 따라서스핀들성능과가공조건에따라적절하게예압을적용하고, 조절하는기술은매우중요하다. 공작기계스핀들베어링에적용되는대표적인예압방법은정위치예압방법과정압예압방법이있다. 정위치예압은서로마주보는베어링을고정시켜회전중에도축방향의상대적위치가변하지않게하는방법이다. 정압예압은서로마주보는베어링사이에스프링 (Spring) 등을삽입하여회전중에상대적위치가변하더라도일정한예압을유지하게할수있다. Fig. 2 는예압방법에따른축방향변위와하중의관계를나타낸다. 일반적으로강성을높이는목적으로는정위치예압이 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 512 / August 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 8 호 Fig. 1 Effect of bearing preload on the bearing life 6 Fig. 3 Concept drawing of a variable preload device using linear actuator Fig. 2 Rigidity and preload method 7 적절하고, 고속회전이필요한경우에는정압예압이적절한것으로알려져있다. 2,3,7 위에서기술하였듯이고성능 다기능공작기계는고속가공과함께고효율가공을위해저속에서의중절삭과고속에서의경절삭이가능해야한다. 따라서고강성과고속성능이동시에요구되는스핀들에는가변예압을사용해야한다. 4,8 가변예압은스핀들속도및가공조건에따라예압을가변시킬수있는방법으로저속에서강성을높이기위해큰예압을적용하고, 고속에서발열을낮추기위해작은예압을적용하는방법이다. 공작기계스핀들베어링에가변예압을적용하는구조는선형구동기의형태이다. 구름베어링궤도륜의축방향변위를정밀하게제어해야하기때문이다. 9,10 많은연구자들이가변예압시스템의새로운구조또는방법을 제안하고연구했다. Tsutsui 11 및 Chen 12 등은압전소자를이용한구동기에의한가변예압방법을연구하였고, Kitamura 13 등은형상기억합금을이용한가변예압조절장치를소개하였다. 그리고유럽의공작기계회사에서는유압및공압을이용한가변예압장치를상용스핀들에적용하였다. 4,14 또한, Hwang, Kim 및 Lee 등본논문의저자들은원심력, 전자석, 편심질량, 고무압및초자기변형소자등을이용한가변예압스핀들을개발한바있다. 10,15-18 현재공작기계스핀들에가장많이사용되는가변예압방법은유압에의한방식이다. 유압에의한방식은큰힘을발생시킬수있지만수마이크론 (µm) 단위로정밀하게제어하기어렵다. 따라서본논문에서는정밀한위치제어가가능한볼스크류 (Ball Screw) 채용선형구동기를이용한가변예압구조를제안하고, 스핀들시제품을제작하여성능평가를수행하였다. 2. 가변예압스핀들 2.1 개념및작동원리본논문에서제안한가변예압장치의개념도를 Fig. 3 에나타내었다. 서보모터 (Servo Motor), 볼스크류및밀판 (Push-Plate) 으로구성된선형구동기와베어링, 부쉬 (Bush), 스페이서 (Spacer), 스프링, 샤프트, 잠금너트 (Locknut) 및하우징 (Housing) 으로구성된스핀들시제품의개념도이다. 잠금너트를이용하여베어링을샤프트에고정하였으며, 베어링에힘이가해질때피드백을위해스프링을삽입하였다.
3 한국정밀공학회지 제 34 권 제 8 호 August 2017 / 513 Fig. 6 Photograph of the manufactured linear actuator system Fig. 4 Adjustment principle of the preload (a) Initial state, (b) Preload adjustment Fig. 7 Photograph of the prototype of the variable preload spindle using linear actuator system 측정이 가능하도록 구성하였다. 베어링은 접촉각이 15o 인 앵귤 러 컨택트 볼 베어링(Angular Contact Ball Bearing, 1208C P5, NSK)을 사용하였다. 구동기의 위치제어를 위한 컨트롤러 (Controller)는 외부에 별도로 설치하였다. Fig. 6 은 볼스크류 채용 선형구동기를 나타내고 있다. Fig. 7 은 선 형구동기를 이용한 가변예압 스핀들의 시제품이다. 벨트 구동방식 (Belt Drive Type)에 의해 최대 8,000 rpm 까지 회전이 가능하도록 제 Fig. 5 Schematic diagram for the performance measurement of spindle prototype 작하였다. 8,000 rpm 까지 1,000 rpm 단위로 스핀들 회전수를 증가시 켜 실험을 수행하였다. 이때 구동기의 변위는 선행연구15-18에서 진행 된 힘 측정 결과를 참고하여 10 µm 로 선정하여 위치제어 하였다. Fig. 4 는 가변예압 원리를 보여준다. Fig. 4(a) 는 초기상태, Fig. 4(b) 는 예압조절 후의 모습을 나타낸다. 서보모터에 의해 밀 판이 베어링의 외륜을 밀어주게 된다. 본 장치는 선형구동기의 위 3. 결과 및 고찰 치제어로 베어링 외륜에 힘을 가하면서 예압을 조절할 수 있다. 선형구동기를 통해 저속영역의 중절삭에서 베어링에 큰 예압을 가하고, 고속영역에서의 경절삭에는 작은 예압을 줄 수 있다. Fig. 8 은 회전속도에 따른 힘을 나타낸다. 1,000 rpm 까지는 힘이 측정되지 않았고, 2,000-8,000 rpm 까지 약 N 의 힘 이 측정되었다. 구동기를 통해 10 µm 씩 축 방향 변위를 적용했 2.2 제작 구동원리를 검증하고 베어링에 가해지는 예압을 확인하기 위해 시제품을 제작하였다. Fig. 5 는 시제품 제작을 위한 개념도이다. 사용된 로드셀(Loadcell)의 분해능은 2 N 이고, 디스플레이 (Display) 장치의 분해능은 1 N 이다. 실시간으로 회전속도 및 힘 을 때 힘이 선형적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 1,000 rpm 까 지 힘이 측정되지 않았던 것은 로드셀에서 측정된 힘을 표시하는 디스플레이 장치의 분해능이 낮아 미세한 힘 변화에 대한 측정이 어려웠던 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 가공 및 조립과정에서의 오차들이 발생했을 가능성도 있다.
4 514 / August 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 8 호 Fig. 8 Measured axial direction force related to the spindle speed Fig. 10 Measured vibration level related to the spindle speed Fig. 9 Device configuration for vibration measurement 시제품의진동및소음측정을수행하였다. 실험환경은습도 45% 및온도 21 o C 를유지하였고, 회전속도는 1,000 rpm 에서 8,000 rpm까지 1,000 rpm 씩증가시켰다. 진동및소음평가는예압장치적용유무를기준으로분석하였다. 진동측정에는 HOFMANN사의진동계 (VL-8000) 를사용하였다. 대역폭은 10 Hz - 10 khz, 분해능은 mm/s 이며, 분해능에의한불확도는 0.03 mm/s 이다. ISO 규격에서회전체진동평가시진동속도의실효값을고려하는것이가장합리적인방법이라고제시하고있다. 19 이에따라본연구에서는 rms 방식으로진동값을측정하였다. 시제품의진동측정위치는 Fig. 9 와같이수직방향으로두포인트를설정하였다. 19 Fig. 10 에진동측정결과를나타내었다. 최대속도 8,000 rpm 일때, Point 1 과 Point 2에서최대진동값들이측정되었다. 예압장치를적용하지않았을때에는 Point 1 과 Fig. 11 Measured noise level related to the spindle speed Point 2에서각각 0.58 mm/s 및 0.73 mm/s 으로측정되었다. 반면예압장치적용했을때에는 Point 1 과 Point 2에서각각 0.98 mm/s 및 1.2 mm/s 으로측정되었다. 예압장치적용시 Point 1에서는약 43%, Point 2 에서는약 40% 진동이증가됨을확인하였다. 구동기의위치제어를통해축방향힘을증가시켜베어링과밀판사이의마찰증가로인해진동이커진것으로분석된다. 산업현장에서스핀들회전속도가 5,000 rpm 일때진동값을약 1.2 mm/s 로본다. 20 그러므로예압장치적용시측정된값은스핀들성능에큰영향을미치지않을것으로판단된다. 소음측정에는 RION 사의소음계 (NL-31) 를사용하였다. 주파수범위는 ,000 Hz 이고, 범위는 db 이다. 측정점의수평면위치와바닥면에서의높이는각각스핀들에서 1m 씩으로설정하였다. Fig. 11 에소음측정결과를나타내었다. 예상대로회전속도가증가할수록소음이높게측정되었다. 8,000 rpm 에서예압장치를적용했을때, 82 db의소음이측정되었다. 또한,
5 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 8 호 August 2017 / 515 예압장치를적용하지않았을때의소음은 79 db 로측정되었다. 예압장치를적용했을때, 약 1.03% 소음이증가되었다. 소음의증가율이아주미비하기때문에스핀들구동성능에큰영향이미치지않는것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 본논문에서는선형구동기를이용한스핀들베어링의가변예압장치를제안하고, 스핀들시제품제작및평가를수행하여다음의결론을얻었다. 정밀한위치제어가가능한볼스크류채용가변예압장치를제작하여원활히구동됨을확인하였다. 축방향힘이스핀들회전속도에따라선형적으로증가됨을확인하였다. 또한, 제작된예압장치가스핀들에미치는영향을분석하기위해진동및소음측정을수행한결과, 통상적으로용인될수있는범위내에있음을확인하였다. 본연구는선형구동기에의한가변예압장치의실효성을검증하는기초연구라할수있다. 실제스핀들에적용하기위해서는스핀들과가변예압장치의안정적인결합을위한구조설계와효율적인예압조절을위한추가연구가필요할것으로판단된다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 본연구는 2016년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원 (No. 2016R1A2A1A ) 으로수행되었음. REFERENCES 1. Weck, M. and Koch, A., Spindle-Bearing Systems for High- Speed Applications in Machine Tools, CIRP Annals- Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp , Harnoy, A., Bearing Design in Machinery: Engineering Tribology and Lubrication, CRC Press, pp , Harris, T. A., Rolling Bearing Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, pp , IBAG, (Accessed 1 May, 2017) 5. Alfares, M. A. and Elsharkawy, A. A., Effects of Axial Preloading of Angular Contact Ball Bearings on the Dynamics of a Grinding Machine Spindle System, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 136, No. 1, pp , Research Report of the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Study of the Clearance Control for High Speed Spindle Bearing and Optimization of Spindle Cooling System, M , Hwang, Y. K., A Study on the Variable Preload Technology for High Speed and High Efficiency Machine Tool Spindle, Ph.D. Thesis, Changwon National University, Kim, D. H., A Study on the Variable Preload Device Development of Machine Tool Spindle Using an Eccentric Mass and Giant Magnetostrictive Materials, M.Sc. Thesis, Changwon National University, Tsutsui, S., Aoyama, T., and Inasaki, I., Development of a Spindle System with an Adjustable Preload Mechanism Using a Piezoelectric Actuator, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp , Chen, J. S. and Chen, K. W., Bearing Load Analysis and Control of a Motorized High Speed Spindle, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 45, No. 12, pp , Kitamura, K. and Taniguchi, K., Preload Control Apparatus for Bearings with Shape Memory Alloy Springs, US Patent, A, GMN, (Accessed 1 May, 2017) 15. Hwang, Y. K. and Lee, C. M., Development of Automatic Variable Preload Device for Spindle Bearing by Using Centrifugal Force, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 49, No. 10, pp , Hwang, Y. K. and Lee, C. M., Development of a Newly Structured Variable Preload Control Device for a Spindle Rolling Bearing by using an Electromagnet, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp , Kim, D. H. and Lee, C. M., A Study on the Development of a New Conceptual Automatic Variable Preload System for a Spindle Bearing, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 65, pp , Choi, C. H., Kim, D. H., and Lee, C. M., A Study on the Development of a Deformable Rubber Variable Preload Device, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 15, No. 12, pp , International Standard, Mechanical Vibration, ISO , Kim, D.-H. and Lee, C. M., Effects of Automatic Variable Preload Device on Performance of Spindle, Journal of Central South University, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp , Dornfeld, D. and Lee, D. E., Machine Design for Precision Manufacturing, Springer, NSK, Catalogue-Super Precision Bearing, (Accessed 26 JUL, 2017)
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)
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