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1 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 4 호 pp April 2017 / 247 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 34, No. 4, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 특집 난삭소재첨단기계가공기술 액체질소분사안정화를통한극저온가공품질향상 Improvement of the Quality of Cryogenic Machining by Stabilization of Liquid Nitrogen Jet Pressure 강명구 1, 민병권 1, 김태곤 2, 이석우 2,# Myeong Gu Gang 1, Byung-Kwon Min 1, Tae-Gon Kim 2, and Seok-Woo Lee 2,# 1 연세대학교기계공학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University) 2 한국생산기술연구원생산시스템그룹 (Manufacturing System Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology) # Corresponding Author / swlee@kitech.re.kr, TEL: , FAX: KEYWORDS: Ti-6Al-4V ( 티타늄합금 ), Difficult-to-cut material ( 난삭재 ), Machining temperature ( 가공온도 ), Surface integrity ( 표면품위 ), Turning ( 선삭가공 ) Titanium alloy has been widely used in the aerospace industry because of its high strength and good corrosion resistance. During cutting, the low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity of titanium generate a high cutting temperature and accelerates tool wear. To improve cutting tool life, cryogenic machining by using a liquid nitrogen (LN2) jet is suggested. In cryogenic jet cooling, evaporation of LN2 in the tank and transfer tube could cause pressure fluctuation and change the cooling rate. In this work, cooling uniformity is investigated in terms of liquid nitrogen jet pressure in cryogenic jet cooling during titanium alloy turning. Fluctuation of jet spraying pressure causes tool temperature to fluctuate. It is possible to suppress the fluctuation of the jet pressure and improve cooling by using a phase separator. Measuring tool temperature shows that consistent LN2 jet pressure improves cryogenic cooling uniformity. Manuscript received: February 22, 2017 / Revised: March 20, 2017 / Accepted: March 21, 서론티타늄합금은고온에서의높은강도와내부식성때문에우주 / 항공산업에서주로사용되며, 1,2 그중 Ti-6Al-4V는대표적인티타늄합금으로항공기가스터빈엔진에서총티타늄합금부품의 45% 이상에사용된다. 3 티타늄합금부품제작시최종형상근접 (Near-Net Shape) 성형, 분말야금등의방법이제작비용을줄이기위해제안되었으나, 대부분의부품은여전히절삭가공으로제작되며항공기프레임가공을위해밀링, 가스터빈엔진등을가공하기위해선삭이사용된다. 3 선삭등과같은공구를사용한절삭과정에서, 티타늄합금재료의낮은열전도도와고온에서의고강도특성은 4 1,100 o C가넘는고온의절삭열을발생시킨다. 3 이때티타늄의높은화학적활성은 500 o C 이상의온도에서공구표면에티타늄의응착과확산 을증가시켜응착마모 (Adhesive Wear) 와연마마모 (Abrasive Wear) 의발생을통해공구마모를가속시킨다. 5 티타늄합금의절삭과정시공구수명을향상시키기위해고압의절삭유를분사하거나, 4,6 냉각된공기, 7 액체질소를 4,5,8 분사하는등다양한윤활 / 냉각방법을통해고온의절삭열을냉각시키는연구가수행되고있다. 그중 -196 o C의액체질소를냉각재로사용하는극저온가공은고온의절삭열을냉각시키는데특히효과적이다. 4 극저온가공시초저온용기에서나온액체질소는이송관을지나노즐을통해분사되는데, 이송과정에서기화가발생하면서압력의변화와함께 액체 + 기체 의혼합상으로불균일한분사가발생한다. 9 이송관을통해노즐로공급되는액체질소에압력변화가발생하는경우유량이달라지면서결과적으로냉각량이달라질수있다. 9 또한 액체, 기체 상의질소가혼합되어서분사되거나불균일하게교대로분사되는경우역시냉각량이달라 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 248 / April 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 4 호 질수있다. 액체질소의열전달계수 (0.14 W/mK) 와질소가스의열전달계수 (0.024 W/mK) 사이의차이가크기때문에두가지상의분사가이뤄지면균일하지못한냉각이된다. 4 액체질소제트분사과정에서발생하는불균일냉각은공구에열충격을발생시키거나불균일한절삭특성을야기할수있고, 이는가공품질에영향을미칠수있다. 따라서극저온제트분사가공시균일한절삭특성을통해공정품질을향상시키기위해서는냉각균일성의향상이필요하다. 본논문에서는티타늄합금의선삭가공에서액체질소제트분사의균일화가냉각균일성의향상에미치는영향을실험적으로확인하였다. 액체질소기화가분사압력에미치는영향을감소시키기위해상분리기를적용하여상분리기적용여부에따른압력변화와공구온도를비교하였다. Sandvik) 를사용하였으며, 온도측정을위한열전대삽입이가능하도록경사면하단에직경 0.5 mm의구멍을방전가공하였다. 열전대는 -200 o C -1,200 o C의측정범위를갖는 K-Type (OMEGA Engineering) 을사용하여직경 0.5 mm의프로브형태로제작후공구경사면하단의구멍에삽입하였다. 10,11 액체질소제트분사 2. 실험방법 Fig. 1은극저온가공실험에사용한 CNC 선반과진공단열관및액체질소탱크를포함하는극저온공급장치의모습이다. 극저온선삭가공실험을위해 CNC 선반 (HT1200, 두산공작기계 ) 을사용하였으며, Ti-6Al-4V 봉재 (Φ 50 mm L 100 mm) 를외경가공하였다. 코팅된초경인서트 (CNMG SMR 1115, Fig. 3 Digital pressure transducer and jet holder Fig. 1 CNC lathe with LN2 supply system (LN2 tank with transfer tube) Fig. 4 Schematic of cryogenic supply system includes phase separator and vacuum insulated flexible hose Fig. 2 Cryogenic jet cooling method and EDM drilled hole on the rake face for thermocouple insertion Fig. 5 Schematic of phase separator composition and picture of developed prototype

3 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 4 호 April 2017 / 249 냉각 (Cryogenic Jet Cooing) 을위해제트분사노즐이장착된홀더 (PCLNR 2020K 12HP, Sandvik) 를사용하였다. Fig. 2는제트분사노즐홀더를사용하여액체질소를경사면에분사하는모습과열전대를삽입하기위해 EDM으로경사면에직경 0.5 mm의구멍이가공된황삭용인서트이다. 노란색화살표가가리키는구멍이경사면온도측정용 K-Type 열전대삽입을위한구멍이다. 액체질소는전용탱크 (XL-45 HP, Taylor Wharton) 를사용하여다양한압력으로분사하였으며, 이송과정에서의기화를억제하기위해진공단열관을사용하였다. Fig. 3은제트분사노즐홀더를사용하여액체질소를분사하는동안디지털압력센서와아날로그압력게이지를통해관내압력을측정하는모습이다. 디지털압력센서 (PXM 409, OMEGA Engineering) 는분사노즐직전에연결되었으며, 액체질소의극저온영향을방지하기위해연장관을통해연결되었다. 액체질소제트분사압력균일화를위해상분리기를제작하여적용하였다. Fig. 4는상분리기및진공단열관을포함하는극저온이송시스템의개략도이다. 상분리기는이송관내부에서발생하는기화에의한 액체 + 기체 상태를각각의 액체, 기체 상태로분리하기위한장치로서진공단열된외부탱크내부에두개의작은탱크와부유스위치 (Float Switch) 를포함하고있다. Fig. 5는상분리기의내부구조를도식화한그림과제작한제품의사진이다. 이송관내부또는탱크내부에서기화된기체상태의질소는상단의가스보관함 (Gas Storage) 에모이고, 하단의액체질소보관함 (LN2 Storage) 에액상의질소만모이게되며, 부유스위치가액체질소위에떠있다가일정량이상의가스가모였을때배출하는원리이다. 분사압력및절삭온도측정을위한가공실험을수행하였으며, 절삭속도 40, 60 m/min, 절삭깊이 2.0 mm, 이송량 0.25, 0.32 mm/ rev를사용하였다. 12 기가없는경우탱크및이송관내부에서기화된 기체 상태의질소가노즐을통해간헐적으로분사되면서분사압력의변화를야기한다. Fig. 6에서상분리기가적용된경우초기의압력상승속도가느린이유는탱크에서나온액체질소가상분리기의작은탱크를채우는시간이필요하기때문이다. 분사압력이안정되는 20 초이후부터비교한결과, 상분리기가없는경우에비해압력의변화가감소하면서분사압의균일성이향상된다. 또한상분리기가없는경우에발생하는약 7 초주기의압력강하는없는반면, 약 20 초주기의압력강하가발생하는데이는장착된상분리기에서부유스위치가작동하여기체상태의질소를대기중으로배출하면서순간적으로압력강하가발생하기때문이다. 3.2 공구온도측정및냉각균일성평가노즐을사용한액체질소제트분사시압력의변화가냉각균일성에미치는영향을분석하기위해상분리기적용여부에따른공구온도를측정하였다. 분사압력 4 bar의조건에서동일한절삭조건으로외경황삭가공중실시간으로분사압력과공구온도를측정하였다. Fig. 7은 4 bar의분사압력하에서상분리기적용여부에따라가공중측정한공구온도를비교한결과이다. 상분리기를적용한 3. 결과및분석 3.1 액체질소제트분사압력변화측정액체질소제트분사시탱크및이송관내부에서발생하는기화에의한압력변화를압력센서를사용하여실시간으로측정하였다. Fig. 6은액체질소제트분사시, 상분리기적용여부에따른압력측정결과를보여준다. 액체질소탱크에장착된압력게이지를기준으로 3, 4, 6, 10 bar로조절하여분사한결과, 노즐앞에장착된압력측정결과는각각 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 9.0 bar로측정되었다. 이는이송관및압력계체결과정에서내부단면적이감소하면서, 베르누이방정식에 13 따라유속이증가하여관내압력이감소하였기때문이다. 실험및결과에사용한압력조건은탱크에장착된압력계측정값을기준으로표현하였다. 상분리기를장착하지않은경우하에서주기적인압력의변화가발생하였다. 노즐을사용한제트분사시탱크또는이송관내부에서기화된가스형태의질소가약 7 초의주기로분사되는데이는실시간압력측정중압력이떨어지는시간과일치한다. 이를바탕으로상분리 Fig. 6 Comparison of pressure fluctuation between with and without phase separator at various jet pressure Fig. 7 Comparison of tool temperature between with and without phase separator during turning process with 4 bar LN2 jet pressure

4 250 / April 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 4 호 경우의공구온도가상분리기가없는경우보다낮다. 이는상분리기를적용하여상대적으로낮은열전달계수를갖는 기체 상태를분리함으로써 액체 상태의분사를증가시켜열전달을증가시키기때문이다. Table 1은절삭온도가안정된상태 (30-50초 ) 에서공구온도의평균및표준편차를계산한결과이다. 상분리기를적용한경우공구의평균온도는 59.4 o C로상분리기가없는경우 (117.5 o C) 보다낮게측정되었다. 또한압력의변화가감소함에따라공구온도변화의표준편차역시 13.8 o C로상분리기가없는경우 (24.2 o C) 보다감소한다. 또한상분리기가없는경우, 압력의변화추세와유사하게주기를갖는뚜렷한온도변화가발생한다. Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of measured temperature at steady state (30-50 sec) w/o Phase separator w/ Phase separator Average temperature [ o C] Standard deviation [ o C] 상분리기가없는경우액체질소의기화에의한압력의변화가공구온도의변화에미치는영향분석을위해각각의주기를비교하였다. Fig. 8은가공중액체질소제트분사압력과공구온도측정결과를비교한그래프이다. 분사압력과공구온도의변화주기가약 7 초로비슷한것을관찰할수있다. 액체질소제트분사시이송관과탱크내부에서발생하는질소의기화에의한압력변화는액체질소의분사유량의변화를야기하여냉각량을다르게함으로써공구온도를변화시킨다. 3.3 가공물표면형상분석액체질소제트분사시기화에의한분사압력과공구온도의변화가가공물표면형상에도영향을미치는지분석하기위해압력이안정적인경우와강하하는경우, 순간의위치에서의표면형상을비교하였다. Fig. 9는황삭가공중액체질소제트분사압력의변화에따른표면형상비교를위해광학현미경과백색광간섭계로측정한결과이다. Fig. 9(a) 는분사압력이안정적인경우의위치에서측정한표면형상이며, 이경우비교적곧은공구이송자국 (Feed Mark) 이관찰된다. 반면액체질소의기화에의해압력이강하하는순간의위치에서는 Fig. 9(b) 처럼불규칙한형태의공구이송자국과표면형상이관찰된다. 이는절삭특성이변화하여칩발생특성등이바뀜에따라가공표면의형상이달라진것이라판단된다. 액체질소제트분사시기화에의한압력의변화는가공중절삭특성을변화시켜가공품위를저하시킬수있다. 4. 결론 Fig. 8 Comparison of tool temperature and LN2 jet pressure during turning process with 4 bar LN2 jet Fig. 9 Comparison of surface morphology measured by using optical microscope and white light interferometer: (a) At a stable pressure point, (b) At a pressure dropping point 티타늄합금의선삭가공에서극저온냉각을위한액체질소제트분사시, 분사압력의균일화가냉각균일성의향상에미치는영향을분석하기위해분사압력과공구온도를측정하였다. 이송관과탱크내부에서발생하는액체질소의기화는가공중 기체 상의간헐적분사를야기하고이는분사압력의변화로나타난다. 분사압력을균일하게하기위해극저온분사시스템에액체질소의 액체 상태와 기체 상태를분리해주는상분리기를적용함으로써액체질소의기화에의한 기체 상태의분사와주기적인분사압력의강하를방지할수있었다. 분사압력의변화가가공중공구의냉각성에미치는영향을분석하기위해가공중경사면의온도를공구에삽입된열전대를사용하여측정하였다. 상분리기가없는경우발생하는액체질소제트의압력변화는공구온도의변화로나타나며, 비슷한주기를가지며변화한다. 이는액체질소제트분사중간헐적으로발생하는기체상태의분사에의해질소의열전달계수와냉각량이변화하기때문으로판단한다. 분사압력과공구온도의변화가가공물표면품위에미치는영향을분석하기위해, 압력이안정적인경우와강하하는순간의표면형상을광학현미경과백색광간섭계로비교하였다. 상분리기를적용한경우기화에의한분사압력의변화를감소시켜가공중절삭특성을균일하게함으로써가공표면품위의향상을기대할수있다.

5 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 4 호 April 2017 / 251 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 본연구는산업통상자원부산업핵심기술개발사업의일환으로수행하였다 [ , 과제명 : 티타늄 /CGI 가공을위한액체질소적용극저온가공공정및시스템개발 ]. Hybrid Machining, International Journal of Machine Tool and Manufacture, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp , Bernoulli, D., Hydrodynamica, /Westerweel2016b.pdf (Accessed 21 MAR 2017) REFERENCES 1. Ezugwu, E., Bonney, J., and Yamane, Y., An Overview of the Machinability of Aeroengine Alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 134, No. 2, pp , Boyer, R., An Overview on the Use of Titanium in the Aerospace Industry, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 213, No. 1, pp , Ezugwu, E. and Wang, Z., Titanium Alloys and their Machinability-A Review, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp , Bermingham, M., Palanisamy, S., Kent, D., and Dargusch, M., A Comparison of Cryogenic and High Pressure Emulsion Cooling Technologies on Tool Life and Chip Morphology in Ti- 6Al-4V Cutting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 212, No. 4, pp , Hong, S. Y. and Ding, Y., Cooling Approaches and Cutting Temperatures in Cryogenic Machining of Ti-6Al-4V, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp , Nandy, A., Gowrishankar, M., and Paul, S., Some Studies on High-Pressure Cooling in Turning of Ti-6Al-4V, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp , Yuan, S., Yan, L., Liu, W., and Liu, Q., Effects of Cooling Air Temperature on Cryogenic Machining of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 211, No. 3, pp , Park, K.-H., Yang, G.-D., Lee, M.-G., Jeong, H., Lee, S.-W., et al., Eco-Friendly Face Milling of Titanium Alloy, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 15, No. 6, pp , Rozzi, J. C., Sanders, J. K., and Chen, W., The Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of an Indirect Cooling System for Machining, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 133, No. 3, Paper No , Obikawa, T., Funai, K., and Kamata, Y., Air Jet Assisted Machining of Titanium Alloy, Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp , Young, H.-T., Cutting Temperature Responses to Flank Wear, Wear, Vol. 201, No. 1, pp , Dandekar, C. R., Shin, Y. C., and Barnes, J., Machinability Improvement of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Via LAM and

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

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