암모니아 농도에 따른 돌돔의 성장 841,, TAN. TAN TAN. 사육시스템 및 수질 재료 및 방법 Park et al. (213) ( 4, L) 3,, (DO, dissolved oxygen), ph (9:, 17:) 3 (YSI 6MPS, USA), TAN (H

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1 한수지 47(6), , 214 Original Article Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6),84-846,214 사육수의 암모니아 농도가 돌돔(Oplegnathus fasciatus)의 성장과 혈액성분에 미치는 영향 박성덕ㆍ김병기 1 ㆍ전중균* 강릉원주대학교 해양생물공학과, 1 강원도립대학 해양생명과학과 Effect of Ammonia Concentration in Rearing Water on Growth and Blood Components of the Parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus Seongdeok Park, Pyong Kih Kim 1 and Joong-Kyun Jeon* Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 21-72, Korea 1 Department of Marine Bio-Science, Gangwon Provincial College, Gangneung 21-84, Korea This study investigated growth and hematological changes in parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus (~2 g/fish) reared under different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (, 4, or 8 mg/l) for 6 weeks. Survival rates of parrotfish in all experimental groups did not significantly differ, as they were all ~1%. Although specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain, and daily feed intake in the high TAN concentration group () were significantly lower than in the other two groups, there was no significant difference between the group and the control group, (TAN), indicating that parrotfish have a strong resistance to ammonia toxicity. As for temporal changes of the major blood components, cortisol increased as a result of stress caused by the high ammonia concentration in the group. For this reason, the concentrations of energy sources such as glucose and total cholesterol were reduced. However, there was little difference among all experimental groups in concentrations of liver function glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and nutrient factors, such as total protein and albumin. Key words: Oplegnathus fasciatus, Parrotfish, Total ammonia nitrogen, Growth, Blood chemistry 서 론 (TAN, total ammonia nitrogen) (Colt and Armstrong, 1981; Foss et al., 24), (Park, 2). (Randall and Wright, 1987; Paust et al., 211),,,, (Meade, 198; Russo and Thurston, 1991), (Lang et al., 1987), (McKenzie et al., 1993) (Ip et al., 21)., 2 (Kim, 211), (Kang et al., 1998; Oh et al., 26),.,, (Suh et al., 21), (Kim, 211). (Van Rijn, 1996). Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6) , December 214 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 28 November 214; Revised 8 December 214; Accepted 8 December 214 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: jkjeon@gwnu.ac.kr Copyright 214 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 84 pissn: , eissn:

2 암모니아 농도에 따른 돌돔의 성장 841,, TAN. TAN TAN. 사육시스템 및 수질 재료 및 방법 Park et al. (213) ( 4, L) 3,, (DO, dissolved oxygen), ph (9:, 17:) 3 (YSI 6MPS, USA), TAN (HACH DR 4U, USA) 1. (NH 3, UIA) Johansson and Wedborg (198), Table 1. 실험 어류 및 암모니아 주입 2 g. (1. m 1. m 1. m) 1 ( 33 kg/m 3 ) 3, 6 (, 43..6%, %) 2 (9:, 17:). (DO) (OXUS Aqua-7L, Korea) 8%, OxyGuard (OxyGuard A/S, Birkerød, Denmark). TAN 7% 8 mg/l, mg/l ( ), 4 mg/l () 8 mg/l () 3. 1 L NH 4 Cl ( 1%, 2%), (AX1-32-PFC-HWS-K, Korea) sump 9 ml/min. 2:, sump. 7 L/min, 2.2. 성장 및 혈액성분 조사 TAN, 2, 4 6, 1 ( ) 4. 3 (3, rpm, 1 min) (serum). (cortisol) Jeon et al. (2), (total protein), (albumin), (glucose), (total cholesterol), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) Cobas Integra 8 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, USA). 통계처리 mean S.D., SPSS ver. 1. ANOVA, P<. Duncan s multiple range test. 결 과 TAN 농도에 따른 돌돔의 성장 TAN Table 2. TAN (P>.). 2 g 6, , g (P<.). (P<.), (P<.), Table 1. Water environment for the experiment Water temp. ( ) Dissolved oxygen (DO; mg/l) Salinity(psu) ph Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN; mg/l) Un-ionized ammonia (UIA; mg/l) 22.17± ± ± ±.61.8±.6.4± ± ± ± ± ±1..129± ± ± ± ± ± ±.81 TAN, total ammonia nitrogen;, TAN concentration of 4 mg/l;, TAN concentration of 8 mg/l.

3 842 박성덕ㆍ김병기ㆍ전중균 (P>.). TAN 노출에 따른 돌돔의 주요 혈액성분 변화 Fig. 1.,.6 g/dl, g/dl 2. g/dl, g/dl, 4, g/dl. 1. g/dl 2.8 g/dl,. 4.9 g/dl, g/dl (.9 g/dl) (P<.) mg/dl, Table 2. Growth performance of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus reared with 3 different total ammonia nitrogen TAN concentrations for 6 weeks Initial mean weight (g) TAN concentrations ± ± ±2.8 Survival (%) ±.6 1 Mean weight gain (g/fish) 41.6±2.1 a 4.2±.9 ab 32.86±2.4 b Weight gain (%) ±1.4 a 19.77±2.36 ab 1.97±1.2 b Specific growth rate (%/day) 2.3±.3 a.±.1 a.46±.6 b Daily feed intake (%/day) 3 2.1±.2 a 2.27±.4 b 2.27±.3 b Values in each row with the different superscripts are significantly different (P<.). 1 1 (final mean weight initial mean weight)/initial mean weight. 2 (loge final weight - loge initial weight) 1/days. 3 Feed intake (day matter) 1/[(initial fish weight+final fish weight+dead fish weight) days fed/2]. 4 Total ammonia nitrogen concentration of 4 mg/l. Total ammonia nitrogen concentration of 8 mg/l mg/dl, 1-32 mg/dl. 4, 6. GPT 2.2 IU/L IU/L, 4 6, (P>.). GOT 6 () (P<.). 고 찰 (Park, 2), (FFI, 1996). (Son et al., 2) TAN (Kim, 211). TAN. (Chin et al., 1998), (Forster and Glodstein, 1969).,,,,,, (Russo, 198; Jeney et al., 1992), (Thurston et al., 1981; Wajsbrot et al., 1991). 8%. (TAN) (NH 3, UIA) (NH 4+ ) (Bower and Bidwell, 1978),. UIA mg/l (Table 1 ),, (Foss et al., 29).. 2 g 6,,,

4 암모니아 농도에 따른 돌돔의 성장 843 Cortisol (μg/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Total protein (g/dl) Glucose (mg/dl) 1 1 Total cholesterol (mg/dl) GOT (IU/L) 4 GPT (IU/L) Time (weeks) Time (Weeks) Fig. 1. Fluctuations of some serum components of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus according to total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations., TAN concentration of 4 mg/l;, TAN concentration of 8 mg/l ( 1 P<.). GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase.

5 844 Glucose (P<.), 6 (P<.)., 4 Paust et al. (211) 2 g Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippiglossus) UIA.6, mg/l 1,.6 2 mg/l,.12 mg/l 6 7,.17 mg/l 1. (Fig. 2) Time (weeks) %/day, 6,., (Fig. 2).,, UIA.12 mg/l dover sole (Solea solea), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (Alderson, 1979), spotted wolfish (Anarhichas minor) (Foss et al., 23), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (Foss et al., 24), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (Lemarié et al., 24), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) (Wajsbrot et al., 1993), Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) (Pinto et al., 27)., GOT (IU/L) 8 Total choles 박성덕ㆍ김병기ㆍ전중균 1., 1 (Selye, 1973),, (Avella et al., 1991) (Schreck, 1981; Waring et al., 1992). Time (Weeks) 11 g/dl 2 g/dl, Biswas et al. (28).,.,,, (Lang et al., 1987)., Remen et al. (28) ( UIA mg/l) juvenile Atalnatic cod (Gadus morhua),., (),, GPT (IU/L) 2 사 사 Specific growth rate (%/day) Time (weeks) Fig. 2. Fluctuations of specific growth rate of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus according to total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations., TAN concentration of 4 mg/l;, TAN concentration of 8 mg/l ( 1 P<.).,. References Alderson R The effect of ammonia on the growth of juvenile Dover sole, Solea solea (L.) and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). Aquaculture 17, Avella M, Schreck CB and Prunet P Plasma prolactin and cortisol concentrations of stressed coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in freshwater. Gen Comp Endocrinol 81, Biswas AK, Seoka M, Ueno K, Yong ASK, Biswas BK, Kim YS, Takii K and Kumai H. 28. Growth performance and physiological responses in striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, held under different photoperiods. Aquaculture 279, org/1.116/j.aquaculture Bower CE and Bidwell JP Ionization of ammonia in seawater effects of temperature, ph and salinity. J Fish Res Bd

6 암모니아 농도에 따른 돌돔의 성장 84 Can 3, Chin P, Shin YK, Kim HG, Lee JS and Kim HS Biological study on the increment of survival rate during early life cycle in the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Telostei: Scorpaenidae) Ⅰ. Effects of ammonia on survival and growth of the larvae and juveniles stage. Kor J Ichthyol 1, Colt J and Armstrong Nitrogen toxicity to crustacean, fish and Mollusca. In: Proceeding of the Bio-engineering Symposium for Fish Culture. Allen LJ and Kinney EC, eds. America Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A., Forster RP and Goldstein L Formation of excretory product. In: Fish Physiology. Hoar WE and Randall DJ, eds. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A., Foss A, Evensen TH, Vollen T and Øiestad V. 23. Effects of chronic ammonia exposure on growth and food conversion efficiency in juvenile spotted wolffish. Aquaculture 228, X. Foss A, Siikavuopio TH, Sæther BS and Evensen TH. 24. Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth in juvenile Atlantic cod. Aquaculture 237, org/1.116/j.aquaculture Foss A, Imsland AK, Roth B, Schram E and Stefansson SO. 29. Effects of chronic and periodic exposure to ammonia on growth and blood physiology in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture 296, org/1.116/j. aquaculture FFI Inter Eascann eel farm is the first in Ireland. Fish Farming International 23, 3. Ip YK, Lim CB, Chew SF, Wilson JM and Randall DJ. 21. Partial amino acid catabolism leading to the formation of alanine in Periophthalmadon schlosseri (mudskipper): a strategy that facilitates the use of amino acids as an energy source during locomotory on land. J Exp Biol 24, Jeney G, Nemesok J, Jeney Z and Olah J Acute effect of sublethal ammonia concentrations on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II. Effect of ammonia on blood plasma transaminases (GOT, GPT), GIDH enzyme activity and ATP value. Aquaculture 14, Jeon JK, Kim PK, Park YJ, Myoung JG and Kim JM. 2. Changes of serum cortisol concentration and stress responses in coho salmon (corhynchus kisutch) to netting. J Kor Fish Soc 33, Johansson O and Wedborg MG The ammonia-ammonium equilibrium in seawater at temperatures between and 2 degrees C. J Chem Soc 9, Kang YJ, Lee SM, Hwang HK and Bai SC Optimum dietary protein and lipid levels on growth in parrot Fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus). J Aquacult 11, 1-1. Kim PK Effects of stocking density and dissolved oxygen concentration on the growth and hematology of the parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus in a recirculationg aquaculture stsrem (RAS). Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 44, dx.doi.org/1. 67/KFAS Lang T, Peters G, Hoffmann R and Meyer E Experimental investigations on the toxicity of ammonia-effects on ventilation frequency, growth, epidermal mucous cells, and gill structure of rainbow-trout Salmo gairdneri. Dis Aquat Ogr 3, Lemarié G, Dosdat A, Covès D, Dutto G, Gasset G and P.-Le Ruyet, J. 24. Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture 229, S (3) McKenzie DJ, Randall DJ, Lin H and Aota S Effects of changes in plasma ph, CO 2 and ammonia on ventilation in trout. Fish Physiol Biochem 1, 7-1. Meade JW Allowable ammonia for fish culture. Prog Fish Cult 3, Oh SY, Noh CH, Kang RS and Myoung JG. 26. Effects of water temperature and photoperiod on the oxygen consumption rate of fasted juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Ocean and Polar Res 28, Park J. 2. Design and performance of pilot recirculating aquaculture system for abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Ph.D. Thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea. Park J, Kim PK, Lim T and Daniels HV Ozonation seawater recirculating system for black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker): Effects on solids, bacteria, water clarity, and color. Aquacult Eng, aquaeng Paust LO, Foss A and Imsland AK Effects of chronic and periodic exposure to ammonia on growth, food conversion efficiency and blood physiology in juvenile Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture 31, /j.aquaculture Pinto W, Arago C, Soares F, Dinis MT and Conceicao LEC. 27. Growth, stress response and free amino acid levels in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup 188) chronically exposed to exogenous ammonia. Aquac Res 38, /j x. Randall DJ and Wright PA Ammonia distribution and excretion in fish. Fish Physiol Biochem 3, Russo RC Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Hemisphere Publishing. Rand GM and Petrocelli SR, eds. Washington DC, U.S.A., Russo RC and Turston RV Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to fishes. Aquaculture and water quality. Brune E and Tomasso JR. eds. Advances in World Aquaculture. Vol. 3. The World Aquaculture Society. Louisiana, U.S.A., Remen M, Imsland AK, Stefansson SO, Jonassen TM and Foss A. 28. Interactive effects of ammonia and oxygen

7 846 박성덕ㆍ김병기ㆍ전중균 on growth and physiological status of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture 274, org/1.116/j.aquacuture Schreck CB Stress and compensation in teleotean fishes : responses to social and physical factors. In Stress in Fish. Pickering AS, ed. Academic Press, London, U.K., Selye H The evolution of the stress concepts. American Scientist 61, Son MH, Jeon IG, Cho KC and Kim KS. 2. Ammonia removal rate on ammonia loading rates in seawater filtering system using rotating biological contactor (RBC). J Kor Fish Soc 33, Suh KH, Kim BJ and Jeon IG. 21. Design and Development of Integrated Recirculating Aquaculture System. J Kor Fish Soc 34, Thurston R, Russo RC and Vinogradov GA Ammonia toxicity to fishes - effect of ph on the toxicity of the unionized ammonia species. Environ Sci Technol 1, Van Rijn J The potential for integrated biological treatment systems in recirculating fish culture - A review. Aquaculture 139, Wajsbrot N, Gasith A, Krom MD and Popper DM Acute toxicity of ammonia to juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata under reduced oxygen levels. Aquaculture 92, Wajsbrot N, Gasith A, Diamant A and Popper DM Chronic toxicity of ammonia to juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and related histopathological effects. J Fish Biol 42, Waring CP, Stagg RM and Poxton MG The effects of handling on flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Biol 41,

가자미식해의제조공정최적화 37., (Choi et al., 200).. 재료 재료및방법 (Verasper Jordan et Gilbert;, ), (, ), (, ) (, )., (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ). 가자미식해제조 (round

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