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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 25(2), ISSN (Print) ISSN X (Online) UWB MIMO Design of UWB MIMO Antenna for On-Body Application 주은만 권결 전재성 김선우 최재훈 Eunman Joo Kyeol Kwon Jaesung Jeon Sunwoo Kim Jaehoon Choi 요약 Ultra-Wideband(UWB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO),. plunger isolator.,., Specific Absorption Rate(SAR) 0.5 mw 1, , 0.08 W/Kg 1 g 1.6 W/kg FCC. Abstract In this paper, design of a UWB MIMO antenna for an on-body application is proposed and antenna performance with body effect and the impact on the human body are investigated. The proposed MIMO antenna is composed of UWB antenna above ground plane and an additional plunger shaped isolator located between the two monopole antennas to enhance the isolation characteristic. The simulation and measurement are performed to analyze the effect of the human body on antenna performance when the human body is located in the near field of the antenna. According to the measurement results, the measured SAR values for antennas 1 and 2 are W/kg and 0.08 W/kg, respectively when 0.5 mw input power is delivered. These values satisfy the FCC guideline which ragulates that the 1-g average SAR should be lower than 1.6 W/kg. Key words: MIMO, UWB, Isolation, WBAN, On-Body. 서론. m Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN) [1] m Wireless Personal Area Network(WPAN) [2] m kbps Mbps Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN). WBAN, 2010 ( ) (No ). (Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Hanyang University) Manuscript received August 30, 2013 ; Revised December 18, 2013 ; Accepted January 3, (ID No ) Corresponding Author: Jaehoon Choi ( choijh@hanyang.ac.kr) c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved. 137
2 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 2, Feb [3]. UWB 25 % 1.5 GHz, [4] [6] GHz UWB MP3..,, (, ) [7].,., [8] [11]... on-body. [12]. (MIMO),, [13] GHz UWB MIMO. MIMO, isolator., [14] ANSYS HFSS (Ver.14) [15],. 2-1 안테나설계. 안테나설계 1 UWB MIMO. MIMO, plunger isolator., 12 mm, 8 mm. 42 mm 40 mm 0.4 mm( 4.4).,, FR-4. 1(a), 1(b) plunger isolator UWB ( GHz) plunger isolator. 1(c). 1, 100 mm 170 mm 60 mm, 2 mm [16].,,, 표 1. FCC [16] Table 1. Electrical properties of phantom according to FCC guideline [16]. Freq. [GHz] (S/m)
3 UWB MIMO (a) (a) Proposed MIMO antenna 그림 2. L Fig. 2. Simulated S-parameter characteristics for different values of L. (b) Isolator (b) Structure and dimension of the isolator (c) (c) Simulation setup 그림 1. Fig. 1. Geometry of the proposed antenna.. 2 L. 2 1(a) L 4 8 mm,, L 8 mm. 3 isolator 그림 3. Isolator (L=8 mm) Fig. 3. S-parameter characteristics with or without isolator (L=8 mm).. UWB ( GHz) isolator S db, isolator UWB ( GHz) S db., 3.1, 4, 5, 6, 7.2 GHz / isolator #1 139
4 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 2, Feb 제작된 안테나 그림 5. Fig. 5. The fabricated antenna. 인체 영향에 따른 산란 파라미터 특성 그림 4. Fig. 4. S-parameter characteristics according to the body effect. 급전에서 안테나 #2의 급전과 방사체로 인가되는 전력이 많이 전달되어 격리도가 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었으며, plunger형 isolator가 있을 때는 안테나 #1에서 안테나 #2 로 전달되는 전력이 감소되어 격리도를 향상시킬 수 있 도록 설계하였다. 2-2 인체 영향에 따른 안테나의 성능 분석 그림 4는 자유 공간에서와 모의 인체를 가까이 하였을 경우의 안테나의 산란 파라미터 특성을 도시한 것이다. 실제 안테나가 인체에 부착되었을 때 의복, 제품 외장 등 을 고려하여 인체로부터 2 mm 떨어진 곳에 안테나를 위 치시키고, 시뮬레이션을 통해 안테나 구성 변수를 최적화 하였다. 제안된 안테나의 동작 주파수는 모의 인체에 접 근시켜도 자유 공간에서의 동작 주파수와 큰 차이를 보 이지 않으며, GHz UWB 대역에서 20 db 이하 의 격리도 특성을 갖는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 측정에 사용된 모의 인체와 셋업 그림 6. Fig. 6. The phantom used for measurement and setup. 를 위치시킨 측정 환경을 나타낸다. 안테나의 성능 측정 을 위해 표 1에 제시된 FCC 기준에 따른 전기상수를 갖 는 모의 인체를 제작하여 실험에 사용하였다. 안테나의 시뮬레이션 결과와 함께 측정값을 그림 7에 나타내었다. [16] Ⅲ. 안테나 측정 그림 5는 최적의 안테나 설계 변수 값에 따라 제작된 안테나의 사진이다. 그림 6은 시뮬레이션과 동일하게 제 작한 반고체형 모의 인체와 2 mm 떨어진 지점에 안테나 140 측정 결과와 시뮬레이션 산란 파라미터 특성 비교 그림 7. Fig. 7. Comparison of the measured and simulated S-parameter characteristics.
5 UWB MIMO (a) #1(3.1 GHz) (a) Antenna #1(3.1 GHz) (b) #1(4 GHz) (b) Antenna #1(4 GHz) (c) #1(5 GHz) (c) Antenna #1(5 GHz) (d) #1(6 GHz) (d) Antenna #1(6 GHz) 그림 8. UWB MIMO #1 2D Fig. 8. Measured 2D radiation patterns of UWB MIMO antenna #1 for on-body application. Agilent Vector Network Analyzer 8753ES,. 4.1 GHz( GHz), 20 db. 8 9 UWB MIMO UWB MIMO.,,,, #1 #2 x # # dbi, 4.94 dbi, #1 # dbi, 4.59 dbi. #1 # %, %, 141
6 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 2, Feb (a) #2(3.1 GHz) (a) Antenna #2(3.1 GHz) (b) #2(4 GHz) (b) Antenna #2(4 GHz) (c) #2(5 GHz) (c) Antenna #2(5 GHz) (d) #2(6 GHz) (d) Antenna #2(6 GHz) 그림 9. UWB MIMO #2 2D Fig. 9. Measured 2D radiation patterns of UWB MIMO antenna #2 for on-body application. #1 # %, %.,. MIMO (Mean Effective Gain: MEG) MEG. MEG, (1) [17]. XPR. Rayleigh ( ) XPR=1, 1/4, MEG 2., (1) (2) (3) 142
7 UWB MIMO 표 3. UWB MIMO MEG Table 3. MEG of the UWB MIMO antenna on body phantom. Freq. [GHz] Ant #1 (MEG [db]) Ant #2 (MEG [db]) MEG ratio (a) (a) Peak antenna gain., MEG, MEG 3 db [18]. 2 3 MEG UWB MIMO MEG MEG 3 db,. (4) (b) (b) Antenna efficiency 그림 10. Fig. 10. Measured peak gains and efficiencies of antenna. 표 2. UWB MIMO MEG Table 2. MEG of the UWB MIMO antenna in free space. Freq. [GHz] Ant #1 (MEG [db]) Ant #2 (MEG [db]) MEG ratio , diversity (5) WBAN,. SAR. 11 SAR ESSAY-III system. SAR 2 mm field SAR mm 3, 52.0, 2.73 S/m. UWB 5.8 GHz 143
8 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 2, Feb 안테나의 값 표 4. UWB MIMO SAR Table 4. SAR value of the UWB MIMO antenna. 의 입력전력에서의 최대 SAR(1 g)[w/kg] 1 mw Antenna # W/kg Antenna # W/kg 시스템 측정 장치 그림 11. ESSAY-III Fig. 11. Measurement system of ESSAY-III. 실험 측정 환경 그림 13. Fig. 13. Measurement setting. 최대 SAR는 각각 W/kg, 0.08 W/kg이므로 1 g 평균 1.6 W/kg으로 제한된 FCC의 SAR 기준을 만족한다 그러 나 SAR 측정 시 near field를 scan하고, 그 중 최고값인 hot spot을 가지고 규격의 통과 여부를 결정하게 되는데, 이 부분은 안테나 급전부분이나 안테나에서 방사가 주된 부분에서 일어나게 되므로 안테나 단품의 측정 결과로 이를 만족했다고 보기는 어렵다. 따라서 SAR 측정 결과 를 통해 규격을 만족하기 위해서는 안테나 단품의 측정 결과 및 시작품의 동작 환경에서의 SAR을 고려하여 제품 을 설계하여야 한다.. 안테나 의 분포 (a) #1 SAR (5.8 GHz) (a) The measured SAR distribution of antenna #1(5.8 GHz) Ⅳ. On-to-Off 링크 분석 안테나 의 분포 (b) #2 SAR (5.8 GHz) (b) The measured SAR distribution of antenna #2(5.8 GHz) 안테나의 측정된 분포 그림 12. SAR Fig. 12. The measured SAR distribution of antenna. 인체를 이용하여 SAR를 측정한 결과를 표 4와 그림 13에 나타내었다. 0.5 mw를 안테나 #1과 #2에 입력하였을 때 144 제작한 UWB 안테나의 인체 영향에 따른 안테나의 성 능을 확인하기 위하여 on-to-off 링크(on-body형 안테나와 off-body의 외부 안테나와의 링크)에 대하여 수신 안테나 는 인체 배꼽에 부착하고, 송신 안테나는 외부에 고정시 켜 수신 안테나와 인체 사이의 이격거리에 따른 안테나 성능에 대한 실험을 하였다. 수신 안테나가 인체와의 이 격 거리 d는 0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm 이격된 경우와 자유 공
9 인체 부착형 UWB MIMO 안테나 설계 인체로부터 다양한 이격거리에 따라 측정한 그림 14. Fig. 14. Measured for various separation distance from human body. 간(free space)에 위치할 때로 나누었다. 외부 송신 안테나 와의 거리는 약 1 m로 고정하였으며, 외부 안테나에 미치 는 영향을 최대한 줄이기 위하여 무반향실에서 측정하였 다. 또한, 송수신 안테나의 편파는 수직 편파를 이루도록 고정하고, 인체의 움직임이 없는 상태에서 실험을 수행하 였다. 실험에 사용한 송수신 안테나는 모두 제작된 UWB MIMO 안테나이며, MIMO 시스템을 가정하고 4 port용 벡터 네트워크 측정기(VNA)를 이용하여 측정하였다. VNA와 안테나의 연결은 port 1과 port 3에는 송신 안테 나, port 2와 port 4에는 수신 안테나를 연결하여 실험을 구성하였다. 측정값은,,, 으로 MIMO 시스템 세팅에 맞게 총 4개의 채널에 대해 측정하였다. Sampling point는 1,601개, noise floor는 90 db로 측정되 었고, 주파수 sweep은 3.1 GHz부터 7.2 GHz까지로 설정 하였다(그림 13 참고). 그림 14는 인체로부터의 이격 거리 에 따라 측정한 채널 특성을 나타낸다. 측정한 결과를 통 해 안테나를 인체로부터 이격시켰을 경우(d=5 mm, 10 mm)가 인체에 완전히 밀착시킨 경우(d=0 mm)보다 잘 동 작하는 것을 확인하였다. 안테나가 몸에 완전히 밀착된 경우(d=0 mm), 모든 채널에서 60 db에서 50 db의 값 을 나타내며, 인체로부터 이격시켰을 경우(d=5 mm, 10 mm)에 비하여 약 20 db 정도의 성능이 저하된 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 제작한 안테나는 자유 공간에서 전 대역 평균 37 db 측정값을 가지며, 안테나를 인체로부터 이격시 켰을 경우(5 mm, 10 mm)에는 측정 환경에서의 안테나 채 널 전 대역 평균 35 db과 측정값을 갖는 것을 그림 15 를 통해 확인할 수 있다. 이를 통해 제안된 안테나가 참고 문헌 [11]에서 예시하고 분석한 참고문헌 [8] [10]의 안 145
10 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 2, Feb ,. attenuation. [19], attenuation.,, energy, attenuation. Rx port 2 Tx port 1, Tx port 3 S 21 fluctuation. energy Tx port 1 port 3 Rx port 2,. fluctuation. S 23, S 41, S 43.. 결론 WBAN UWB MIMO. MIMO UWB( GHz) 10 db, plunger isolator., 1g 1.6 W/kg FCC. 0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, free space UWB. 0 mm free space. UWB MI- MO.,. References [1] IEEE WPAN WG homepage org/11. [2] IEEE WPAN WG homepage, org/15. [3],,,, "IT/BT WBAN ",, IT, 8, pp , [4] W. Zuang, X. Shan, and Q. Bi, "Ultra-wideband wireless communication", Wireless Communication. Mobile Computer, vol. 3, pp , [5] M. A. Peyrot-Solis, G. M. Galvan-Tejada, and H. Jardon-Agular, "A novel planar uwb monopole antenna formed on a printed circuit board", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 5, pp , May [6] S. Hong, K. Chung, J. Lee, S. Jung, S. S. Lee, and J. Choi, "Design of a diversity antenna with stubs for UWB application", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 50, no. 50, pp , Mar [7],,, "WBAN ", ( ), 25(2), pp , [8] T. S. P. See, Z. N. Chen, "Characterization of received pulses by antennas in proximity of human body", 2nd Eur. Conf. on Antennas and Propag., Edinburgh, U.K., Nov [9] T. S. P. See, Z. N. Chen, "An electromagnetically coupled UWB plate antenna", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 5, pp , May [10] T. S. P. See, Z. N. Chen, "Ultra-wideband antennas with miniaturized size, reduced ground plane reliance, and 146
11 UWB MIMO enhanced diversity", iwat International Workshop on, pp , Mar [11] T. S. P. See, Z. N. Chen, "Experimental characterization of UWB antennas for on-body communications", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 4, Apr [12] N. Chahat, M. Zhadobov, R. Sauleau, and K. Ito, "A compact UWB antenna for on-body applications", IEEE Transactions of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 4, Apr [13] S. Chen, Y. Wang, and S. Chung, "A decoupling technique for increasing the port isolation between two strongly coupled antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 12, pp , Dec [14] C. Gabriel, P. Chadwick, "Development of whole-body shell and solid phantoms and for SAR and radio propagtion measurement", Bioinformatics and Biomedical Enginnering 2008, pp , May [15] ANSYS Inc. HFSS(High Frequency Structure Simulatior) Ver. 14. [16] "Evaluating compliance with FCC guildlines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields", FCC, Washington, DC, Technology. Rep. OET Bull. 65 Supplement. C, Jun [17] A. Ando, "Mean effective gain of mobile antennas in line-of-sight street microcells with low station antenna", IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, vol. 56, pp , Nov [18] Y. Shin, S park, "Spatial diversity antenna for WLAN application", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 49, no. 6, pp , Jun [19] G. Kang, O. P. Gandhi, "Effect of dielectric properties on the Peak 1- and 10-g SAR for a/b/g frequencies 2.45 and 5.15 to 5.85 GHz", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 46, no. 2, May : ( ) : [ 주관심분야 ], WBAN : ( ) : [ 주관심분야 ], WBAN, Metamaterial 147
12 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 25, no. 2, Feb 전재 성 년 2월: 숭실대학교 정보통신전자공 학전공 (공학사) 2012년 3월 현재: 한양대학교 전자컴퓨 터통신공학과 석사과정 [주 관심분야] 인체 무선 통신, LTE 2012 김선 우 년 한양대학교 전자전기공학부 공 학사 년 미국 전기공학과 공학석사 년 미국 전기공학과 공학박사 년 월 현재 한양대학교 융합전자 공학부 부교수 [주 관심분야] Wireless Positioning System, 수중음향통신, Global Positioning System, MIMO 레이더 1999 : ( ) 2002 : University of California, Santa Barbara ( ) 2005 : University of California, Santa Barbara ( ) : 148 최재 훈 년 한양대학교 전자공학과 (공학사) 년 미국 Ohio State University 전자공 학과 (공학석사) 1989년: 미국 Ohio State University 전자공 학과 (공학박사) 년: 미국 Arizona State University 연구교수 1991년 1995년: 한국통신위성사업단 연구팀장 1995년 현재: 한양대학교 융합전자공학부 교수 [주 관심분야] 안테나 및 마이크로파 회로 설계, EMC 1980 : 1986 :
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