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1 Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 March 2007 pp A Study n Electrical Resistivity Behavirs f PAN-based Carbn Nanfiber Webs S-Jin Park 1,, Se-Hyuk Im 2, Jhn M. Rhee 2 and Yung-Seak Lee 3 1 Dept. f Chemistry, Inha Univ., 253 Nam-gu, Inchen , Krea 2 Dept. f Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chnbuk Natinal Univ., Dukjin-gu, Jenju , Krea 3 Dept. f Fine Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Chungnam Natinal Univ., 220 Kung-dng, Yuseng, Daejen , Krea sjpark@inha.ac.kr (Received February 14, 2007; Accepted March 15, 2007) Abstract The influences f varius carbnizatin temperatures n electrical resistivity and mrphlgies f plyacrylnitrile (PAN)-based nanfiber webs were studied. The diameter size distributin and mrphlgies f the nanfiber webs were bserved by a scanning electrn micrscpe. The electrical resistivity behavirs f the webs were evaluated by a vlume resistivity tester. Frm the results, the vlume resistivity f the carbn webs was ranged frm Ω cm t Ω cm, and the average diameter f the fiber webs was varied in the range f 310 t 160 nm with increasing the carbnizatin temperature. These results culd be explained that the graphitic regin f carbn webs was frmed after carbnizatin at high temperatures. And the amrphus structure f plymeric fiber webs was significantly changed t the graphitic crystalline, resulting in shrinking the size f fiber diameters. Keywrds : Plyacrylnitrile, Electrical resistivity, Mrphlgies, Carbnizatin temperature 1. ˆ ˆ p v pp 90% p p p l v qp ˆ q pƒp, sq, nt, r e kl n p. p ˆ p r p l l kl p rs l l p lr p v p rs l p l [1]. rs l q p p p peˆ t ~ rl p p pn l rs, p v p v p l qp t e l l l, n p l ˆ r qp rs ˆ e l, q nk np~p r p pn l rs p p [2-4]. r 1934 Frmhalsl p q p rs p re lp [5-8] q nkl p rkp p l eˆ rr r r qp pn l p v p v rs vrrp p [9-11]. r rs rp, q pn l rs pl k r l pn p, qp m p rp v 3 rp ˆ q r q p p pn p r p r sl q p [2-5, 12, 13]. r q nkp np l v r qp p n l nm p p lv v p l rp. s l p q np p q n kl r šp l v k e eˆ, r rr r šp pn p. r l rkp p rl e vl lv q nkp np p q p p v(capillary tube)p l n ˆ p e kvp rkp v r k~ l r p p k~p q p [14-17]. p r r l p v l p np q p p v eq l p (Taylr cne) p nkp q r r p ƒv r q nk ~(jet) vl [18, 19]. ~ v ~l v rl ~p kr p v, kr l q r ~ ˆ v ~l v. q nk ~ n p v p v ~l 3 p s r, v ˆp (web)p [2, 20]. p rpq r, nkp q,, p
2 44 S.-J. Park et al. / Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 (2007) rk p pp, p rpq rl l k p rs. r n q ql rn qp rs. rp kp q nkp, rp l np rs l q. rs p p v p qk p r m l p pl k p np p p v p p l (nanfiber yarn) rs l p, p q, r q, p, q p p q p q n n r eˆ l lp ~ q p [21, 22]., n rp p p k p Ë r l p n p ˆ pl r rsp pn p r ~ n kk r p v e r p pl r q l pnp [23]. l l ˆ r ~p plyacrylnitrile(pan)p N,N-Dimethylfrmamide(DMF)l n eˆ r p n l p rs mp, kr ˆ m ˆ p v l m r r l m l q m. 2. l l n PAN(plyacrylnitrile) n Fig. 1. Chemical structures f PAN and DMF. n DMF(N,N-dimethylfrmamide) AldrichÌl r kp Fig. 1l PAN DMFp s ˆ lp, Table 1l p p ˆ l. p PANp DMF n l ~ l 10 wt.% n kp rs mp nkp p ˆl n l rs nkp ht platem n q p pn l 50 Cl 12e l l n e.» rk v q (ÌCnverTech, SHV-120 Series 120 W) rk 1~36 kvp rk p srp p n l r mp, p rs nkp 5mlp e vl p Ž n p 0.42 mm, 0.72 mmp MN-22G l k r rk p l v ~l pr re rk m e v pn l r m., r qp tl p vl p m p k r pl e v t 50 cm l v ~ pnl q v kk. r (tip-t-cllectr distance, Table 1. Physical prperties f plymer and slvent Acrnym Frmula Frmula weight Melting pint ( C) Density (g/ml) PAN DMF (C 3 H 3 N) n 86,200 (CH 3 ) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH Fig. 2. Schematic diagram f the electrspinning methd.
3 A Study n Electrical Resistivity Behavirs f PAN-based Carbn Nanfiber Webs 45 Fig. 4. Schematic diagram f vlume resistivity measurement. Fig. 3. Preparatin prcess f the samples. TCD) 10 cm mp, nkp Š ml/ minp r mp rkp ep pn l m [24]. e l pn r q e e q~rp rq mp, Fig. 2l e l n r q p e ˆ l. y k y r PAN/DMF p, cm r l furnace( d Ì, Krea) n l 100 ml/minp kp 30 Cl 250 C v dm 1 C/min l l tlp, 250 Cl 1e p ve kr e [25, 26]. ˆ rp kr rp p furnace n l 99.99%p v d 100 ml/min p kp 30 Cl 250 C v dm 1 C/min l l tlp 250 Cl 350 C v dm 0.1 C/min l m 350 Cl 550 C v dm 0.5 C/min l, 800, 900, 1000 C v dm 2 C/min l l p m l 1e p ve ˆ p ll [27, 28]. Fig. 3l e p v rp e ˆ l. PAN/DMF nkp q p q r (KRÜSS, Tensimeter K100)p pn l mp r m 20 Cl 15 r l p ˆ l. PAN/DMF p ˆ r p t rq (SEM; scanning electrn micrscpe, JEOL Mdel 840A)p n m, p v SEMp r vl 100 q r l m. PAN/DMF p r r p ~rr r (MITSUBISHI Chemical C., MCP-T610) n l m. ~r r p e p p mm 3 q p 4ˆ p pn l e l 4 p p r p v l k p 2ˆ pl pr r kyp 2ˆ pl r r l mp Fig. 4l ~rr r p e ˆ l. 3. y» r q nk np q l q d p rr p e p p r q d p p rk p l p p lv k r p [10, 29]. q nkp q p p p p rkp p e (1) [2, 30]. 2 V c =4 H ln 2L ( R 0.117πRγ) L 2 l, V c p rk, Lp p capillary p, Rp capillary, γp k~p q H ˆ., q nkp q p p p rkp p e(2)m [2, 31]. V=300 20πrγ l V rk, rp krp v γp k~p q p ˆ. e (1), (2) v nkp tp rk e p, k q vp n l r ee n e rp p rkp p k r p [2]. Table 2 PAN/DMF nkp q p m e (1), (2) pn l p rkp ˆ p 10 (1) (2)
4 46 S.-J. Park et al. / Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 (2007) Surface tensin and applied vltage fr PAN/DMF slutin Cncentratin Surface tensin Applied vltage Max. applied (wt.%) (N/m) (kv) vltage (kv) Table 2. wt.%의 PAN/DMF용액의 표면장력의 크기는 3.69 N/m로 방사 노즐의 끝부분에서 임계전압인 kv에서 표면장력의 크기 와 정전기력이 서로 평형상태를 유지하다가 임계전압 이상에 서 섬유상의 방사가 이루어지며 최대 한계전압 kv 범위 까지 섬유상의 방사가 된다고 판단된다[30, 31] 안정화 및 탄화 거동 전기방사된 PAN/DMF 나노섬유 웹을 고강도 나노섬유 웹 으로 만들기 위해서는 여러 공정을 거쳐야 한다. 제1단계는 고 온에서 섬유가 용융되는 것을 방지하기 위한 안정화 공정이고 제2단계는 탄소 이외의 나머지 원소들을 제거하기 위한 열처 리 공정인 탄화이며 제 3단계는 2단계에서 얻은 탄소섬유의 물성을 개선하기 위한 선택적 열처리 과정인 흑연화이다[32]. 안정화 공정은 전기방사된 섬유 웹이 높은 온도에서 용융되 는 것을 막아 물리적인 특성이 우수한 섬유 웹을 제조할 수 있 는 공정으로 탄화수소가 도입된 산소에 의하여 축합이 일어나 는 공정이다. 전기방사된 섬유 웹의 우수한 물리적 성능을 발 현하기 위해서는 낮은 승온속도로 장시간 안정화 공정을 거쳐 야 한다[32]. 탄화공정은 불활성 분위기에서 800~1200 C의 온 도로 가열하면 HCN 기체가 많이 발생하고 N 기체의 증가도 현저히 일어나면서 CH, CO, CO가 발생하고 섬유 내의 축 합고리의 구조가 늘어나고 불완전한 흑연 결정망면의 난층구 조가 생성되어 탄화함으로 고강도 섬유 웹이 만들어진다[32]. 질소분위기 하에서 탄화시킨 섬유 웹의 탄화수율은 다음 식 (3)로 나타낸다[33]. 2 4 Y = Sw 2 (3) Cw Sw 여기서, 는 탄화수율, 는 안정화시킨 섬유의 질량백분율, 는 탄소화시킨 섬유의 질량백분율을 나타낸다. Fig. 5는 안정화 과정을 거친 전기방사 웹을 질소분위기하 에서 800~1000 C 까지 탄화시킨 나노섬유 웹의 탄화수율을 나 Y Sw Cw Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Carbnizatin yield f PAN nanfiber webs. 타내었다. 탄화수율은 안정화 온도 250 C 에서 탄화수율을 100%로 하였을 때 800 C 에서는 39%, 900 C 에서는 35%, 그 리고 1000 C 에서는 34%의 탄화수율을 나타내었다. 이는 탄 화 과정시 온도증가에 따라 PAN/DMF 나노섬유 웹의 연소반 응이 활발하게 일어나고 PAN 섬유내의 비 탄소성분인 수소, 산소, 질소등 이종원소가 급격한 방출에 따른 중량감소의 결 과라 판단된다[33] 형태학적인 관찰 Fig. 6은 방사거리 10 cm, 용액농도 10 wt.%, 인가전압 15 kv에서 전기 방사시킨 나노섬유 웹과 250 C에서 안정화시킨 나노섬유 웹, 800 C, 900 C, 1000 C로 탄화시킨 나노섬유 웹 의 SEM 사진이며 각각의 섬유직경의 크기는 Fig. 7에 나타내 었다. 전기방사된 나노섬유 웹의 평균직경은 605 nm로 섬유 가 웹상으로 고루 분산되어 있는 분포형태로 엉김현상과 비드 를 가지지 않는 균일한 크기의 직경분포를 나타내었다. 안정 화시킨 나노섬유 웹의 평균 직경은 513 nm로 균일한 분포의 섬유를 얻을 수 있었다. 800 C, 900 C, 그리고 1000 C에서 탄 화시킨 나노섬유 웹의 평균직경은 온도가 증가함에 따라 점점 작아져서 310 nm, 182 nm, 그리고 160 nm 의 직경분포를 나 타내었고 섬유의 끊김현상도 부분적으로 관찰되었다. 이는 탄 화공정시 온도의 증가에 따른 섬유 웹의 활발한 연소반응과 PAN 섬유내의 이종원소의 방출이 급속히 진행되어 모폴로지 SEM micrphtgraphs f PAN nanfiber webs: (a) as spun, (b) 250 C, (c) 800 C, (d) 900 C, (e) 1000 C.
5 A Study n Electrical Resistivity Behavirs f PAN-based Carbn Nanfiber Webs 47 l, S r, W e p, t p, Rp r, V r p r, I r, Pυ ~rr, Lp ˆ. Fig. 8p ˆ m l PAN/DMF p ~ r r p ˆ p. ˆ m 800 Cl 1000 C v p ~r r p Ω cm l Ω cm m. p ~r r p ˆ m v l q p r s ˆ r s mp p l r ˆ p v l r r p l Ž [32]. Fig. 7. Distance f average fiber diameter at stabilizatin and carbnizatin temperatures. l m p tl Ž.» p p rp q p r Ž tp r (Resistance)p n p. p r p ~r p e p ~r r p. ~rr p q kl ~r r, r q kl r, kl r p kl p v q p p q p r p r rp } n p [34-36]. p p q p r p Fig. 4l ˆ } rl pr r lv r p r r p [37, 38]. S=W t (4) R=V/I (5) Pυ=V/I W/L t (6) 4. l l ˆ r ~p PANp DMFl n eˆ r pn l p rs mp, kr m ˆ rp ~ ˆ rs l v, v r r r l l m., ˆ m 800 Cl 1000 C v l v p 310 nml 160 nm p m ~r r p Ω cml Ω cm p p m. e p l ˆ m p v l PAN/DMF ˆ p v p p p m ˆ m p v ˆ p r r r l p p Ž v ~rp p p p l Š mrp. m p p p vp 21 Ž ll l( l v l )p p p lp. y Fig. 8. Vlume resistivity f PAN nanfiber webs at varius carbnizatin temperatures. [1] Dnnet, J. B.; Bansal, R. C. Carbn Fibers, 2nd ed, Marcel Dekker, New Yrk (1990). [2] Buchk, C. J.; Chen, L. C.; Shen, Y.; Martin, D. C. Plymer 1999, 40, [3] Sha, C.; Kim, H. Y.; Gng, J.; Ding, B.; Lee, D. R.; Park, S. J. Mater. Lett. 2003, 57, [4] Kim, J. S.; Reneker, D. H. Plym. Eng. & Sci. 1999, 39, 849. [5] Reneker, D. H.; Chun, I. Nantechnlgy 1996, 7, 216. [6] Gibsn, P.; Schreuder-Gibsn, H.; Rivin, D. Cllids Surf. A: Physicchem. Eng. Asp. 2001, 187, 469. [7] Ohg, K.; Zha, C.; Kbayshi, M.; Asakura, T. Plymer
6 48 S.-J. Park et al. / Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 (2007) , 44, 841. [8] Deitzel, J. M.; Kleinmeyer, J. D.; Hirvnen, J. K.; Tan, N. C. B. Plymer 2001, 42, [9] Kenawy, E. R.; Bwlin, G. L.; Mansfield, K.; Layman, J.; Simpsn, D. G.; Sanders, E. H.; Wnek, G. E. J. Cntrl. Release 2002, 81, 57. [10] Buchk, C. J.; Kzlff, K. M.; Martin, D. C. Bimaterials 2001, 22, [11] Frmhals, A. US Patent , 975, 504. [12] Reneker, D. H.; Yarine, A. L.; Fng, H.; Kmbhngse, S. J. Appl. Phy. 2000, 909, 876. [13] Oh, W. C.; Bae, J. S.; K, Y. S. Carbn Sci. 2006, 7, 105. [14] Dshi, J.; Reneker, D. H. J. Electrs. 1995, 35, 151. [15] Shin, Y. M.; Hhman, M. M.; Rutledge, G. C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 149. [16] Fng, H.; Chun, I.; Reneker, D. H. Plymer 1999, 40, [17] Deitzel, J. M.; Ksik, W.; McKnight, S. H.; Tan, N. C. B.; Desimne, J. M.; Crette, S. Plymer 2002, 43, [18] Reneker, D. H.; Kataphinan, W.; Thern, A.; Zussman, E.; Yarin, A. L. Plymer 2002, 43, [19] Taylr, G. I. Prc. Ryal Sc. Lnd. A 1964, 280, 383. [20] Jaeger, R.; Bergshef, M. M.; Battle, C. M. I.; Schönherr, H.; Vancs, G. J. Macrml. Symp. 1998, 127, 141. [21] Park, S. J.; Lee, J. R. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33, 647. [22] Park, S. J.; Kim, M. H.; Lee, J. R.; Chi, S. J. Cllid Interface Sci. 2000, 228, 287. [23] Park, S. J.; Kim, B. J. Carbn Sci. 2005, 6, 257. [24] Hajra, M. G.; Mehta, K.; Chase, G. G. Sep. Purif. Technl. 2002, 00, 1. [25] Kang, Y. S.; Kim, H. Y.; Ryu, Y. J.; Lee, D. R.; Park, S. J. Plymer (Krea) 2002, 26, 360. [26] Park, S. J.; Kim, K. D. Plymer (Krea) 1998, 22, 994. [27] Park, S. J.; Se, M. K.; Ch, M. S.; Lee, J. R. Plymer (Krea) 2000, 24, 237. [28] Park, S. H.; Kim, C.; J, J. I.; Lee, W. J.; Yang, K. S. Appl. Chem. 2004, 8, 167. [29] Warner, S. B.; Buer, A.; Ugblue, S. C.; Rutledge, G. C.; Shin, M. Y. Prject M98-D01, Natinal Center Annual Reprts, P. 83 (1998). [30] Hendricks Jr, C. D.; Carsn, R. S.; Hgan, J. J.; Schneider, J. M. AIAA J. 1964, 2, 733. [31] Taylr, G. I. Prc. R. Sc. Lndn A 1969, 313, 453. [32] Park, S. J. ˆ q, m (2006). [33] Kim, C.; Yang, K. S. Carbn Sci. 2002, 3, 210. [34] Ptschke, P.; Dudkim, S. M.; Alig, I. Plymer 2003, 44, [35] Bin, Y.; Kitanaka, M.; Zhu, D.; Matsu, M. Macrmlecules 2003, 36, [36] Stauffer, D. Intrductin t the Perclatin Thery, Francis and Taylr, (1991). [37] Park, S. J.; Kim, H. C.; Kim, H. Y. J. Cllid Interface Sci. 2002, 255, 145. [38] Se, M. K.; Park, S. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 395, 44.
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