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1 Carbn Science Vl. 7, N. 2 June 2006 pp Physical Prperties f Graphite Nanfiber Filled Nyln6 Cmpsites Eun-Ha Park* and Hyek-Jng J *Plastics R&D Team, Kln Industries, Inc., 212, Kngdan-Dng, Kumi, Kyungbuk , Krea Department f Plymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam Natinal University, Daejen , Krea jhj@cnu.ac.kr (Received March 8, 2006; Accepted June 9, 2006) Abstract This paper describes the physical prperties f filled Nyln6 cmpsites resin with nan-sized carbn black particle and graphite nanfibers prepared by melt extrusin methd. In imprving adhesins between resin and fillers, the surface f the carbn filler materials were chemically mdified by therm-xidative treatments and fllwed by treatments f silane cupling agent. Crystallizatin temperature and rate f crystallizatin increased with increases in filler cncentratin which wuld act as nuclei fr crystallizatin. The silane treatments n the filler materials shwed effect f reductin in crystallizatin temperature, pssibly frm enhancement in wetting prperty f the surface f the filler materials. Perclatin transitin phenmenn at which the vlume resistivity was sharply decreased was bserved abve 9 wt% f carbn black and abve 6 wt% f graphite nanfiber. The graphite nanfibers cntributed t mre effectively in an increase in electrical cnductivity than carbn black did, n the ther hand, the silane cupling agent negatively affected t the electrical cnductivity due t the insulating prperty f the silane. Psitive temperature cefficient (PTC) phenmenn, was bserved as usual in ther cmpsites, that is, temperature increase results cnductivity increase. The dispersity f the fillers were excellently apprached by melt extrusin f c-rtatinal twin screw type and it culd be illustrated by X-ray diffractin and SEM. Keywrds : Graphite nanfiber, Nyln6, Plymer cmpsite, Electrmagnetic cmpatibility, Carbn black 1. p vp lrp n p 70% p v džnp n pp, l džp q, IT lp tep p n p l p kp qp p lv p p [1, 2]. lv l džp p 6 v p, p r, l,, k p n k, 2 n vp. m p qp ~ l qrp p l v v p 6 q l l m r kl l lp v p l v p p [1, 2]. p l p p ˆ p l vp pn qp l n l k f v tp [3, 4], r r p q l k tn mlp v l [5]. qp q ˆ v qp s l lp l p l ql n p p r r, lr p l p l kl pnp p. q ˆ qp tn vp r k r p n q p. rq p l s kl r Ërq r p np v l rq n p s rm, p l rqž m q p pp lq eˆ rq p k. r q p v k rqžl n r qž l rq l t p~l m p EMI/EMC(electrmagnetic interference/electrmagnetic cmpatibility) r e v p p [8-10]. p~ p p r p p Žl e l p rm pp ppˆ k l p rm qp ppˆ p k r p, k rqž qe v rp t e l m p t l [10, 11]. p} rq p l rqžp v l v r eˆ, p m rž p n rqžp v p tn p p. ˆ q p l p r rr ˆ q l r p. p v ˆ p n k p l qmp sp l k p, rp p fullerene, ˆ, l p [12-14]. l p 6 v v v p
2 88 E.-H. Park and H.-J. J / Carbn Science Vl. 7, N. 2 (2006) ˆ v l ~ ql rp p kk k. ~ l pv l p l p eˆ [15] np p n mp k rp l l m. ˆ vp v qp p 6l ~ l q rs p ll v qm p r l r p v r r p. v qp p 6 vm ˆ v vvp ˆ vp p eˆ ƒ r k e p p l q rs. lr, r r vp, mp ƒ r n v kp qm Š l l m. 2. x p 6 e p 6 q Ì m p KOPA KN120p n m. rp vp k Table 1l s p t p rs p 6p n ˆ v np rl s l pp 0.05% p l n m l e e l n ˆ v m l p. p n tn p Table 2m p p p n mp, l p n p r p Table 1. Prperties f nyln6 plymer Prperties Nyln6 Remark Trade name KOPA KN120 KOLON Ltd. Melting Temperature 222±2 C DSC. 20 C/min Relative viscsity 2.75~2.85 H 2 SO 4 at 23 C Specific gravity 1.14 Misture max 0.05% Table 2. Physical prperties f carbn black pwder Prperties Carbn black Remark Trade name Carbn black AKZO NOBEL c. Specific gravity 1.32 Particle size 65 nm DBPA 76 ml/100 mg BET surface 125 m 2 /g Blackness 65 Table 3. Physical prperties f graphite nanfiber Prperties Graphite nanfiber Remark Trade name GNF (graphite nanfiber) NANOMIRAE c. Density 1.8~2.2 g/m 3 Electrnic prperty Semimetal Interlayer spacing 3.34 Å Resistivity 10 3 ~0.23/Ωcm Thermal cnductivity 1,000~2,000 W/m K Aspect rati >3,000~4,000 Yung's mdulus 150~180 Gpa Table 4. Physical prperties f silane cupling agent Prperties Cupling agent Remark Trade name Silquest A1100 HISGLASSWOR KS, Inc Chemical structure H 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 -Si-(OCH 3 ) 3 Chemical name γ-aminprpyltrimetxy silane Biling pint 217 C at 760 mmhg Mlecular weight Specific gravity 0.95 straight sm spiral s 2sl n m p p p kp, Table 3l ˆ. p e p n npl m p l rd s pn l 120 Cl 12e k s n m e ƒ r e l n ƒ r q p p p p k p k (amin) e ƒ rp HISGLASSWORKS p Silquest A1100p n mp tn rp p Table 4l ˆ l. w s n e rqp s np r(melt extrusin prcess), r(injectin mlding prcess)p pellet ˆp e m ASTM l p pn l e e p rq m. pellet p pn l d(ht press) rp r r p e rq m e ƒ r } r l p l γ-aminprpyltrimetxy e p } l p ee m. 120 Cl 12e k rd s l s l p
3 Physical Prperties f Graphite Nanfiber Filled Nyln6 Cmpsites 89 v (HNO 3 )l r p 80 C l 30 r p lž p 5 k t eˆ p ~ l 30 r m. p 100 C v m l 10e k s m p sq l 450 C (furnace)l 10 k l ˆ q t m. } q γ-aminprpyltrimetxy e p eˆ n- Ž k m p 95:5 wt% p nkp t l γ-aminprpyltrimetxy e p 1 wt% ~ k p ~ l ph 3-5 tp l 1e k q m. p 1s l 2sp t sl 2e k e. sl e l 100 Cp v m l 24e k s l e ƒ r } ˆ e t m np e np p r p 6 v s k. k s l pv kp p 6 v np r t, k p r p l 90 C l 5e e s m. p s p 6 vm ˆ vp AUTOMATIK p 36Φ twin screw Table 5. The experiment cmpsitins fr melting extrusin f nyln6 cmpsites cntaining carbn black and graphite nanfibers Sample Cde Nyln6(KN120) (wt%) Carbn material Type (wt%) Nyln6 100 Carbn black CB CB CB CB Graphite nanfiber-spiral type SP SP SP SP Graphite nanfiber-straight type ST ST ST ST CB-CS-6 94 Carbn black-silane treated 6 SP-CS-6 94 Graphite nanfiber-spiral type-silane treated 6 ST-CS-6 94 Graphite nanfiber-straight type-silane treated 6 extruder(l/d rati: 38/1) pn l e rq m. p extruder barrelp m e Œp v v 5 p l p p 200, 250, 245, 245, 255 C m r 250 rpm, vp m np qp kp 100g/ p sr m. extruder kq m Œp 2 l p q r p Œpp l lss-in-weight ep (feeder) l p 6m ˆ vp r l Œp p mp 1 Œp l e s Œp l r p s l q rs m e np s rp q NISSEI (p) p 150 tns pn l ASTM l s n e p rq m. p e m 220, 250, 245, 255 C m e p 3 mp e rse k p v l v p 60, 80 bar r mp kp 30, 40 bar r l m. ASTM D638l p pq, e e p, ASTM D792l p m ˆ p e p rq mp r q e p 23 Cp m m 50% r d p m del 48e m. sƒ DSC & TGA l m r rp DSC7(Perkin-Elmer )p n l v l mr s l p e k 10~15 mgp r m. m r m pr np r m pl 3 C p r p m 250 C v m 3 k ~ e mr npeˆ DSCp p 200 C/hr r m r m (190, 193, 196, 199, 202 C) v eˆ m l pre v e l r l p mp p e p m r m. m r r q p DSC7(Perkin-Elmer ) pn l v l mr s l p e k 10~15 mgp r m. ql lr Žkp 20 C/minp 0 C 250 C v dm l l p pr(t m ) p l(ëh f )p m p e 250 Cl 3 ~ p 20 C/min e m r m (T mc ) m. l p m r m p m. l kr r kk TA instruments p mdel 51 TGA pn l mr s e 15~20 mgp 10 C/min 800 C v dm N 2 l m t e(%) m.
4 90 E.-H. Park and H.-J. J / Carbn Science Vl. 7, N. 2 (2006) r p r r e p r p kk TOA Electnics p Ultrameghm meter SM-8210 pn l e ˆp r pm r r r m. r r e s rp pp 0.05% p p ˆl r m p pd (silver paste) r p p m. r p p Fig X r p 6, l s p p np p lp p q e l r m r p kk JEOL JDX-8030 X-ray crystallgraphic unitp pn l XRD m. r 2θp 10 l 90 p. Crystallgraphic unitp CuKα(λ=1.542 Å) p surce pn lp 40 kv, 20 mal q l. Scanning speed 0.016/sec, step size 0.02 p. r p rl rp pl vrp s p ˆ Bragg's law pn l p. p X-ray r, v p vl p r p r p Œ r p p 2θ p r p r s (SEM) l p q ˆ v pqp p r m pq kk p JEOL p JSMT330A t rq (SEM) TOPCON p SM-500 t rq p m. JSM-T330A p n l q ~p p l pv l p t p m SM-500 rs q e m., q e p n np rp ~ lp e 90 C l 5e s p l ml 4e m. p Ž p np q } (chamber) l l 40 Cp rm } l e 5e k rm lpv (aging)p m. rml lpvp e } l p Ž l Ž l m. 3. y w p p 6p n qm q p qnp k ( )p l v. p rp k p kv q p qn šp qkv r p mr lr npm p kv p 6p n v sp p p q p s lr Fig. 1. Crystallizatin temperature f nyln6 cmpsites with the cntent f carbn black and graphite nanfibers. Fig. 2. DSC thermgrams f the crystallizatin temperature curves f nyln6 and nyln6 cmpsites f untreated, silane treated carbn black and graphite nanfibers. vl pl p [2]. p 6l ~ ˆ vp r qp p 6 rp r~ r l t m p qp r m r p prp. p ~ ˆ vp p 6 rp p lv p l p l r qp v p [1, 2]. p p l p Fig. 1l q ˆ p } ~ ˆ vp p 6p r m l r n pp. Fig. 2p n n ˆ vp s m p 6 wt%l ƒ r n p ep r m m p ˆ p l t p. k l p n ˆ vp ~ p 6p n p 6l rp p l r qp v p ƒ rp np p 6p k m pp p lv p. Fig. 3p n m m r ˆ p r r m m, r m p p m l p m r ˆ. ˆ v s l p p 6
5 Physical Prperties f Graphite Nanfiber Filled Nyln6 Cmpsites 91 Fig. 3. Rate f crystallizatin as a functin f isthermal temperature f nyln6 and nyln6 cmpsites f carbn materials. Fig. 5. TGA thermgrams f treated carbn black and graphite nanfibers by a silane cupling agent under nitrgen atmsphere. Fig. 4. TGA thermgrams f nyln6, carbn black and graphite nanfibers under nitrgen atmsphere. p n l m l m r ˆ p. ƒ r n n n v k p nm l r m kv p p, ƒ rp ~ np r t p 6 vm pp ˆ v p l l p p. n ƒ rp γ-aminprpyltrimetxy e p p 6p k m pl l p. Fig. 4p p 6, l p lr kr r TGA r ˆ p. ˆ v q~p l spiral s l q p l kr p p p. p straight s s 500 C p p ml d l pl pp sr pl p lrp kr pp r p p. e ƒ r } p l p n eˆ v l r l ml l hydrthermal stability p m lp Fig. 5p l p p l ˆ. p p e ƒ r } p p m } p e ˆ v q~p l kr p n p lt p p p. Fig. 6. TGA thermgrams f nyln6 cmpsitescntaining carbn black f 6 wt% and graphite nanfibers f 6 wt% under nitrgen atmsphere. Fig. 7. TGA thermgrams f nyln6 cmpsites f silane treated carbn black f 6 wt% and graphite nanfibers f 6 wt% under nitrgen atmsphere. Fig. 6p ql p p 6m p p l r l t p p p 6 n vp p p. p ~ ˆ v q~ l kr l p p. Fig. 7 e ƒ r } ˆ vp q e ƒ r } v kp qm p p
6 92 E.-H. Park and H.-J. J / Carbn Science Vl. 7, N. 2 (2006) Fig. 8. Lg vlume resistivity f nyln6 cmpsites with the cntent f carbn black and graphite nanfibers. p. p ƒ r } l ˆ v q~p p l kr p p p p, v l p ql p l kr p ˆ v q~p l kr l l ˆ p p. w» p Fig. 8 ~ ˆ vp s m l qp ~r r p l t p, Fig. 9 r r l t p. r ˆ vp ~ ~r r p e r r. l r p p rp p n 9 wt% p ƒv p l p n 6 wt% p ppp p p. p p r r p l pr p ˆ vp ~ l k p lt p p, ~ rp p v l r r l p Œ (critical perclatin cncentratin)l l rp v l rl~l r ~ p rp ˆ p [17]. l p n p l p ~r r p r r p p r~rp p qp r, pqp m q~p p ~r r l Fig. 9. Lg cnductivity f nyln6 cmpsites with the cntent f carbn black and graphite nanfibers. Fig. 10. Cmparisn f lg vlume resistivity plts fr nyln6 cmpsites cntaining untreated and silane treated carbn black and graphite nanfibers. l p. v l pq l rp p pq aspect rati l rp qp pq r ~p p p. Fig. 10p p p 6 wt%l e ƒ r } nm v kp np ~r r p r r r p ƒ rp m l qv ƒ r n v kp n ˆ p, p ˆ v l rp p pl rl p p p l r p ˆ l p, n ƒ rp l l n m p pp k p. r r l v rp npp p 6 p ƒ r ~ ˆ v, v ˆ p ˆ, pq, q~ r r p n tn npp p. r r r p r p p l m p pqp ~ prp p. l r r p p r pqp ˆp p, qp r r veˆ l rp r p p p p p perclatin threshld [18] qp ˆ v l p sn. v p ˆ q p pq q~ p qm pqp (gap) q~p r r p er q p r r v p [19, 20]. r p v np s hllw-shellp n dp pvp p p d kp ~ (sphere) rp l p r p Œ l l q r~l l rp r eˆ p q tn, r vl } v kk rl p v k. Fig. 11 pm p l r m p e p ˆ p p, v p p l rp r d(chain)p v kp r r p. rp p r l rp r p p l n (tunneling)p
7 Physical Prperties f Graphite Nanfiber Filled Nyln6 Cmpsites 93 Fig. 12. Cmparisn f temperature dependence f lg vlume resistivity plts fr nyln6 cmpsites cntaining untreated and silane treated carbn black and graphite nanfibers. Fig. 11. Schematic representatin mdel f nyln6 cmpsites cntaining cnductive chain f graphite nanfiber. r n n ˆ q r~l le l rp r e k r p [19, 20]. p r v, m ˆ lp ~ p e ql rp dp l p plv. v lep Ž p p l r p lv p r. p r rp l m l ln(thermal bath)p p l l r n(thermal fluctuatin) pl pq pp p rk n(vltage fluctuatin) k eˆ. r rp r p qp n p lrp r qp lv p p r rl r pl, p lr nl p (thermal fluctuatin induced tunneling) p. m v lr n l v d pp Š q p l r v p. v npr }l lž}p q dp lr rq p r l r r PTC(Psitive temperature cefficient f resistance) ˆ. v npr p prm p p r kr pqp nvpp v r netwrkp l e r r m NTC(Negative temperature cefficient f resistance) p ˆ [17, 21, 22]. Fig. 12 pm p m l PTC, NTC p q p p m l ~r r p p. r r p m p ˆ v pqp lr p 6p lr p rp l p. l p l r l v(e) pq l v (V)p q p rrp p pq V>E p q p p lv, kq l rp pq Ž p p q p l sq p l ˆ pq p l pq rq Ž p pl p. m m rq n l vp p rqp t kr pr q p v p k r p p [17, 21]. m p v r p r eˆ p npr }l qd Ž}p p r p kv r p p pl vp ˆ. l ~ p 6 q pm p p ˆ ppp k p. w 9 z Fig. 13p p 6m l p X- r l t p. p 6p rp k p l p v rp l l α r l γ rp p. γ rp k Ž p zigzag p p q α r s t. α r γ rp sqp p l v rn d p n 928 cm cm 1 l, p α r γ Fig. 13. X-ray diffractin f nyln6, carbn black and graphite nanfibers.
8 94 E.-H. Park and H.-J. J / Carbn Science Vl. 7, N. 2 (2006) SEM micrgraphs f carbn black particle t frm aggregates (a) : x5,000 (scale bar : 5 μm) (b) : x20,000 (scale bar : 1 μm) Fig. 16. Cmparisn f X-ray diffractin curves f nyln6 cmpsites cntaining carbn black f 6 wt% and graphite nanfibers f 6 wt%. Fig. 14. 정의 특성 피크로 잘 알려져 있다. X-선 회절의 경우 2θ=24 및 20 가 α형 결정을 보여 주며 2θ=21 의 회절 피크가 γ형 결 정을 보여주는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 또한 무기물 입자가 첨 가되면 이 무기물이 핵의 역할을 하기에 α형 결정이 지배적 으로 관찰되는 이른바 α-나일론6을 얻을 수 있는 것으로 알려 져 있다[1]. 또한 카본블랙 및 나노 흑연섬유에 대한 X-선 회 절 피크[16]는 각각 26 근처에서 강한 특성 피크가 관찰되고 42 에서 또 다른 피크가 나타나며 interlayer 간의 거리는 nm로 오히려 나일론6의 결정보다도 더 가까운 것으로 알려져 있다. 한편 Fig. 14, 15는 복합재에 대한 X-선 회절 피크로 실란 커플링제의 처리 유무에 관계없이 동일한 피크가 관찰되고 있 다. 이는 실란에 의해서 나일론6 혹은 카본블랙, 나노 흑연섬 유의 결정 변화는 없다고 할 수 있다. 다만 앞서 기계적, 열적, 전기적 특성에서 고찰했듯이 기계적 강도의 차이, 나일론6의 결정화속도 지연, 전기적 성질의 변화 등은 단지 계면에서의 강제적인 화학 혹은 물리적 결합력이 있기 때문이며 이로 인 한 결정의 변화로 결정 크기, 거리, 결정화도의 변화는 거의 없는 것으로 사료된다. 아울러 카본블랙 피크와 나노 흑연섬 유 피크가 사라진 것으로 보아 나일론6내에서 첨가된 카본블 Cmparisn f X-ray diffractin curves f nyln6 cmpsites cntaining silane treated carbn black f 6 wt% and graphite nanfibers f 6 wt%. Fig. 15. SEM micrgraphs f graphite nanfiber spiral type t frm aggregates (a) : x5,000 (scale bar : 5 μm) (b) : x20,000 (scale bar : 1 μm) Fig. 17. 랙이나 나노 흑연섬유는 결정의 규칙성이 깨지고 각각의 입자 로 분산이 양호함을 알 수 있다 복합재의 mrphlgy 분석 Fig. 16는 용융혼련 전에 사용한 카본블랙 자체의 주사전자 현미경 사진이고 Fig. 17는 나노 흑연섬유 자체의 주사전자현 미경 사진이다. 모두 수십~수백 나노 크기의 작은 입자가 모 여서 응집에 되어 있는 상태를 보이고 있으며 특히 나노 흑연 섬유의 경우 사슬모양의 흑연이 섬유 형상을 보이고 있다. 이 는 제조 시에 나타나는 특성으로 이러한 상태로 나일론6 기지 에 첨가하게 되면 기계적 물성은 물론 전기전도도의 특성이 불량하게 된다. 따라서 이를 분산시켜서 비표면적을 넓히고 분 산성을 확보하는 기술이 필요하다. Fig. 18는 용융혼련 후의 복합재의 주사전자현미경 사진이다. 용융혼련 전에 응집되어 있는 상태와는 다른 특성을 나타내고 있다. 특히 카본블랙의 경우나 나노 흑연섬유 모두 분산 상태는 하나의 입자 수준으 로 양호한 분산 상태를 확인할 수 있다. 이는 본 실험에 사용 한 c-rtatinal 이축 용융혼련의 기계적인 전단력만으로 충분 한 분산이 가능하다고 할 수 있다. 사용된 카본블랙이나 나노 흑연섬유의 경우 나노 clay나 Silica 등과는 형상과 응집 구조 가 다른 것도 분산이 양호한 요인이라 할 수 있다. 이들의 나
9 Physical Prperties f Graphite Nanfiber Filled Nyln6 Cmpsites 95 Cmparative SEM micrgraphs f nyln6 cmpsites at 40 C fracture surface (x10,000 (scale bar : 1 μm)) CB 6, SP 6, ST 6 Fig. 18. Cmparative SEM micrgraphs f nyln6 cmpsites at 40 C fracture surface (x20,000 (scale bar : 500 nm)) CB CS 6, SP CS 6, ST CS 6 Fig. 19. 노 물질은 규소와 산소로 이루어져 일정한 판상 형상의 층상 구조로 되어 있고 층간 van der Waals 결합력이 작용하며 음 전하를 띄고 있는 층과 층의 공간에서 양이온을 갖는 물질로 되어 있어 분산 혹은 exfliatin 복합재를 제조할 때 이온 교 환을 이용하여 층간에 삽입하는 방법이 잘 알려져 있는데[3] 카본블랙이나 나노 흑연섬유는 탄소로 구성된 물질로 이러한 화학적인 방법보다는 물리적, 기계적 방법이 효율적이기 때문 이다. 또한 Fig. 19은 실란 커플링 처리한 카본블랙 및 나노 흑연 섬유의 복합재에 대한 주사전자현미경 사진으로 실란 처리의 유무에 관계없이 동일한 분산성을 확인할 수가 있다. 즉 용융 혼련 방법만으로 충분한 분산성을 알 수가 있고 이는 앞서 고 찰한 X-선 회절 결과나 전기적 특성 결과와 일치함을 알 수가 있다. 4. 결 론 본 연구에서는 탄소 물질로 나노 크기의 카본블랙과 나노 흑연섬유를 기지 고분자인 나일론6에 첨가하여 용융혼련 방법 으로 복합재를 제조하여 물리적 성질로 기계적 강도, 열적 특 성, 전기적 물성의 변화 및 X-선 회절 및 SEM 분석의 다양한 결과를 고찰하였다. 또한 복합재 제조 과정에서 나일론6와 카 본블랙 혹은 나노 흑연섬유의 계면 결합력을 향상하기 위해 실란 커플링제를 표면 처리하여 각각의 물성과 특성을 연계 고찰하였다. 이와 같은 연구를 통해서 얻을 수 있었던 결론은 다음과 같다. 첨가된 카본블랙과 나노 흑연섬유의 입자는 나일론6가 결정 을 형성할 때 결정핵의 역할을 하여 나일론6 단독보다 결정화 온도가 높아지고 결정화속도가 빨라졌다. 또한 실란 커플링제 로 처리한 카본블랙과 나노 흑연섬유는 나일론6 계면에서 충 분한 젖음성으로 인해 처리하지 않은 경우와 비교하여 다소의 결정화 온도가 내려가는 특징이 나타났다. 전기적 물성에 있어 카본블랙의 경우 9 wt% 이상, 나노 흑 연섬유의 경우는 6 wt% 이상부터 급격한 체적 저항의 감소가 나타나 전도도가 향상되는 perclatin 전이 특성을 보였다. 또 한 카본블랙과 나노 흑연섬유의 비교에서는 나노 흑연섬유가 전기전도도가 우수하며 함량이 증가할수록 더욱 크게 나타났 다. 또한 온도 증가에 따라 전도도가 증가하고 용융온도에서 급감하는 PTC 특성이 나타났으며, 실란 커플링제가 처리되어 첨가된 복합재는 미비하나 절연막의 역할로 전도도가 오히려 떨어지는 특성이 발생하였다. 카본블랙과 나노 흑연섬유는 나노 크기로 기지 고분자인 나 일론6에 첨가함에 있어 c-rtatinal 이축 용융혼련 방법으로
10 96 E.-H. Park and H.-J. J / Carbn Science Vl. 7, N. 2 (2006) p e k p r r m X- r, SEMp p pl. References [1] Khan, M. I. Nyln Plastics Handbk, Hanser Gardner, New Yrk, [2] Flyd, D. E. Plyamide Resins, Reinhld, New Yrk, [3] Nakatani, A. I.; Hjelm, R. P. Filled and Nancmpsite Plymer Material, MRS, Bstn, [4] Pinnavaia, T. J.; Beall, G. W. Plymer-Clay Nan-cmpsites, Australia, [5] Sichel, E. K. The Physics f Electrically Cnducting Cmpsites, Marcel Dekker, New Yrk, 1982, Chap II. [6] Mallick, P. K.; Newman, S. Cmpsite Materials Technlgy, Hanser Verlag, New Yrk, [7] Feit, E. D.; Wilkims, C. W. Plymer Materials fr Electrnic Applicatins, American Chemical Sciety, Washinhtn D.C, [8] Vig, T. L.; Kinzig, B. J. Cmpsite Applicatin, The rle f Matrix Fiber and Interface, VCH, New Yrk, [9] Kim, S. H.; Jang, S. H.; Byun, S. W.; Lee, J. Y.; J, J. S.; Park, M. J. J. Appl. Ply. Sci. 2003, 87, [10] Chung, D. D. L. Carbn 2001, 39, 279. [11] Narkis, M.; Ram, A.; Flashner, F. Ply. Eng. Sci. 1978, 8, 649. [12] Baker, R. T. K.; Rdriguez, N. M. US Patent 6,537,515, 2003; US Patent 6,485,858, [13] Baker, R. T. K.; Park, C. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, [14] Baker, R. T. K. Carbn Fibers Filaments and Cmpsites, Kluwer Academic, 405, Drdrecht, [15] Rnald, A. G.; Rbert, A. R. US Patent 6, 416, 815, [16] Li, W.; Li, C. J. f Phys. Chem. 2003, B107, [17] King, M. L. J.; Schulz, K. H.; Meyers, J. D. J. Appl. Ply. Sci. 2002, 83, [18] Sandler, J. K. W.; Kirk, J. E.; Kinlch, I. A.; Schaffer, M. S. P.; Windle, A. H. Plymer 2003, 44, [19] Feng, J.; Chan, C.-M. Plymer 2000, 41, [20] Feng, J.; Chan, C.-M. Plymer 2000, 41, [21] Kim, J. C.; Park, G. H.; Suh, S. J.; Lee, Y. K.; Nam, J. D. Plymer (Krea) 2002, 26(3), 367. [22] Bischff, M. H.; Dlle, F. E. Carbn 2001, 39, 375.
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