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1 Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 March 2007 pp Characteristics f the Catalysts Using Activated Carbn Nanfibers with KOH as the Supprt f Ande Catalyst fr Direct Methanl Fuel Cell Min-Kyung Jung 1, Sang-Kyung Kim 1, D-Hwan Jung 1,, Dng-Hyun Peck 1, Jung-Hee Shin 1, Yng-Gun Shul 2 and Seng-H Yn 3 1 Advanced Fuel Cell Research Center, Krea Institute f Energy Research, Daejen, Krea 2 Department f Chemical Engineering, Ynsei University, Seul, Krea 3 Institute fr Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuka, Japan dhwan@kier.re.kr (Received December 20, 2006; Accepted March 15, 2007) Abstract Carbn nanfiber (CNF) grwn catalytically was chemically activated with KOH t attain structural change f CNF. The structural changes f CNF thrugh KOH activatin were investigated by using BET and SEM. Frm the results f BET, it was fund that KOH activatin was effective t develp particular sizes f pres n the CNF surface, increasing the surface area f CNF. Activated CNF was applied as an ande catalyst supprt f fuel cell. The effects f different activatin cnditins including the activatin temperature and the activatin time n the specific surface area f the CNF activated with KOH were investigated t btain apprpriate structure as a catalyst supprt. The 60 wt% Pt-Ru catalyst prepared was bserved by using TEM and XRD. Keywrds : KOH activatin, Carbn nanfiber, Prus structure, Catalyst supprt, Catalyst activity, Direct methanl fuel cell 1. q p r v n DMFC m kl q p, ˆmp k p vr n l v q n ll r~ edšp, l p p np, mmp r lp p p n rp q r l v p. q, r, ~ r v, q /r r ~ (MEA) p kl p v l p. tl DMFC n p p p (Pt) (Ru)p v~ ˆp n l m. p v~ p rp pn l eˆ, p l l n lr, r kr r vp eˆ n. p vp v~ l KOHm NaOH p k ˆ vp e rp v e ˆ s eˆ p q k v p [1-7]. p p ˆ vp eˆ ss n lv q pp pl kl t v p p l, r p ƒ vp kv e vv kk [8-18]. p rp k l p p p ˆ p ~- ~ p ~-k~ pp pl. p k CO, CO 2 H 2 ~ p p, l t ~ l p pl rp pp pl p. ˆ / MOH(M=Na r K) p ƒ vp Î pl n p m [16, 17]. p rp pp (1)e. 6MOH + C Ë 2M + 3H 2 + 2M 2 CO 3 (1) pp H 2, Na p K v p eˆ, ˆ Na p Km k ˆ mp. XRD KOH l p m l p p s Raymund p 400 Cl ˆ eq l H 2 m K 2 CO 3, 600 Cl KOH K 2 CO 3 mr r l p sq v kk m., 700 C p l K 2 O CO, CO Cl K 2 O p K sq m [14]. l l lž l Cu, Ni l l (Thermal Chemical Vapr Depsitin: CVD)p qeˆ (herringbne) ˆpp ˆ (Carbn Nan Fiber: CNF) KOH e CNFp sv p e. CNF DMFC n l v~ n l p ˆm l l l. t CNFm CNFp
2 38 M.-K. Jung et al. / Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 (2007) s v l p l, r p BET e BJH ep pn l lp, CNF p p SEM p l. CNF l rv v~ n l p p l rkîr r p CNF l p Pt, Ru p p p m., XRD p r pq m. 2. $/' y y Table 1p e l v~ n CNF p p. l l n CNF Nexen l 4 s p (herringbne) ˆpp CNF n m. 4 s p CNF Cu1H, Cu5H, Cu5, 5H p vlp, p p Cu, Ni, Fe p n, CH 4, C 2 H 2 p d tp l m. e l q H CNF } p l p. 4s p CNF rv ˆ pq CNF e n Cu, Ni, Fe p p 0.05~0.5 wt% l p. p p ss CNFp p l k l rvl p l km p l, p rv ˆ v p r CNFp r } rp n. r} rp HCl nkl CNF p, v l }, seˆp e l. CNFp Fig. 1l ˆ m p l v dš d l Ni pn l rs p q e ee m. n CNFm KOH v 1:4 Ni p l KOH q ˆmp p 40 pž } p d p d Fig. 1. Experimental apparatus fr activatin f CNF with KOH. l 5 C/minp dmeˆ e m. m 750 Cl 950 C v 50 C p ee m p e p 1~3e k pe. p, n d dp Arp n m. p p p m p l 5% m nkp l p t p rr m. rrp Cl, HClp r l v 3 } l s e. y y$/' w%.'$ CNF v~ n l p rs r ~ H 2 PtCl 6 nh 2 O(Aldrich)m RuCl 3 nh 2 O (Aldrich)p n m, r ~p q 1:1p m. rs n H 2 PtCl 6 nh 2 O(Aldrich)m RuCl 3 nh 2 O pr p v l 30 k r ~ nkp rs, pr p v l l p p CNF H 2 PtCl 6 nh 2 O(Aldrich)m RuCl 3 nh 2 O (Aldrich)p nkp tpe. p r 0.5 M p NaBH 4 nkp n m. CNFl } Table 1. Prperties f the CNFs as received Sample Name Average Diameter Aspect Rati Impurity Metal catalyst Carbn cntaining gas H 2 treatment CNF-Cu1H Cu : ~0.1 wt% Ni : ~0.4 wt% Others : 0.01 wt% Cu-Ni C 2 H 2 Yes CNF-Cu5H Cu : ~0.1 wt% Ni : ~0.4 wt% Others : 0.01 wt% Cu-Ni C 2 H 2 Yes CNF-5H Fe : ~0.01 wt% Ni : ~0.04 wt% Others : wt% Fe-Ni C 2 H 2 Yes CNF-Cu5 Cu : ~0.1 wt% Ni : ~0.4 wt% Others : 0.01 wt% Cu-Ni C 2 H 2 N
3 Characteristics f the Catalysts Using Activated Carbn Nanfibers with KOH as the Supprt f Ande Catalyst 39 rp ~ s n m. r p rs l p l rs m. l p r vv~ l p rs p rs Carbn paper(tray C.)l l rs mp, p n p Pt-black(Jhnsn Matthey C.)p n l l p p rs m. p p 5wt%p nafin nkp pn l rs mp, l p nafin p l 20 wt%, 7 wt% m, p Pt tp l 2 mg/cm 2 m 5 mg/cm 2 p m. y y $/' XU1U3V$/' KOH CNF p r s m p r rq p ASAP2400p n l 77 K l v e r m. rp BET (Brunauer- Emmett-Teller)ep pn l m. CNFp nr rp Kelvin ep pn BJH(Barrett- Jhner-Halenda) p pn m, p 10~3500 Å l m. CNFp r p p t rq (Scanning Electrn Micrscpe: SEM, Hitachi C., Japan)p pn l m. Pt-Ru/CNFp Pt, Rup r s l r (002) p XRD(Rigaku C., RINT2000) n l m, pqp Scherrer ep m [21]. e ˆ r mp, r 2θp 20~100 m., Pt-Ru/CNFl CNF l p p ˆ kk l TEM(Transmissin Electrn Micrscpy: JEM2010, Japan) p m. 3. y Table 2l CNF rs e l d pn l rs CNF KOH 750 Cl 1e k eˆ r p r v p r l ˆ p. Table 2l ˆ p m p CNFp s l r p p p l p. l rp 3(CNF-5H)~6 (CNF-Cu1H) v v mp v p p CNFp s l p p v 3 Å(Cu1H)~20 Å(5H) v m. CNF rs e q Fe-Ni n l q CNF-5H q e Cu-Ni n l rs CNF-Cu1Hl l rp 3.5 rp l k 2 ˆ p. l p l } CNF-Cu5H } v kp CNF-Cu5l l rp v mp p pp ˆ p. p rp v p KOHm CNFp r pp CNF graphenep p p l graphene l l p CNF m KOHp pp K CNF graphene pl p l graphene p p l p l p p e r v m p p l p m. pm p p Yn[19] p l Table 2. Surface area and average pre diameter f the fur kinds f pristine CNFs and the activated CNF which were activated at 750 C fr 1 h CNF Befre the activatin Surf. area Avg. pre diameter (Å) After the activatin Surf. area Avg. pre diameter (Å) Cu1H Cu5H Cu H p Fig. 2. The isthermplts f the fur kinds f CNFs befre and after KOH activatin (at 750 C fr 1 h).
4 40 M.-K. Jung et al. / Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 (2007) l p p lt p. Fig. 2 v CNF 750 Cl 1e k eˆ np Έ m p. l m p l p s p l v p v m. p CNFp rp v lpp p Έ l k p r p 0.5~1.0 }l q p (hysteresis) p v p CNF l s p lpp lt [20]. k yp Fig. 3p 750 C (a) 800 C (b)l 1e eˆ v~ l rs p CV p. Fig. 3(a)l ˆ m p ~ n l v p p rs CNF-5H e v~ n p CV p pr rkp 0.4 Vl ma/cm lt 2 l. p p p s l eˆcu1h, Cu5H, Cu ma/cm 2, 20.8 ma/cm 2, 19.7 ma/cm v m 2. p p CNF-5H v~ l rs ˆm p n p p. Fig. 3(b) p CNF 800 Cl 1e k e v~ l rs p CV p ˆ p. CNF-5H v~ l rs p ˆm p pr rk 0.4 Vl ma/cm lt 2 p. p p m e l eˆ CNF-Cu1H, CNF-Cu5H, CNF-Cu , ma/cm 2 v m. Fig. 3(a)m (b)l ˆ Table 2l p p r, s ˆm v~ m p p k p. Table 2l ˆ m p rp 444 m 2 /gp q qk CNF-5Hp ˆm p p 1000 m 2 /g p p rp v l l n p k p. p v~p p 1000 m 2 /g p p ˆ v~ ˆm p v l m p v kpp p. pm p l Jung[21] p rl l p p p. y y p y Table 3p CNF-5H 750, 800, Cl KOH 1e k e p n m l CNF-5Hp r ˆ p. Table 3 l ˆ m p m 900 C p l m kv CNFp rp v mv m 950 C p rp m. p m l CNFp svp ppp p. v, m 900 C p l p s p Fig. 3. Cyclic Vltammgrams f the fur kinds f CNFs activated at 750 C (a) and 800 C (b) fr 1 h. Table 3. The prperties f the activated CNFs named 5H at different activatin temperatures and time Prperties Activatin cnditin S t S mi S mi /S t V mi (cc g 1 ) Avg. Pre D. (A) pristine h h h h h h S t ; ttal surface area, S mi ; surface area f the micr pre, V mi ; vlume f the micr pre, D; pre diameter l rp v p, 950 C p p m l m} p CNF svp p Ž ˆ
5 Characteristics f the Catalysts Using Activated Carbn Nanfibers with KOH as the Supprt f Ande Catalyst 간 축소를 인하여 마이크로 기공이 감소하고 기공의 뭉침 현 상이 일어나 비표면적이 감소한 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 마이 크로 기공의 부피는 활성 온도가 증가할수록 감소하였는데 이 역시 활성 온도가 높을수록 CNF graphene 에 대한 KOH의 활 성이 활발히 진행되어 메조 및 마크로 기공이 생성되었기 때 문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 900 C 에서 활성시간을 1, 2, 3시 간 변화 시켰을 경우 활성 시간에 따라 비표면적, 부피 및 평 균 기공 직경의 변화는 일정한 변화를 보여 주고 있지 않다. 특히 활성시간 2시간 일 때의 평균 기공 직경이 1시간 때보다 감소했다가 활성시간 3시간일 경우는 증가함을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 결과는 활성 시간이 2시간에서 3시간으로 증가시켰을 때 이미 형성된 기공의 가장자리에 위치한 graphene의 탄화 현상이 일어나 마이크로 및 20~40 Å 의 메조 기공이 다소 큰 400 Å 의 메조 기공 및 마크로 기공으로 성장했기 때문인 것 으로 판단된다. Fig. 4는 각각 다른 조건에서 활성화 시켰을 때 활성화 전후 의 표면 특성을 나타낸 SEM 사진이다. 그림에 나타낸 바와 같이 원료 섬유는 표면이 매우 매끄러운 형상을 나타내지만 750 C와 800 C에서 1시간 동안 활성 시킨 경우는 섬유의 파 괴와 함께 표면이 매우 거친 형상이 관찰 되고 있다. 900 C에 서 2시간 동안 활성화 시킨 경우는 심한 섬유의 단절과 함께 조직 파괴가 심하게 나타나고 있음을 보여 주고 있으며 특히 에지면의 카본 탈리가 심하게 나타나고 있다. 활성화 시킨 CNF 에 촉매를 담지 시킨 후 XRD 를 측정한 결과가 Fig. 5 이다. 활성화 시키지 않은 CNF의 경우보다 활 성화 시킨 CNF 가 촉매가 더 잘 담지 되었음을 확인할 수 있 다. Fig. 6에는 900 C에서 2시간 동안 활성화 시킨 CNF 위에 Pt-Ru 촉매를 담지시킨 TEM 사진을 보여주고 있다. 금속촉매 가 부분적으로 뭉친 곳이 나타나고 있지만 섬유표면 위에는 41 Physical prperties analysis f catalysts supprted by CNF-5H activated at different activatin cnditins Catalyst d(002) (nm) PtRu/Pristine CNF 3.49 PtRu/ACNF(750-1) 3.50 PtRu/ACNF (800-1) 3.49 PtRu/ACNF (900-2) 3.41 Pristine CNF: CNF-5H; ACNF: activated CNF-5H Table 4. 금속촉매가 잘 분산 되어 있음을 볼 수 있다. Table 4 는 Fig. 5를 바탕으로 계산한 d002값을 활성화 온도 에 따라 정리하였다. 900 C에서 2시간 활성화시킨 CNF에 담 지시킨 촉매는 750 C와 800 C에서 각각 1시간 활성화시킨 CNF에 담지시킨 촉매보다 작은 면간 거리 값(d )을 가진다. 002 The XRD patterns f 60 wt% Pt-Ru/CNF catalysts using the nn-activated CNF (5H) and CNF (5H) activated at different activatin cnditins. Fig. 5. SEM images f CNFs: (a) as prepared CNF, (b) CNF activated at 750C fr 1 h, (c) CNF activated at 800C fr 1 h, and (d) CNF activated at 900C fr 2 h. Fig. 4. TEM images f catalysts supprted n activated CNF at 900C fr 2 h. Fig. 6.
6 42 M.-K. Jung et al. / Carbn Science Vl. 8, N. 1 (2007) p m 900 C p p v p m p p p p. 4. l l DMFC n l v~ s p CNF KOH e s l CNFp s m, Pt-Ru CNFl ve v p p p. 1) 4 s p CNFs KOH 750 Cl 1e k e p, CNFsp rp 3~6 v m, v p 3Å~20Å m. 2) CNF 1e k e p, 900 C p p m l m p CNFp rp v mv, 950 C p l m. 3) e l CNF r e p lv r p p lp e m l p m p p p p l. 4) KOH eˆ CNFp rp 1000 m 2 g 1 p p n ˆm l m p v k. 5) m 950 C p l CNFp sž e pl p v~ r ˆ., 900 Cl 2e } CNF n ˆm v~ p l. y [1] Iijima, S. Nature 1991, 354, 56. [2] Thess, A.; Lee, R.; Niklaev, P.; Dai, H.; Petit, P.; Rbet, J.; Xu, C.; Lee, Y. H.; Kim, S. G.; Rinzler, A. G.; Clbert, D. T.; Scuseria, G. E.; Tmanek, D.; Fischer, J. E.; Smalley, R. E. Science 1996, 273, 483. [3] Ren, Z. F.; Huang, Z. P.; Xu, J. W.; Wang, J. H.; Bush, P.; Siegal, M. P.; Prvenci, P. N. Science 1998, 282, [4] Chi, Y. C.; Bae, D. J.; Lee, B. S.; Lee, Y. H.; Park, G. S.; Chi, W. B.; Lee, N. S.; Kim, J. M. Vac, J. Sci. Technl A. 2000, 18, [5] Sen, P.; Gvindarai, A.; Satishkumar, B. C.; Tanigaki, C. N. Nature 1994, 367, 519. [6] Ebbesen, T. W.; Ajayan, P. M. Nature 1992, 358, 220. [7] Lee, C. J.; Sn, K. H.; Park, J. H.; Y, J. E.; Yn, H.; Lee, J. Y. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 338, 113. [8] Wasmus, S.; Samms, S.; Savinell, R. J. Electrchem. Sc. 1995, 142, [9] Willsn, M. S.; Gttesfeld, S. J. Applied Electrchemistry 1992, 22, 1. [10] Ticianelli, E. A.; Deruin, C. R.; Rednd, A.; Srinivasan, S. J. Electrchem. Sc. 1988, 135, [11] Shin, D. R.; Jung, D. H. Develpment f Direct Methanl Plymer Electrlyte Fuel Cell Technlby (I), Krea Institute f Energy Research, 1999, 21. [12] Li, W.; Liang, C.; Qiu, J.; Zhu, W.; Han, H.; Wei, Z.; Sun, G.; Xin, Q. Carbn 2002, 40, 791. [13] Hampn, N. A.; Williams, M. J. J. Pwer Surces 1988, 4, 191. [14] Marsh, H.; Yan, D. S.; O Grady T. M.; Wennerber, A. Carbn 1984, 22(6), 603. [15] Ehrburger, P.; Addun, A.; Addun, F.; Dnnet, J. B. Fuel 1986, 65, [16] Otawa, T.; Njima, Y.; Miyazaki, T. Carbn 1997, 35(9), [17] Lzan-Castelló, Lill-Ródenas, M. A.; Cazrla-Amrós D.; Linares-Slan A. Carbn 2001, 39(5), 741. [18] Ahmadpur, A.; D, D. D. Carbn 1996, 34(41), 471 [19] Yn, S. H.; Lim, S. Y.; Sng, Y.; Ota, Y. I.; Qia, W.; Tanaka, A.; Mchida, I. Carbn 2004, 42, [20] Gregg, S. J. Adsrptin, Surface Area and Prsity, Academic Press, Inc., New Yrk, 1982, 266. [21] Jung, D. H.; Jung, J. H.; Hng, S. H.; Peck, D. H.; Shin, D. R.; Kim, E. S. Carbn Science 2003, 4, 121.
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