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1 성인음낭수종제거술의 10 년결과보고 A 10-Year Retrospective Study of the Operative Treatment Results of Adult Type Hydrocele 대한비뇨기과학회지제 49 권제 1 호 2008 Jin Kyeom Kim, Ju Hyun Shin, Jae Sung Lim From the Department of Urology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea Purpose: Although hydrocelectomy is commonly performed in general urological practice, the incidence of complications and the outcomes of this procedure seem to be underreported in the literature. We evaluated the incidence of complications and the outcomes of patients who underwent hydrocelectomy. Materials and Methods: Between January 1996 and December 2005, 289 patients with hydrocele were retrospectively assigned into three groups according to the degree of dissection or the amount of the excision of the hydrocele sac. Group 1 included 78 patients who were treated by dissection and excision of the entire hydrocele sac. Group 2 consisted of 149 patients who were treated by dissection and eversion of the hydrocele sac. The 62 patients in group 3 underwent operations in which there was little or no dissection of the hydrocele. We analyzed the complications, the effects of surgical treatment and the results according to the surgical techniques. Results: The duration of recovery showed no differences among the three groups. The overall complication rate was 36.3%. Transient scrotal swelling occurred in 28.0% of the patients, hematoma in 2.7%, wound infection in 1.7%, and injury to the epididymis or testis, chronic pain and persistent swelling occurred in 1.3%. The overall incidence of postoperative complications was significantly lower among the patients in group 3. The rate of scrotal swelling was significantly correlated to the volume of the hydroceles and the amount of the excision of the hydrocele sac. Conclusions: The long term results of hydrocelectomy were good. The most common complications following scrotal surgery for hydroceles were scrotal swelling, hematoma, wound infection and injury to the epididymis and testis. Most of the complications were treated by conservative management. (Korean J Urol 2008;49:82-87) Key Words: Hydrocelectomy, Scrotal swelling 충남대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실 김진겸ㆍ신주현ㆍ임재성 접수일자 :2007년 10월 2일채택일자 :2007년 11월 30일 교신저자 : 임재성충남대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실대전시중구대사동 640 번지 TEL: FAX: uro17@cunh.co.kr 서론음낭수종은고환의초막 (tunica vaginalis) 내장액성액 (serous fluid) 이고여있는질환이다. 1 음낭수종은발생원인에따라서선천성과후천성으로나뉘게된다. 선천성인경우에서는초상돌기 (processus vaginalis) 가열려있는경우로미숙아, 저체중아, 잠복고환또는가족력이있는경우등에서잘동반되게된다. 성인에서흔히발생하는음낭수종의 대부분은특발성으로초막내에서액체의분비와흡수가평형을이루지못하여액체가고임으로써발생한다. 또한고환염, 부고환염, 손상, 종양, 복막투석, 방사선치료등다른질환에의해서속발적으로발생하기도한다. 2 음낭수종의치료는크게단순흡입후관찰방법, 흡입후경화제요법, 수술적인치료로나눌수있으며, 이중에서수술적인치료가음낭수종치료의가장효과적인방법이라고여겨지고있다. 3,4 수술적인치료방법은초막을박리한정도와절제한초막을처리하는방법에따라분류해볼 82
2 김진겸외 : 성인음낭수종제거술의 10 년결과보고 83 수있다. 첫번째벽측초막을모두절제하는방법, 두번째초막을절개하거나절제후외전하는방법, 세번째초막을절제하지않으면서벽측초막을주름잡듯이봉합한후고환을초막밖으로노출하는방법으로나눌수있다. 5,6 본저자는특발성성인음낭수종을대상으로하여 3가지수술적인치료방법에따른수술후합병증및성공률에대하여알아보도록하였다. 대상및방법 1996년 1월부터 2005년 12월까지 10년동안본원에서음낭수종제거술로 4명의술자가수술한환자총 289명을대상으로하여진료기록을후향적으로분석하여합병증및재발에대하여알아보았다. 좌측 149례 (49.7%), 우측 140례 (46.7%), 양측성 11례 (3.7%) 로총 300례를시행하였다. 대상군의평균연령은 58.7세 (19-86) 였다. 소아와성인의음낭수종은발생원인과치료적방법이다르기때문에본저자는소아음낭수종을배제한성인음낭수종을대상으로하였다. 만성음낭염증이동반되거나손상에의한음낭혈종이동반된음낭수종의경우, 종양복막투석방사선치료등다른질환에의하여속발적으로발생한경우, 면역력이저하되었거나위중한기저질환을가지고있는경우의환자는배제하였다. 수술적인치료방법은초막을박리한정도와절제한초막을처리하는방법에따라 3가지방법으로분류했다. 5,6 첫번째, 전체벽측초막을고환과부고환부위까지절제후출혈을막기위해절제부위주변을봉합해주는방법이있다. 두번째, 초막을외전하는방법으로, Bottle에의해제안된상부초막을절제후고환을꺼내어외전시키는방법과, 7 Jaboulay에의해제안된초막을절개하여정계주위로외전 시킨후봉합하는방법이있다. Jaboulay 방법의변형된방법으로여유가있는벽측초막을절제후정계주위로외전시켜봉합하는 Winkelmann 방법이있다. 8 세번째로는초막을절제하지않는방법으로초막에절개를가한뒤고환을밖으로빼내어서고환초막의측벽을주름잡듯이묶어주는 Lord 방법 9 이있다. 초막에절개를가해서고환을밖으로노출시켜부고환에봉합하는 Solomon 방법 10 및고환을밖으로노출시켜서음낭수종낭과내정근막사이에위치시키는 Wilkinson 방법 11 도있다. 초막을광범위하게제거하는방법 (1군, 78명, 80례 ), 초막을외전하는방법중 Jaboulay와 Winkelmann 방법 (2군, 149 명, 154례 ), 초막을절제하지않는방법중 Lord 방법 (3군, 62명, 66례 ) 으로수술했던 289명의환자에서수술방법에따른재발률, 합병증에대하여각각비교했다. 대상군의나이는 1군 55±15세, 2군 59±21세, 3군 60±17세였다. 음낭수종의크기는이학적검사시기록된양과수술시배액된장액성액의양을종합하여분류했다. 음낭수종의양은 1군 240±78ml, 2군 185±60ml, 3군 210±70ml였으며, 평균 188±58ml로측정되었다 (Table 1). 음낭부종은정상적인음낭벽의주름의소실을동반한음낭벽의종창으로기준을세웠으며, 혈종은시진과촉진으로확인된모든혈집을기준으로했다. 창상감염은온도증가, 홍반, 삼출등을동반한모든염증의증거가있는상태를기준으로했다. 고환, 부고환, 정관등의주변조직의손상은수술시관찰된소견과조직검사에서부고환, 고환조직의포함여부로판단했다. 재발은시진촉진으로확인된액성종괴가수술후 3개월에도계속지속되거나새로나타난경우로정의했으며, 만성통증및재발은후향적진료기록분석, 전화설문을통해서파악하였다. 3군간의수술후합병증의발생빈도에대한통계처리는 Table 1. Characteristics of the patients by groups Group Characteristics Total No No. of patients No. of hydroceles Age (year) 55±15 59±19 60±17 58±18 Laterally Left (49.7) Right (46.7) Bilateral (3.7) Mean hydrocele vol. (ml) 240±78 185±60 210±70 188±58 Follow up period (month) 53±21 52±20 36±13 48±19 Data are presented as the mean value±sd. Numbers in parentheses are percentages. Group 1: dissection and excision of the entire hydrocele sac, Group 2: Jaboulay's operation, Winkelmann's operation, Gruop 3: Lord's operation
3 84 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 1 호 2008 chi-square test를통해검정하였다. 수치는 mean±sd로표시하였고 p값이 0.05 미만인경우에통계학적유의성이있는것으로하였다. 결과전체환자의총추적기간은평균 48±19개월 (12-136) 이었고, 1군 53±21개월, 2군 52±20개월, 3군 36±13개월이었다 (Table 1). 평균재원기간은 4.2±1.1일이었고, 1군과 2군에비해서 3 군은 3.5±0.9일로가장짧았으나통계적유의성은없었다 (Table 2). 총합병증은 300례중에서 109례에서관찰되었다. 각군별로는 1군 42.5%, 2군 42.9%, 3군 13.6% 가발생하여 3군에서의합병증발생률이 1, 2군과비교하여낮았다 (p<0.05, Table 2). 합병증으로는일시적인음낭부종이 28.0% 로가장많이발생했다. 1군에서 27.5%, 2군 37.7%, 3군 6.0% 가발생하여 3군이통계학적으로음낭부종합병증이유의하게낮 았다 (p<0.05, Table 2). 음낭혈종은총 2.7% 에서발생하였으며, 1군에서음낭혈종의합병증이유의하게높게나타났다 (p<0.05, Table 2). 기타합병증으로창상감염 1.7%, 고환부고환정관등의주변조직손상 1.3%, 만성음낭동통 1.3% 가발생했다. 재발은 1.3% 에서발생했으며, 1군에서는재발없이 100% 치료성공률을보였다. 2, 3군에서 98.1%, 98.5% 의치료성과를보였다. 2군에서재발한 3례중 1례는수술후 11개월에재수술을시행하고완치되었으며, 2례는음낭수종크기가 50ml 이하로재수술을시행하지않고관찰했으며수술후 41개월, 55개월후에도크기변화없었다. 3군에서재발한 1례는수술후크기가 70ml였으나환자의불편감호소및크기변화가없어관찰했으며, 수술후 31개월에도동일한상태이었다. 대부분의합병증은수술후일시적인것이어서보존적치료로회복이되었으나, 1군에서혈종이있었던 7례중 2례에서재수술을했으며 2주간의침상안정을시행했다. 수술부위염증이있었던 5례중 2례 (1군 1례, 2군 1례 ) 에서는 6주간의항생제치료를시행했다. Table 2. Postoperative complications Group Characteristics Total No. p-value No. operations Hospital days 4.6± ± ± ±1.1 NS Post op. complications Edema <0.05* Hematoma <0.05 Wound infection NS Injury to epididymis, testis, vas, cord structure NS No. swelling (treatment failure) NS Chronic pain NS Total 34/80 (42.5) 66/154 (42.9) 9/66 (13.6) 109/300 (36.3) <0.05* NS: not significant. Numbers in parentheses are percentages. *: Group 3 vs each of group 1 and 2, : Group 1 vs each of group 2 and 3 Table 3. Edema rates vs. volume of the hydroceles No. of edema/no. of hydroceles Group Total No. p-value 100ml ml ml >300ml 1 1/9 (11.1) 7/36 (19.4) 8/23 (34.8) 6/12 (50.0) 22/80 (27.5) <0.05* 2 2/30 (6.6) 20/61 (32.8) 19/40 (47.5) 15/23 (65.2) 58/154 (37.7) <0.05* 3 0/11 (0.0) 1/22 (4.5) 2/28 (7.1) 1/5 (20.0) 4/66 (6.0) 0.05> Total 3/50 (6.0) 28/119 (23.5) 29/91 (31.9) 22/40 (55.0) 84/300 (28.0) <0.05* *: The rates of scrotal edema were significantly correlated to the volume of hydroceles, and the rates of edema increased progressively as the size of hydroceles increased in all groups by using chi-spuare test.
4 김진겸외 : 성인음낭수종제거술의 10 년결과보고 85 3군에서합병증의발생률이유의하게낮았던이유는 1, 2군과비교해서합병증의대부분을차지하는음낭부종이낮았기때문이다. 수술후합병증의대부분을차지하는음낭부종의위험요소를결정하기위해음낭수종크기와음낭부종합병증의관계를알아보았다. 1군에서음낭수종의크기에따라서 1군에서 100ml 이하에서 11.1%, 100ml 초과 200ml 이하에서 19.4%, 200ml 초과 300ml 이하에서 34.8%, 300ml 초과에서 50.0% 의음낭부종을보였으며, 이는수술전음낭수종의크기가증가할수록수술후음낭부종이증가함을보여주었다 (p<0.05, Table 3). 2군에서도음낭수종의크기가증가함에따라서술후음낭부종역시증가함을보여주었다 (p<0.05, Table 3). 3군에서음낭수종크기에따라서음낭부종이증가했으나통계학적유의성은없었다 (p>0.05, Table 3). 음낭수종의양에따라서음낭부종의총합병증발생률은 6.0%, 23.5%, 31.9%, 55.0% 으로확인되었고, 음낭수종의크기가증가할수록음낭부종의합병증이통계적으로유의하게증가함을보여주었다 (p<0.05, Table 3). 음낭수종의크기가커질수록주변조직및초막을박리하거나절제하는정도가커지기때문에음낭부종의합병증이증가하는결과를보였다. 음낭부종을발생시키는다른위험요소로수술방법의차이를들을수있다. 3군에비해서 1, 2군의수술방법은초막을광범위하게박리하고, 초막을과도하게외전하는방법이었다. 초막을적게처리하는방법인 3군에서음낭부종이유의하게낮게나타났다 (p<0.05, Table 2). 고찰음낭수종은임상에서자주볼수있으며, 음낭수종제거술은비뇨기과영역에서흔히시행되는수술이다. 그럼에도불구하고음낭수종제거술의치료결과및합병증에대한보고는드문편이다. 또한대부분의음낭수종치료에대한연구가단기간의추적관찰후얻은자료에대한연구였으며치료받은환자수역시적게포함되어있었다. 본연구는 10년간음낭수종으로치료받은 289명의환자들의술후치료성과및합병증결과를분석하였으며평균적으로 48개월 (12-136) 후치료결과에변화가있는지파악함으로써다른연구결과에비해자료가장기간이며대단위의환자가포함되어있다는데의의가있다. 음낭수종은일반적으로병력청취와촉진, 광투조검사와같은이학적검사로쉽게진단내릴수있으며최근에는간단하며비침습적인초음파검사를통해서도진단가능하다. 초음파를이용하면고환내종물의성상을확인할수있기때문에고환종양과의감별진단도쉽게될수있다. 음낭수종의치료적응증은음낭통증, 음낭의외관적모습, 환자들의수술에대한희망을들수있다. 음낭수종의보존적인치료는관찰, 흡입, 경화요법이있는데이는음낭수종의크기가작거나수술적인치료를받을수없는조건을갖고있을경우에시행하였으며대부분의환자는수술적인치료를시행하였다. 합병증의발생률에영향을미칠수있는요소로는수술방법의차이도있으나환자의면역력상태나기저질환, 양측성병변여부, 연령, 체질량지수, 수행상태 (performance status), 항생제사용여부등이합병증발생에영향을줄수있는위험요소라고보고되고있다. 12 본연구에서는면역력저하나위중한기저질환을지닌환자는대상군에서제외함으로써합병증의차이에미칠수있는위험요소를최소화하였다. 음낭은혈관이잘발달된구조물로써많은혈관들이음낭전층에분포되어있어수술후미세출혈이발생이흔하다. Osterling 13 은 64명의환자를대상 ( 고환절제술 42명, 음낭수종제거술 17명, 정액류부고환제거술 5명 ) 으로수술후복부로음낭거상을시행하고거즈를음낭과복부사이에두고음낭을복부에봉합하여음낭압박이되도록했을때, 음낭혈종수술부위염증음낭부종의합병증이없었다는전향적인연구결과를보고했다. 또한음낭수술을받은 289 명의환자를대상으로 Alan 등 14 은터번 (turban) 스타일로고환을압박및거상했을때, 0.7% ( 음낭혈종 1례, 고환내농양 1례 ) 의주요합병증을보고했으며, 음낭부종및점상출혈 (ecchymosis) 은터번식스타일드레싱을받은환자에서낮게나타났다고했다. 본연구에서는모든환자들에게음낭거상및거동제한을시행하도록교육을했었다. 하지만음낭수술중음낭수종제거술후음낭거상및얼음마사지, 거동제한등의환자들에게보존적치료지침의교육이추후음낭부종형성에위와같은요소가어떠한영향을미치는지에대한전향적인연구가필요하리라고생각한다. 본연구에서는음낭수종의크기와음낭부종의합병증발생률이비례하는결과를얻었다. 그렇지만 Swartz 등 12 은음낭수종의크기가합병증의발생률에는영향을미치지않는다고보고하였으나환자군이 74명으로적었으며, 무작위로자료를얻은결과가아니었으며수술방법에따른차이를두지않았다는제한점이있었다. 음낭수종의크기가클수록광범위하게초막을절제하며주위조직을박리할수밖에없기때문에음낭부종의합병증이많이발생했으리라고사료된다. Rodriguez 등 5 은벽측초막을광범위하게절제하는방법으로수술을시행받은환자에서가장흔한합병증으로음낭부종과음낭혈종이발생했다고보고하였으며원인으로는초막을얼마만큼광범위하게절제하는지와주위조직의박리정도에따라달라진다고보고하였다. 초막을광
5 86 대한비뇨기과학회지 : 제 49 권제 1 호 2008 범위절제하는방법에서음낭혈종발생률이다른 2가지수술적인방법에비하여유의하게높게나타났다. 이는벽측초막을내측초막의변연까지모두절제하는방법이기때문에벽측초막의지혈이충분히되지않은것이음낭혈종발생의원인으로작용하였다고생각된다. Jaboulay, Winkelmann 방법에의한음낭수종제거술은여분의초막을절개또는절제한후, 가장자리조직을남기고초막을외전시키는방법이기때문에조직을과도하게다루게되므로그와비례하여조직의부종과혈종이많이발생하게되었다. Lord 방법에의한음낭수종제거술후합병증발생률에대하여 Waldron 등 15 은 84명의환자를대상으로하여 5% 의합병증을보고하였으며, Albrecht 등 16 은 127명의환자를대상으로 6% 의합병증을보고하였다. Lord 방법에의한술식이다른 2군에비해서합병증이낮게나타난것은초막을외전하거나절제를시행한 1, 2군에비해서초막을절제하지않고측벽에주름을잡는것처럼묶어주는방법이기때문인것으로생각해볼수있다. 음낭수종의크기가커질수록벽측초막및주변조직을박리하거나절제하는정도가커지기때문에음낭부종의합병증이증가했으며, 수술방법에따라서초막을많이절제하거나과도하게다루는방법에서음낭부종의발생률이높게나타났다. 음낭수종의크기및수술방법의차이는초막의박리정도에영향을미치는중요한요소이며, 초막의절제정도가커질수록음낭부종이증가한다고볼수있다. Ku 등 17 은초막을절제하는방법, 초막에주름을잡아주는 Lord 방법과초막에창을내어주는 Window 수술법을전향적으로비교하였으며합병증은 81%, 16%, 7.4% 로보고하였고초막을절제하는방법의수술후합병증으로는음낭부종이 74% 로대부분을차지했으며, Lord 방법의수술후합병증으로음낭부종 8%, 창상감염 8% 를보고했고, 재발률은각각 1.3%, 4%, 85% 가보고되었다. 본연구에서도초막을모두제거하는방법, 초막을절제후외전하는방법으로수술했던 1, 2군에서초막에주름을잡아주는방법으로수술했던 3군에비해서합병증이높았으며, 재발률은차이가없는결과를보여주었다. Ku 등 17 은다른연구결과에비해합병증의발생률을높게보고하고있었으며합병증의대부분을차지하는음낭부종의기준을음낭벽의모든종창이라고세웠으며본연구에서는음낭벽의주름의소실된것을기준으로한차이가있다. 음낭수종제거술중 Window 방법은본연구에서포함하지않았지만 Ku 등 17 의결과에서 7.4% (27례중 2례 ) 의낮은합병증을보이는이유는고환을초막밖으로노출시키지않았기때문이다. 그러나 85% (27 례중 23례 ) 의높은재발률을보여주는결과를보이는한계점을보였다. 재발은수술후 1개월에서 12개월사이에나타났으며, 그후기간에서추적관찰환자군에서음낭수종이새롭게발생한경우가없었다. 재발여부를판별하기위한추적진료기간은 12개월로충분하다고여겨진다. 소량의음낭수종 (50ml 이하 2례, 70ml 1례 ) 이다시발생한환자에서수술후 31, 41, 55개월시점에서크기가변화가없었다. 만약재발된환자중에서음낭수종의크기가작은경우에있어서는크기가추후에도변하지않을것이라고예상할수있다. 만성통증은 1.3% 로낮은비율이고일상생활에영향을줄정도로심각한통증은아니지만, 술후계속지속될수있는가능성때문에수술전에환자에게충분히설명해야할것이다. 장기합병증인만성통증과재발은 3가지수술방법모두에서차이가없었다. 수술방법은단기적인수술후합병증에는영향을미치는요소로작용했으며단기합병증대부분은경과관찰을하면서회복되었다. 또한수술방법은치료성공률에영향을미치는요소로작용하지않았으며, 3가지수술방법에서모두높은수술적치료결과를보여주었다. 결 장기간의추적결과음낭수종제거술은높은치료성과를보여주었으며, 수술방법에따라차이는없었다. 음낭수종제거수술후가장흔하게생기는합병증은음낭부종, 혈종, 수술부위염증이었다. 장기추적결과합병증의대부분은일시적이었으며보존적치료로회복되었다. 대부분의합병증을차지한음낭부종은초막의절제및박리한정도와연관이있었다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Huggins CB, Entz FH. Absorption from normal tunica vaginalis testis hydrocele and spermatocele. J Urol 1931;25: Haynes JH. Inguinal and scrotal disorders. Surg Clin North Am 2006;86: Epstein A, Novicki DE. Management of hydroceles. AUA update series VII Lesson 1988;19: Moloney GE. Comparison of results of treatment of hydrocele and epididymal cysts by surgery and injection Br Med J 1975;3: Rodriguez WC, Rodriguez DD, Fortuno RF. The operative treatment of hydrocele: a comparison of 4 basic techniques. J Urol 1981;125: Kim JK, Park YI. A clinical observation on hydrocele. Korean J Urol 1983;24: Andrew EW. The bottle operation method for the radical
6 김진겸외 : 성인음낭수종제거술의 10 년결과보고 87 cure of hydrocele. Ann Surg 1907;46: Lyon JM. Chirurgie des centres nerveux, des ciscere et des membres. Storck 1902;2:192 9.Lord PH. A bloodless operation for the radical cure of idiopathic hydrocele. Br J Surg 1964;51: Solomon AA. The extrusion operation for hydrocele. N Y State J Med 1955;55: Wilkinson JL. An operation for large scrotal hydrocele. Br J Surg 1973;60: Swartz MA, Morgan TM, Krieger JN. Complications of scrotal surgery for benign conditions. Urology 2007;69: Osterling JE. Scrotal surgery: a reliable method for the prevention of postoperative hematoma and edema. J Urol 1990;143: Manson AL, MacDonald G. Turban scrotal dressing. J Urol 1987;137: Waldron R, James M, Clain A. Technique and results of trans-scrotal operations for hydrocele and scrotal cysts. Br J Urol 1986;58: Albrecht W, Holtl W, Aharinejad S. Lord's procedure-the best operation for hydrocele? Br J Urol 1991;68: Ku JH, Kim ME, Lee NK, Park YH. The excisional, plication and internal drainage techniques: a comparison of the results for idiopathic hydrocele. BJU Int 2001;87:82-4
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