/ * 1., (waterproof) (breathable),. (tortuosity) (windproof), (barrier),. 1970., NT BT..,.,. Table 1. ( ) PU (, ) PET ( ) PU (, ) Acryl (, ), /PET Figure 1.. * 2002 ( ). 271
Figure 2.. 2. 2.1.,,..,.. 2.2... Figure 3...,, non-coating non-lamination.. (ground fabric) 3,., hi-multi.. 0.3. Figure 4. (AFM)., hot melting. face 272
.. 3.,.. (physiological comfort property). 3.1.. - -. (steady state) (transient or dynamic)., (permeability index, i m ) (Table 2) [1,2]..... [3,4]. [5]. 20 2880 g/m 2 24h 5,000 g/m 2 24hr 8,000~10,000 g/m 2 24hr. 3.1.1.. 1 g/m 2 24hr. A.,. (upright cup) 273
(inverted water method).. (upright) : KS K 0594 [6] 1 1m 2 (g) g/(hr m 2 ). 40 40 2, 50 5% RH 1 (a 1 ) 1 (a 2 ). air air water fabric air water air Figure 5.. fabric P = 10(a 1 a 2 )/A (1) P: (g/(hr m 2 )) a 1 : (mg) a 2 : (mg) A: (cm 2 ) ASTM E96 (Water method) [7] procedure B(23 0.5, 50% RH, 2.8 0.25 m/s) D(32.2, 50%RH, 2.8 0.25 m/s)... Table 2. (g/m 2 24hr) (s/m) (i m ) DMPC DMPC ASTM F2298 0( )< i m <1( ) - ISO 11092 KS K 0594 ASTM E96-B ASTM E96-D ASTM E96-BW KS K 0594 JIS L 1099 A-1 Calcium Chloride test KS K 0594 JIS L 1099 B-1: CH 3 COOK test ISO 15496:2004 (sweating guarded hot plate) ASTM F 1868 Part B (R et ) (sweating manikin) DMPC - - (HCE) 274
.. (inverted water) : ASTM E96- BW (Inverted water method) [7] 23 0.5, 50%RH... B. (CaSO 4 ), (P 2 O 5 ), (CaCl 2 ) (CH 3 COOK). air air desiccant fabric water : KS K 0594 [6], JIS L 1099 A-1(Calcium Chloride test) [8] 40 2, 90 5% 1 (a 1 ) 1 (a 2 ).. air desiccant fabric Figure 6. (, ). : KS K 0594 [6], JIS L 1099 B-1(CH 3 COOK test) [8] 23 30 2. 23 PTFE (a 1 ) 15 (a 2 )... Table 3. 3. KS K 0594 JIS L 1099 B-1.. ISO/DIS 15496 2004(measurement of water vapor permeability of textiles for the purpose of quality control) [10],. (R et ) [11] (personal 275
Table 3. (Entrant, Toray( )[9]) (g/m 2 24hr) A-1 B-1 WP/MP PU microporous Entrant-HB coating + ultrathin 6,000 20,000 nonporous lamination Entrant V(2 layer) 10,000 10,000 WP/MP PU microporous coating Entrant V(3 layer) 8,000 10,000 protective equipment) [10]. 3.1.2.. Fick s. R = C At/Q (2) R: (s/cm), C: (g/cm 3 ), A: (cm 2 ), Q: t (g) (Dynamic moisture permeation cell, DMPC ): NATICK [11] ASTM F23 (committee F23 on protective clothing) [12].. Figure 7... 20 1 2000 cm 3 /s 2.5cm 2cm (Figure 8).,. R dtot = A Φ/Q d (δφ) = C d /m (3) R dtot : (s/m) A: (m 2 ) Φ: (90%=0.90) Q d : δφ: m: (kg/m 2 s) C d : log (kg/m 3 ),,, [13]. 3.1.3. 2 276
Figure 7. (DMPC ). Figure 8. DMPC(dynamic moisture permeation cell).. (sweating guarded hot plate): ISO 11092 ASTM F 1868 Part B [14,15]. 25.4 cm 25.4 cm (Figure 9). ISO 11092 35 0.5 (isothermal condition) 40% RH, 1 m/s.. 1 45. (T s ), (T a ), (T dp ),. (bare plate reading) [16] (,, ). R et = (P s P a )A/H (4) R et : (m 2 Pa/W) A: (m 2 ) P s : (Pa) P a : (Pa) H: (W) R et (R ea ) (R ef ). (evaporative resistance) m 2 Pa/W, m 2 KPa/W. Figure 9. Sweating guarded hotplate(iso 11092). 277
. 2~20 m 2 Pa/W 15., (permeability index, i m ) (, thermal resistance, Clo). (sweating manikin) :. 2 ( 1.8 m 2 ) 3.. moveable., (layer) (ventilation) (Figure 10).,,, (Table 4). 15~18. [17],,... 200 (0~4 l/m 2 hr) (Figure 11)[18,19]... Figure 10. SAM 2.4l m/h. 278
Table 4. Copellius Technical Research Center (VTT) Finland Textile Protection & Copellius Comfort Center USA (TPACC, NCSU) Navy Clothing and Uncle Wiggly Textile Research USA Facility (NCTRF) Defense Research United Agency (DERA) Kingdom Bunka Women s University (BWU) Japan Copper man Kansas State University (KSU) US ADAM NTNW US Ernie WIS Germany SAM EMPA Switzerland Institute of Textiles Walter and Clothing at Hong Kong Hong Kong Polytechnic University Fashion Textile Center (FTC, SNU) Korea [20] walter [21]. 37. 30 g/h~1000 g/h., ASTM F1291. ASTM F23 (evaporative resistance) Figure 11. (TPACC, NCSU).. 6, 4 (R et ) 0.093 0.318 m 2 kpa/w [22].. 3.1.4.. 0 1 0, 1 [23].. R T(clothing) /R e(clothing) i m = ----------------------------------------------------- (5) R T(air) /R e(air) 279
R T(clothing) : R e(clothing) : R T(air) : R e(air) : 3.1.5. - - (HCE simulator). - -, DMPC [24]. (Figure 12). -30~50, 30~98%. (-10~-20 ),, (Figure 13). - -. ( 20 cm),,. 3.2...,,,,,,. (water resistance) (water repellency). Figure 12. - - ( ) ( )( 03-19536, 10/ 896,876). Figure 13. ( - - ). 280
.,..,, 3.2.1.. :. 20 cm 20 cm 15 cm 250 ml 15 cm 45 (standard spray test rating). 3.2.2. mmh 2 O, kg/cm 2, kpa, psi(pound/inch 2 ). 10,000 10 m 3. 2,000 mmh 2 O 10,000 mm H 2 O. 2,000 mm H 2 O. (5,000~10,000 mm H 2 O). 20,000~30,000... 70 kg,. : (hydrostatic pressure tester) 3 ( ). KS 102.6 cm 2 ( 11.4 cm) 10 0.5 cm/min 60 3 cmh 2 O/min 3. 20 2 27 2. 281
. : KS K 0351 / (mullen tester) 85 5 ml/min kg/cm 2. 3.2.3... (Rain test): 5. Bundesmann test: 10 4 ft X 10 1 5.. pin-penetration test: 17 13 cm 1000mm/min Bundesmann. (Rain test with high impact velocity of the water drops): Table 5. KS K 0590(testing method for water resistance of cloth with hydrophobic finish : spray method) ISO 4920:1981 AATCC 22 JIS L 1092 KS K 0591 (Testing method for water resistance of cloth Low range hydrostatic pressure method) ISO 811(Determination of resistance to water penetration- Hydrostatic pressure test) ASTM D751 B (Standard test methods for coated fabrics hydrostatic ( ) resistance, procedure B-rising water column tester) AATCC 127 (Water Resistance: Hydrostatic Pressure Test) JIS L 1092 A KS K 0592 (testing method for water resistance of coated cloth; high range, hydrostatic pressure method) ASTM D751 A (Standard test methods for coated fabrics hydrostatic resistance, procedure A-mullen type tester) KSK 0593 (Test method for water resistance: Rain test) AATCC 35 (Water resistance: rain test) Bundesmann Test (ISO 9865-1991) Rain test with high impact relocily of water drops (Humidity sensing manikin) Raintower (Gore, Natick, EMPA) 282
Figure 15. JAMES (22 3,4,6,7 ). Figure 14.. Figure 14 moving arm rain tower 10 m 1~145 km/h.. Rain tower : Rain tower. 10 m 2000 2m 2 450 l/m 2 h.,,,,. (Humidity sensing manikin): EMPA JAMES(Jacket Assessment, Measuring by Exposure to Shower) 22 (Figure 15). Rain tower JAMES CEN TC162, CEN TC4.. 4..... Figure 16. Gore Raintower. 283
1. P. Gibson, C. Kendrick, D. Rivin, Apparatus and method for determining transport properties of porous materials, United States Patent 6,119,506, September 19(2000). 2. E. A. Kim, S. Yoo, and J. Kim, Development of humanclothing-environment simulator for dynamic heat and moisture transfer properties of fabrics, Fibers and Polymers, 4(4), pp.215-221(2003). 3. P. W. Gibson, Effect of Temperature on Water Vapor Transport Through Polymer Membrane Laminates, Journal of Polymer Testing 19(6)(2000). 4. P. W. Gibson, D. Rivin, C. Kendrick, Convection/Diffusion Test Method for Porous Textiles, International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 12(2)(2000). 5. B. Farnworth, W. A. Lotens, and P. P. Wittgen, Variation of water vapor resistance of microporous and hydrophilic films with relative humidity, Textile research journal, 61 pp.50-53(1993). 6. www.standard.go.kr 7. ASTM E96: Standard test methods for water-vapor transmission of materials. 8. JIS L 1099: Testing methods for water vapor permeability of textiles: JIS L 1099 A-1: calcium chloride test: upright cup method/b-1:ch 3 COOH test, http://www.jisc.go.jp 9. http://www.torayentrant.com/spec/data.html9 10. ISO/DIS 15496: Measurement of water vapor permeability of textiles for the purpose of quality control(2004). 11. E. A. McCullough, M. Kwon, and H. Shim, A comparison of standard methods for measuring water vapour permeability of fabrics, Meas. Sci. Technol., 14, pp.1402-1408(2003). 12. ASTM F2298: Standard test methods for water vapor diffusion resistance and air flow resistance of clothing materials using the dynamic moisture permeation cell. 13. http://www.natick.army.mil/soldier/media/fact/ss&t/dmpc.pdf13 14. ISO 11092:1993 Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hot plate test). 15. ASTM F 1868 Part B: Standard test method for thermal and evaporative Resistance of clothing materials using sweating hot plate. 16. Umbach, K.H., Physological tests and evaluations models for the optimization of the protective clothing In: Mekjavic IB, Banister EW, Morrison JB eds. Environmental ergonomics. pp 139-161, New York: Taylor & Francis(1988). 17. X. Liu, and I. Holmer, Evaluation of evaporative heat transfer characteristics of helmets, Applied Human Science, 16(3), pp.107-113(1997). 18. H. Meinander, Coppelius - a sweating thermal manikin for the assessment of functional clothing, Nokobetef IV: Quality and usage of protective clothing, Kittila, Finland(1992). 19. A. S. Deaton, and R. L. Barker, An advanced sweating manikin for measuring the heat stress, Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 7, Montreux, Switzerland, May pp.21-24(2003). 20. J. W. Giblo, E. Wajda., B. Avellini, and R. A. Burke, The next generation sweating thermal manikin test system. program and abstracts, The 8th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, San Diego, California, USA(1998). 21. J. Fan, Y. Chen, and W. Zhang., A perspiring fabric thermal manikin: Its development and use, Proceedings of the Fourth International Meeting on Thermal Manikins, EMPA Switzerland, Sept. pp.27-28(2001). 22. E. McCullough, Interlaboratory study of sweating manikins, Proceedings of the Fourth International Meeting on Thermal Manikins, EMPA Switzerland, Sept pp.27-28(2001). 23. A. H. Woodcock, Moisture permeability index in textile systems: Part I & Part II, Textile Research Journal, 32, pp.628-633, pp.719-723(1962). 24. http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa24 25. http://www.gore.com 26. J. C. Gretton, D. B. Brook, H. M. Dyson, and S. C. Harlock, Moisture vapor transport through waterproof breathable fabrics and clothing systems under a temperature gradient. Textile Research Journal, 68(12), pp.936-941(1998). 27. KS K 0590,. 28. ISO 4920:1981, Textiles - determination of resistance to surface wetting (spray test) of fabrics. 29. AATCC Test Method 22-2001, Water repellency: spray test. 30. JIS L 1092: Testing methods for water resistance of textiles. 31. KS K 0591: Testing method for water resistance of cloth:low range hydrostatic pressure method. 32. ISO 811:Determination of resistance to water penetration - hydrostatic pressure test. 33. ASTM D751 B:Standard test methods for coated fabrics hydrostatic resistance, procedure B-rising water column tester. 34. AATCC 127: Water resistance: Hydrostatic pressure test. 284
1975. 1977. ( ) 1984. ( ) 1985~. 1991-1992. 1997. 2. 2002~. ( ) : 02-2123-3103 email: eakim@yonsei.ac.kr 1989. 1991. ( ) 1997. North Carolina State Univ. ( ) 2000. 2001. 2002~. : 02-2123-6571 email: sjyoo@yonsei.ac.kr 285