(Special Paper) 23 6, 2018 11 (JBE Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2018) https://doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2018.23.6.813 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) UHD a), a) Segment Scheduling Scheme for Efficient Bandwidth Utilization of UHD Contents Streaming in Wireless Environment Heekwang Kim a) and Kwangsue Chung a) UHD. HTTP. On-Off, Off.. UHD HTTP. OFF.. Abstract UHD content is characterized by higher bandwidth requirements to provide seamless playback. The existing HTTP adaptive streaming scheme periodically requests video segment of lower quality than the available bandwidth in the steady state. In the steady state, the On-Off pattern is repeated due to the difference of the available bandwidth and the encoding rate of the content. And the repeated Off interval is causing the problem that can not efficiently use the available bandwidth. In the wireless environment where the delay and loss rate are higher with large bandwidth fluctuations, this problem is exacerbated because the available bandwidth is estimated inaccurately. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a segment scheduling scheme for efficient bandwidth utilization of UHD contents streaming in wireless environment. Proposed scheme is a group segment that simultaneously reqeusts multiple segments in one request message in order to reduce frequency of OFF interval. Through simulation, Our scheme improves bandwidth utilization. Keyword : Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Segment Scheduling, Wireless Network, Video Streaming, UHD Content Streaming a) (Kwangwoon University, Dept. Electronics and Communications Engineering) Corresponding Author : (Kwangsue Chung) E-mail: kchung@kw.ac.kr Tel: +82-2-940-5134 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-0900 2018. 2018 () [No. 2017-0-00224, UHD Dynamic Media, ]. This work was supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion(IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2017-0-00224, Development of generation, distribution and consumption technologies of dynamic media based on UHD broadcasting contents) Manuscript received September 21, 2018, Revised November 19, 2018; Accepted October 19, 2018. Copyright 2016 Korean Institute of Broadcast and Media Engineers. All rights reserved. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and not altered.
(JBE Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2018).. (Cisco). HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). HTTP,. [1]. HTTP Microsoft Smooth Streaming [2], Apple HTTP Live Streaming [3], Adobe Dynamic Streaming [4]. HTTP MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) [5]. DASH Youtube, Netflix, Hulu [6]. DASH (Quality of Experience) [7]. HTTP (Video Segments). HTTP HTTP GET. (Playout Buffer), [8]. Youtube Netflix UHD (Ultra High Definition). UHD ITU-R BT. 2020 SMTPE ST 2036-1 [9]. UHD HD (High Definition) GoP (Group of Picture), HD 4. HD. HTTP., (Buffering State). (Steady State). (On) (Off) On-Off [10]. Off, Off. Off. UHD. HTTP [11].,.,., Off
. UHD... Off.... 1. HTTP RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol). RTP. RTCP. RTP UDP(User Datagram Protocol) NAT(Network Address Translator). HTTP. HTTP 1. HTTP (Media segments), (Manifest file), (HTTP module)., URI (Uniform Resource Identifier).. Period, Period Adaptation Set. Adaptation Set,, Representation 1. HTTP Fig. 1. Architecture of HTTP adaptive streaming system
(JBE Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2018). Representation Segment Info, Segment Info, URI. HTTP. HTTP (Player), (Adaptation module), (Monitor module), (HTTP module)... HTTP GET.. 2. HTTP. 2 HTTP. (Buffering State),. (Segment duration) (Steady State). (On) (Off) On-Off. Off, Off. On Off [12]. 3. 3. HTTP... 2. HTTP Fig. 2. Segment scheduling scheme of HTTP adaptive streaming system
3. Fig. 3. Performance of quality adaptation scheme based on throughput in wireless environment Off. Off.,.. EWMA (Exponential Weighted Moving Average) Conventional [13]. EWMA. EWMA,. BBA (Buffer-Based Rate Adaptation) [14]. BBA.,.. 1. 4. (Bufferring State). (Collective State). Off (Re- quest interval) T. Off. Off,.
(JBE Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2018) 4. Fig. 4. Proposed segment scheduling scheme. Off,. 2.. (1). (2), (3),... EWMA...,,,.,
. EWMA. EWMA 0.1. exp (4). exp exp, (5).. exp (6)..., max. (7), (8). exp max max. (9). arg 1.. NS-3 (Network Simulator) 5. AP (Access Point) HTTP 100 Mbps AP 20 Mbps. 700, 1400, 2800, 4500, 9000 Kbps, UHD 18000Kbps 6. 300, DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP). (Conventional) BBA (Buffer Based rate Adaptation). Conventional BBA DASH,
(JBE Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2018) 5. Fig. 5. Simulation environment (Proposed). T 8, 20, max 30, 0.5, 0.1. 2. 6 DASH EWMA. EWMA. 0.1. (8 ). EWMA... EWMA. (a) 6. (a) EWMA, (b) Fig. 6. Performance comparison of available bandwidth measurement (a) EWMA scheme (b) Proposed scheme (b)
EWMA. 3. 7.. 9000 Kbps, Off..,. 9000, 18000 Kbps,. Off,.. 4. 1.,,., (10). Total download data Available download data. Off, 45.3%, 62.7% 1. Table 1. Performance comparison of bandwidth utilization Metric Comparative Scheme Conventional BBA Proposed Number of requests 168 157 48 Total download data (Mbyte) Bandwidth utilization(%) 3,333.6 4614.06 6446.43 45.3 62.7 87.6 (a) 7. (a) (b) Fig. 7. Performance comparison of video quality and buffer occupancy (a) Video quality (b) Buffer occupancy (b)
(JBE Vol. 23, No. 6, November 2018). Off 87.6%.. UHD.. Off...,. (References) [1] O. Oyman, and S. Singh, Quality of Experience for HTTP Adaptive Streaming Services, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.50, No.4, pp.20-27, Apr. 2012. [2] Microsoft, Smooth Streaming, [Online]. Available: http://www.iis.net/ downloads/smooth-streaming/ [3] Apple, HTTP Live Streaming, [Online]. Available: http://developer. apple.com/rescources/http-streaming/ [4] Adobe, HTTP Dynamic Streaming, [Online]. Available: http://www.adobe. com/products/httpdyna-micstreaming/ [5] T. Stockhammer, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP- Standards and Design Principles, Proceeding of the ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems, San Jose, USA, pp. 133-144, 2011. [6] T. Y. Huang, N. Handigol, B. Heller, N. McKeown, and R. Johari, Confused, Timid, and Unstable: Picking a Video Streaming Rate is Hard, Proceeding of the ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems, Boston, USA, pp. 225-238, 2012. [7] R. K. P. Mok, W. Li, and R. K. C. Chang, IRate: Initial Video Bitrate Selection System for HTTP Streaming, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.34, No.6, pp.1914-1928, Apr. 2016. [8] C. Liu, I. Bouazizi, and M. Gabbouj, Rate Adaptation for Adaptive HTTP Streaming, Proceeding of the ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems, San Jose, USA, pp. 169-174, 2011. [9] ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, Parameter Values for UHD System for Production and International Programme Exchange, Aug. 2012. [10] J. Kua, G. Armitage, and P. Branch, A Survey of Rate Adaptation Techniques for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.19, No.1, pp.1842-1866, Mar. 2017. [11] H. Du, Q. Zheng, W. Zhang and X. Gao, A Bandwidth Variation Pattern-Differentiated Rate Adaptation for HTTP Adaptive Streaming Over and LTE Cellular Network, IEEE Access, Vol.6, pp.9554-9569, Dec. 2017. [12] S. Bae, D. Jang, and K. Park, Why Is HTTP Adaptive Streaming So Hard?, Proceeding of Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems, Tokyo, Japan, 2015. [13] Z. Li, X. Zhu, J. Gahm, R. Pan, H. Hu, A. C. Began, and D. Oran, Probe and Adapt: Rate Adaptation for HTTP Video Streaming At Scale, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol.32, No.4, pp.719-733, Apr. 2014. [14] T. Huang, R. Johari, N. McKeown, M. Trunnell, and M. Waston, A Buffer-based Approach to Rate Adaptation: Evidence from a Large Video Streaming Service, Proceeding of ACM Conference on SIGCOMM, Chicago, USA, pp. 187-198, 2014.
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