Korean Journal of Breeding Science Korean J. Breed. Sci. 50(4):510-515(2018. 12) Online ISSN: 2287-5174 Print ISSN: 0250-3360 https://doi.org/10.9787/kjbs.2018.50.4.510 이진석 1* 손범영 1 신성휴 2 김정태 1 배환희 1 백성범 1 정태욱 1 김성국 1 권영업 1 1 농촌진흥청국립식량과학원, 2 농촌진흥청 Hwangmichal, a Yellow Waxy Corn F1 Hybrid with High Carotenoid Content Jinseok Lee 1*, Beom-Young Son 1, Seong-Hyu Shin 2, Jung-Tae Kim 1, Hwan-Hee Bae 1, Seong-Bum Baek 1, Tae-Wook Jung 1, Sung-Kook Kim 1, and Young-Up Kwon 1 1 National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon, 16429, Republic of Korea 2 Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54875, Republic of Korea Abstract Hwangmichal, a yellow waxy corn hybrid, is a single cross hybrid developed in 2014. This hybrid was created by crossing the seed parent KY30 and pollen parent KY9. Hwangmichal has yellow kernels with a conico-cylindrical ear shape. The days to silking of Hwangmichal were similar to that of Ilmichal, a check hybrid. The ear height ratio of Hwangmichal was 50%, which was lower than that of Ilmichal, and its number of tillers was less than that of Ilmichal. The ear size of Hwangmichal was smaller than that of Ilmichal and the kernel set ratio was 89%. Its sensory evaluation was better than that of Ilmichal. The carotenoid content of Hwangmichal was 32.2 µg/g, which was much higher than that of Ilmichal. Lodging resistance of Hwangmichal was better than that of Ilmichal. Although the number of fresh ears of Hwangmichal was more than that of Ilmichal, the weight of fresh ears was lower than that of Ilmichal. The flowering period of its parent lines was well matched and seed production was 3:1 at a planting density of parent lines of more than 2:1. It is adaptable to the whole country except for Jeju-do. The plant variety protection right of Hwangmichal was registered in June 2017, and its grant number is 6728. Keywords Carotenoid, Waxy, Corn, Hybrid, Hwangmichal Received on September 7, 2018. Revised on October 8, 2018. Accepted on October 12, 2018. * Corresponding Author (E-mail: z9813139@korea.kr, Tel: +82-31-695-4043, Fax: +82-31-695-4029) 서언옥수수는볏과 (Poaceae) 에속하는일년생작물로세계3대작물의하나이며전세계적으로매년 10 억톤이상생산되어이용되고있다 (FAOSTAT 2016). 옥수수는알곡의특성에따라크게일반옥수수와특수옥수수로나눌수있으며일반옥수수는주로사료용, 가공용등으로이용이되고있다. 우리나라에서주로간식용으로이용하는찰옥수수는배유돌연변이에의해전분특성이변화된특수옥수수이며이외에도단옥수수, 초당옥수수등이이에속한다 (Hallauer 2001). 1989년우리나라에서찰옥수수중에서는최초로단교잡종찰옥1 호가개발되었고이후우수한품질의찰옥수수들이지속적으로개발되고있으며재배면적또한 1989년약 8천ha에서최근에는 15천 ha로지속적으로증가하고있다 (RDA 2013). 2000년이후찰옥수수품질에대한관심이높아지면서찰옥1 호보다품질이우수한미백찰 (Park et al. 2002a), 신찰옥 (Cha et al. 2004a), 찰옥3호 (Cha et al. 2004b), 찰옥4호 (Jung et al. 2006a), 일미찰 (Jung et al. 2006b), 미백2호 (Park et al. 2007a), 장수찰 (Seo et al. 2018) 등고품질의흰찰옥수수품종이개발되었고미흑찰 (Park et al. 2007b), 흑진주찰 (Jung et al. 2009), 청춘찰 (Park et al. 2016) 등안토시아닌을함유하여항산화등기능성이향상된품종들도지속적으로개발되어보급되고있다. 최근에는대학찰골드1호 (Lee et al. 2009) 등카로티노이드를함유한찰옥수수품종도개발되기시작하였지만아직상용화되지는못하였다. 하지만카로티노이드를함유한노랑찰옥수수는기존의찰옥수수와이삭색, 기능성등에차별성을가지고있어시장가치가충분할것으로기대된다. 카로티노이드는황색에서적색까지다양한색깔을나타내는지용성생리활성물질로엽록체에서생성되어광합성과정에중요한역할을하며빛과산소에의한손상을억제하는기능을 Copyright c 2018 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
한다 (Ong & Tee 1992, Pfander 1992, Tanaka et al. 2008). 카로티노이드는옥수수내에서 lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 등의형태로존재하며비타민A 의생합성에관여하고눈의보호, 면역력향상, 항산화, 항암등다양한기능성을나타낸다 (Cazzonelli 2011, Eldahshan & Singab 2013). 농촌진흥청국립식량과학원에서는간식용풋찰옥수수의기능성강화를통한국민건강증진을위하여카로티노이드를함유한 황미찰 을육성하였으며그육성경위와주요특성을보고하고자한다. 재료및방법지역적응시험은 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간수원, 홍천, 청원, 대구, 진주등 5지역에서수행하였다. 시비량은 N-P 2O 5- K 2 0=15-3-6kg /10a으로질소의반량은기비로나머지반량은 7~8엽기에추비로주었다. 시험구는난괴법 4반복으로임의배치하였으며, 재식거리는 60 25 cm (6,600 주 /10a) 로각시험구는열길이 4 m, 4열로파종하였다. 파종은 4월중순 ~ 하순에수원등 5개지역에서각각하였으며, 2립씩파종하여 3~4엽기에 1주에 1개체만남기고솎아주었다. 깨씨무늬병 (Bipolaris maydis), 그을음무늬병 (Exserohilum turcicum), 조명나방 (Ostrina furnacalis) 등은자연발생조건에서조사하였으며농업적특성및수량성은농촌진흥청농업과학기술연구조사분석기준에따라조사하였다 (RDA 2012). 아밀로펙틴함량은 AMYLOSE/AMYLOPECTIN kit (Megazyme, Cat. K = AMYL) 을이용하여아밀로스함량을분석한후다음의식을이용하여구하였다. 아밀로펙틴함량 (%) = 100 아밀로스함량 (%) 과피두께는풋옥수수이삭의포엽을제거한후낱알을채취하여과피두께, 백립중, 낱알의길이와폭, 경도등품질분석에 이용하였다. 과피두께는낱알의끝모자부와상단부를면도칼을이용하여제거하고낱알의등부위를세로로잘라과피를벗겨내어세척한후 24시간음건하였으며건조된과피를디지털두께게이지 (Mitutoyo, Japan) 를이용하여측정하였다. 백립중은낱알 100립의중량을측정하였으며낱알의길이와폭은버니어캘리퍼스 (Mitutoyo, Japan) 를이용하여측정하였다. 경도는옥수수낱알을 Texture analyzer (TAX, England) 를이용하여점착성, 껌성, 응집성, 씹힘성을측정하였으며식미관능평가는표준품종인일미찰과비교하여외관, 찰기, 씹힘성, 전체기호도를 9점척도 (1 : 아주나쁨, 3 : 나쁨, 5 : 보통, 7 : 좋음, 9 : 아주좋음 ) 로하여평가하였다. 채종시험은 2014년영월지역에서수행하였고 6월 10일에재식거리는 60 25 cm (6,600주/10a) 로 2립씩파종하여 3~4엽기에 1주에 1개체만남기고솎아주었으며식용옥수수표준재배방법으로재배하였다. 시험구는모 부본재식비율 2:1과 3:1로각처리마다 3반복으로배치하였고, 모본의제웅은출웅할때수작업으로수행하였다. 생육특성, 개화기, 채종량은농촌진흥청농업과학기술연구조사분석기준에따라실시하였다 (RDA 2012). 자료의통계처리는 SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute inc.) 프로그램을사용하여 Student s T-test로수행하였다. 결과및고찰육성경위황미찰 ( 수원찰69호 ) 은카로티노이드함량이높은자식계통 KY30을종자친 ( 모본 ) 으로하고 KY30과개화기가유사하고카로티노이드함량이높은자식계통 KY9를화분친 ( 부본 ) 으로하여 2009년에교잡된노랑찰옥수수단교잡종이다. 황미찰은 2010년생산력검정시험을거쳐, 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년동안수원등전국 5개지역에서지역적응시험을실시하였으며 2014년농촌진흥청농작물직무육성품종심의회에서그우수성이인정되어직무육성신품종으로선정되었으며품종명을 황미 Year 1996 1997~2005 2006 1999 1999~2000 2001 2009 2012~2014 Generation S 0~S 8 Inbred Multiplication& cross Female ( ) KW7/KS83-1 YS97039-1-1-2-1-1-1-2-YWK0506 KY30 KY30/KY9 Hwangmichal Male ( ) BN64 (99005) 9967-1 KY9 (2010) (Suwonchal 69) Remark Selection of line Cross Yield trial Regional yield trial (RYT) Fig. 1. Breeding procedure of Hwangmichal. 511
韓育誌 (Korean J. Breed. Sci.) 50(4), 2018 찰 로명명하였다 (Fig. 1). 주요생육및품질관련특성황미찰은립색이황색으로대학찰골드1 호 (Lee et al. 2009) 와유사하지만일미찰 (Jung et al. 2006b), 흑진주찰 (Jung et al. 2009) 등기존의상용화되어있는백색혹은검정색의찰옥수수와는뚜렷이구별된다. 황미찰은찰옥수수단교잡종으로, 이삭은중간형이며출사일수는 71일로표준품종 ( 일미찰 ) 과유사하다. 황미찰의간장은 211 cm로일미찰과유의한차이는없었으나착수고율은 50% 로일미찰보다작고안정적이었다 (Fig. 2, Table 1). 황미찰 의분지수는일미찰보다적어옥수수포장내통기성과제초, 추비살포등재배관리에유리할것으로생각되었다. 옥수수의분지가과번무하면포장통기성에불리하게작용하고포장내습한환경을조성하여세균성잎마름병 (bacterial leaf blight) 등병발생의원인이될수있다 (Drobotă et al. 2011). 황미찰의이삭의길이와폭은일미찰보다유의하게작아전체적인이삭크기가작았으며착립장률역시일미찰보다낮았다 (Table 1). 황미찰의아밀로펙틴함량은 90.9% 로일미찰과유의한차이는없었고백립중, 립장, 립폭등알곡의특성에서도일미찰과유의한차이는나타내지않았다 (Table 2). 찰옥수수의특성을나타내는 Fig. 2. Plants and ears of Hwangmichal (left: plants, right: ears). Table 1. Agronomic characteristics of Hwangmichal in regional yield test (2012~2014). Hybrid Days to silking (days) Stem length Ear height ratio (%) Number of tillers (tillers/plant) Length Ear characteristics Width Kernel set ratio (%) Hwangmichal 71 211 50 0.1 18.4 4.3 89 Ilmichal 71 218 54 0.9 19.4 4.5 95 ts z -0.31 ns -1.49 ns -2.63 ** -9.19 ** -5.14 ** -0.36 ** -6.51 ** z Student s T-test at the 0.05 probability level ( ** p<0.01, * p<0.05; ns p 0.05) Table 2. Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of Hwangmichal in regional yield test (2012~2014). Hybrid Amylopectin content (%) Pericarp thickness ( μm ) 100-kernel weight (g) Kernel characteristics Length ( mm ) Width ( mm ) Carotenoid content ( μg /g) Sensory evaluation (1~9) z Hwangmichal 90.9 45 26.8 7.23 8.38 32.2 6.1 Ilmichal 91.2 50 30.3 7.99 8.83 5.1 5.0 ts y -0.34 ns -1.99 ns -0.68 ns -1.85 ns -0.42 ns - 3.66 * z Sensory evaluation (1: poor, 9: excellent) y Student s T-test at the 0.05 probability level ( ** p<0.01, * p<0.05; ns p 0.05) 512
wx 유전자에는 wx1-a와 wx1-c가보고되고있으며 wx1-a가배유전분의 100% 를아밀로펙틴으로발현하는반면 wx1-c는배유전분의약 95% 를아밀로펙틴으로발현하며나머지 5% 는아밀로스로발현한다. 하지만전분의구성을분석할때짧은사슬의아밀로스는아밀로펙틴으로, 긴사슬의아밀로펙틴은아밀로스로잘못분석되기쉬우므로정확한전분의구성성분분석은어려울것으로생각된다 (Hallauer 2001). 황미찰의과피두께는 45 μm로일미찰과유의한차이는나타내지않았으나 50 μm이하로얇아질김성이낮을것으로판단되었고황미찰의전체적인기호도가 6.1 로일미찰보다높아이삭의외관, 맛등시장가치가좋을것으로생각되었다 (Lee et al. 1993). 황미찰의카로티노이드함량은 32.2 μg /g으로일미찰보다상당히높아기능성면에서우수할것으로판단되었다. 황미찰이함유하고있는카로티노이드는눈과피부의건강과면역력향상에도움을주는생리활성물질로기존의상용화되어있는찰옥수수들과는차별화되는특성이며새로운형질의찰옥수수보급을통해국민건강증진및농가소득향상에기여할수있을것으로기대하고있다 (Table 2). 병충해및내재해성 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간자연발생조건에서황미찰의병해충저항성을검정한결과, 깨씨무늬병 (Bipolaris maydis) 은발병등급 2, 그을음무늬병 (Exserohilum turcicum) 은발병등급 1로일미찰과유사하게병저항성이강한것으로조사되었고조명나방발생등급은 4로일미찰과동일하게중도저항성을나타내었다 (Table 3). 내도복성은황미찰이일미찰보다강한것으로조사되어재배안정성은더높은것으로생각되었다 (Table 3). 수량성 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간수원등 5개지역에서풋찰옥수수수확시기에이삭수와이삭중등수량성을조사한결과, 황미찰의 10a 풋이삭수평균은 6,319개 /10a로일미찰보다유의하게많았고지역적으로홍천이가장적고진주에서가장많았다. 지역별일미찰과비교시수원에서 12%, 대구에서 7%, 청원에서 4% 증수하였으나그외홍천과진주에서는일미찰보다낮았다 (Table 4). 황미찰의 10a당풋이삭중은평균 1,110 kg/10a로일미찰보다 10% 정도감수하였으나청주지역에서는 5% 증수하였고나머지 3개지역에서는최소 4% 에서최대 28% 까지감수하였다 (Table 5). 채종시험옥수수교잡종종자 (F 1) 를생산할때채종지의기상, 토양등환경조건에따라모본과부본의개화반응에차이가나타날수있다. 2014년옥수수종자생산이주로이루어지는영월지역에황미찰모본 (KY30) 과부본 (KY9) 을재식비율 2:1, 3:1로 Table 3. Resistance to disease, corn borer and lodging of Hwangmichal in regional yield test (2012~2014). Hybrid Disease resistance (0~9) z Corn borer Lodging Bipolaris maydis Exserohilum turcicum (0~9) z (1~9) z Hwangmichal 2 1 4 1 Ilmichal 3 1 4 2 z Resistance to disease, corn borer and lodging (0, 1: Resistance, 9: Susceptible) Table 4. The yield of Hwangmichal in number of fresh ears in regional yield test (2012~2014). Location Hwangmichal (ears/10a) Ilmichal (ears/10a) '12 '13 '14 Mean Index '12 '13 '14 Mean Index Suwon 6,111 6,389 6,667 6,389 112 5,556 5,278 6,250 5,694 100 Hongcheon 6,600-5,693 6,146 93 6,600-6,600 6,600 100 Cheongwon 5,584 6,569 6,719 6,290 104 5,417 6,177 6,510 6,035 100 Daegu 5,572 6,406 6,771 6,250 107 5,312 5,729 6,510 5,850 100 Jinju 6,167 6,584 6,634 6,461 99 6,667 6,667 6,150 6,495 100 Mean z 6,007 6,487 6,496 6,319 104 5,910 5,963 6,404 6,102 100 ts z =2.00 * z Student s T-test at the 0.05 probability level ( ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; ns p 0.05) 513
韓育誌 (Korean J. Breed. Sci.) 50(4), 2018 Table 5. The yield of Hwangmichal in fresh ear weight in regional yield test (2012~2014). Location Hwangmichal (kg/10a) Ilmichal (kg/10a) '12 '13 '14 Mean Index '12 '13 '14 Mean Index Suwon 913 833 1,153 966 92 957 921 1,275 1,051 100 Hongcheon 1,075-868 971 72 1,425-1,275 1,350 100 Cheongju 1,140 1,231 1,228 1,200 105 1,102 1,289 1,052 1,147 100 Daegu 1,062 1,206 1,369 1,213 96 1,070 1,218 1,518 1,269 100 Jinju 977 1,184 1,304 1,155 85 1,336 1,480 1,273 1,363 100 Mean 1,033 1,114 1,184 1,110 90 1,178 1,227 1,279 1,228 100 ts z =-3.15 ** z Student s T-test at the 0.05 probability level ( ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; ns p 0.05) Table 6. Seed production trial of Hwangmichal in Yeongwol (2014). Planting pattern Inbred Planting date Silking date 3:1 2:1 Pollen dispersal period Plant height Ear height F 1 seed production (kg/10a) KY30 ( ) Jun 10 Aug 10-139 44 102 KY9 ( ) Jun 10 - Aug 7 to 14 131 34 KY30 ( ) Jun 10 Aug 10-143 45 84 KY9 ( ) Jun 10 - Aug 7 to 14 138 40 동시파종하여종자생산성을시험한결과, 모본의출사기와부본의화분비산기간은잘일치하였고모본과부본의간장에큰차이가없었으며모 부본재식비율 3:1로파종한것이재식비율 2:1로파종한것보다 10a당 18 kg/10a정도증수하여황미찰의종자생산시모 부본재식비율을 3:1로하는것이유리할것으로생각되었다 (Table 6). 적응지역및재배상유의점황미찰은제주도를제외한전국에서재배가가능하며 1대교잡종종자를사용하므로매년종자를갱신하여재배해야한다. 황미찰은찰옥수수열성인자 (wx) 를보유하고있어일반옥수수, 단옥수수 (su, se 등 ), 초당옥수수 (sh, sh2, bt 등 ) 등다른종류의옥수수화분으로교배되면찰옥수수의고유한특성이사라지므로다른종류의옥수수와 200 m 이상격리하여재배하여야한다. 또한, 이삭색이흰색, 검정색을나타내는찰옥수수와함께재배시찰옥수수고유의특성은변하지않더라도이삭의색깔이변해상품성에영향을줄수있으므로다른색의찰옥수수와 200 m 이상격리하여재배하여야한다. 황미찰은밀식재배시이삭이작아지고끝달림이불량해질수있으므로가급적표준재배 (60 25 cm) 보다넓게심기를권장하며강풍을동반한우기시포장의배수관리에도신경을써야한다. 조명나방에는감수성 이어서적기방제가필요하고등숙기노린재의피해로이삭상품성에영향을줄수있으므로적기방제가필요하다. 적요황미찰은 2014년농촌진흥청국립식량과학원에서개발한단교잡종찰옥수수로이삭의색깔은노란색이며자식계통 KY30 을종자친으로하고 KY9 를화분친으로한다. 황미찰의출사일수는일미찰 ( 표준품종 ) 과유사하였고이삭길이는 18.4 cm, 이삭직경은 4.3 cm로일미찰보다작았으며착립장률은 89% 로일미찰보다낮은수준이었다. 아밀로펙틴함량은 90.9% 로일미찰과유의한차이가없었고과피두께와백립중, 립장, 립폭등알곡의특성또한일미찰과유사하였으며카로티노이드함량은 32.2 μg /g 로일미찰보다높았다. 황미찰의내병충성은일미찰과유사하였으며내도복성은일미찰보다우수하였다. 황미찰의단위면적당이삭수는일미찰보다많았고이삭중은낮았으며채종시험결과종자친과화분친간개화기는잘일치하였고모 부본재식비율을 3:1에서가장높은채종량을나타내었다. 514
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