J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 한국식품영양과학회지 44(8), 1165~1171(2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2015.44.8.1165 국내산아로니아의이화학분석및항산화활성 최경희 1 오현정 1 정영재 1 임은정 2 한진수 1 김지현 1 김오영 1 이현순 1 1 국가식품클러스터지원센터연구개발팀 2 한양여자대학교외식산업과 Physico-Chemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Korea Aronia melanocarpa Kyeong-Hee Choi 1, Hyun Jeong Oh 1, Young Jae Jeong 1, Eun Jeong Lim 2, Jin Soo Han 1, Ji Hyun Kim 1, Oh Young Kim 1, and Hyun-Sun Lee 1 1 Department of Research Development, Agency for Korea National Food Cluster 2 Foodserviece Industry, Hanyang Women's University ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the effects of cultivation adaptability and product quality of aronia (fruit of Aronia melanocarpa) cultivated in various domestic regions. Extracts of aronia cultivated in various domestic regions and were measured for their total sugar contents, acidities, total polyphenol contents, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Our results showed that aronia extracts from the two countries had similar sugar contents, acidities, and anthocyanin contents. Anthocyanin is an important functional component of Aronia melanocarpa. Extracts of aronia from the two countries contained cyanidin-3-galactoside (65.5 69.1%) as the major anthocyanin compound. Aronia cultivated in C region showed higher polyphenol content (121.5%) than aronia and we measured of antioxidant activities by DPPH (IC 50) and FRAP assay. Aronia cultivated in C region showed the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents. Cultivation conditions of C region had sufficient sunshine and soil with ph of 6.5. From the above results, Korean aronia had similar activities with aronia, which suggests that it can be a new potential development source and high technological foods. Key words: Aronia melanocarpa, aronia, antioxidant, polyphenol, physico-chemical analysis 서 최근건강에대한관심이높아짐에따라다양한기능성성분을함유하고있는천연물소재에대한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 그중과실류는맛과향이우수하여기호성이높을뿐만아니라항산화활성이높은다양한페놀성화합물 superoxide dismutase나 glutathione peroxidase와같은항산화효소를함유하고있다. 과실류가산화적인공격으로부터생물체를보호하는기능성이알려지면서 (1) 블루베리, 라즈베리등베리류의항산화활성에대한연구도활발히이루어지고있으며 (2), 최근에는기능성소재로주목받고있다. 아로니아 (Aronia melanocarpa) 는장미과에속하는다년생낙엽관목으로북아메리카가원산지인베리류로 (3), 열매의색에따라 black chokeberry(aronia melanocarpa), red Received 27 April 2015; Accepted 22 June 2015 Corresponding author: Hyun-Sun Lee, Department of Research Development, Agency for Korean National Food Cluster, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea E-mail: happylhs@foodpolis.kr, Phone: +82-63-850-7043 론 chokeberry(aronia arbutifolia) 및 purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) 로나누어지며이중초크베리라고도불리는 Aronia melanocarpa가전통적으로식용이나약용으로사용되어왔다 (4). 아로니아는 20세기에들어오면서소비에트연방이나동유럽국가에서식품소재뿐만이아니라고혈압이나심혈관계질환을예방하는소재로사용되고있다 (5). 폴리페놀화합물, 플라보노이드, 안토시아닌등의생리활성물질이풍부한아로니아는항산화작용, 면역증진및암예방등에효과가있다고보고되고있다 (6-8). 아로니아는짙은자줏빛을띠고있는데이것은아로니아가다른베리류에비해높은안토시아닌색소를가지고있기때문이다 (6). 아로니아는높은안토시아닌함량때문에과거부터식품의착색제로이용되거나천연염료로이용되어왔다 (6,9). 아로니아의국내재배는 2007년일부농가에서소규모로재배되기시작하였으며 2010년이후부터전국적으로재배가확대되고있으나아직까지재배면적이나농가수에대한정확한조사가이루어지지못하고있는실정이다. 식물체의열매는재배환경에따라품질특성이달라진다
1166 최경희 오현정 정영재 임은정 한진수 김지현 김오영 이현순 고알려져있다. Yun 등 (10) 의연구결과에따르면국내에서재배되는콩의경우파종시기가늦을수록, 개화기 ~ 성숙기의기간및생육일수가증가할수록 isoflavone 함량이증가한다고보고하였다. 또한 Hong 등 (11) 도동일품종일지라도고위도에서생육한콩의이소플라본 (genistein 및 daidzein) 함량이높게측정되었다고보고하였다. Kang 등 (12) 은고품질의파프리카재배를위하여고위도지역에서수경재배를추천하였다. 현재아로니아는전국적으로재배되고있으나아직까지국내재배환경에따른품질특성에대한심도깊은연구가없는실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는최근고소득작물로급부상하면서전국적으로생산되고있는국내산아로니아의생육환경및품질평가를통해아로니아재배의국내적합성과고품질의아로니아를생산하기위한최적재배조건확립을위한기초연구자료를제공하고자수행하였다. 또한전세계적으로가장많이유통되는폴란드산과의비교를통해국내산아로니아의품질우수성을확인하고자한다. 재료및방법실험재료및추출물제조국내산아로니아는 2014년국내 5개도에서각각수확된바이킹 (Viking) 품종을구입하여동결건조한후 425 μm mesh size를통해일정한크기의분말을사용하였다. 폴란드산아로니아는동결건조되어국내에직수입된제품 (GreenField Pawel Gucajtis Sebastian Haftaiuk s.c.) 을구입하여 425 μm mesh size를통해일정한크기의분말을사용하였다. 시료의추출은분말시료 3 g에 300 ml의 distilled water(d.w) 를넣어환류추출후여과 (Whatman No. 2, Toyo Roshi Kaisha, Tokyo, Japan) 시켜추출액을동결건조 (LP20, Ilshin, Dongducheon, Korea) 하여실험에사용하였다. 실험에사용한 Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, aluminium(Ⅲ) chloride hexahydrate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine은 Sigma-Aldrich Co.(St. Louis, MO, USA) 에서구입하였으며, 그밖의시약은특급시약으로사용하였다. 총당함량측정총당함량은 D-glucose를표준물질로하여 phenol sulfuric acid법 (13) 으로측정하였다. 즉증류수에녹인시료용액 0.5 ml에 5% phenol 0.5 ml를가한다음 sulfuric acid 2.5 ml를가하여실온에서 30분간반응시킨후 490 nm에서흡광도를측정하여검량선으로부터구해진 glucose의비율로총당함량을계산하였다. 산도측정산도측정은 Lee 등 (14) 의방법에따라끓여서식힌증류수 500 ml에 0.5 g의시료를가하여페놀프탈레인시약 0.5 ml를넣어잘섞어주었다. 그후 ph 측정기를이용하여 ph 8.3이될때까지적정한후들어간 0.1 N NaOH의용량을확인하여아래의공식에의하여계산하였다. Acidity={(0.009 ml of 0.1 N NaOH F dilution factor)/ Sample (g)} 100 F: factor of 0.1 N NaOH 색도측정산지별아로니아의색도는 1 mg/ml의시료를색도계 (CM-5, Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan) 를이용하여명도 (L, lightness), 적색도 (a, redness), 황색도 (b, yellowness) 값으로표시하였다. 각시료당 3회반복측정하여그평균값을나타내었으며, 표준백판 (L=98.42, a=-0.06, b=-0.33) 으로보정후 L, a, b 값을측정하였다. 폴리페놀함량측정총폴리페놀함량분석은 Folin-Denis법 (15) 을일부변형하여이용하였다 (16). 시료를 1 mg/ml 농도로용해시킨후시료액 50 μl와 Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent 25 μl를혼합하여실온에서 5분간반응시켰다. 그후 20% sodium carbonate 125 μl를혼합한다음 37 C 배양기에서암상태로 40분동안반응시킨후 725 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. 총폴리페놀함량은 gallic acid(sigma-aldrich Co.) 를표준물질로이용하여표준곡선으로부터함량을구하였다. DPPH 라디칼소거능및 FRAP(ferric reducing antioxidant power) 측정산지별아로니아의생과추출물시료의 DPPH 라디칼소거능측정방법 (17) 을이용하여항산화활성을측정하였다. 시료를 1 mg/ml로녹여 serial dilution 한시료액 100 μl 와 0.4 μm DPPH 용액 100 μl를혼합하여 37 C에서암상태로 30분반응후 517 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. DPPH free 라디칼소거능은시료를첨가하지않은대조구와시료첨가구의흡광도차를 DPPH 라디칼소거능 50% 저해농도로표기하였다. FRAP는 Benzi와 Strain(18) 에의한방법을일부변형하여측정하였다. 300 mm sodium acetate buffer와 10 mm 2,4,6-tripyridyl)-s-triazine, 20 mm iron(Ⅲ) chloride hexahydrate를각각 10:1:1로섞어 FRAP reagent를준비한다. FRAP reagent 180 μl와아로니아생과추출물 1 mg/ml의농도로희석한시료 6 μl를혼합한후실온에서 5분동안반응시켜 593 nm에서측정하였다. 표준물질로 FeSO 4 7H 2O(iron(Ⅱ) sulfate heptahydrate) 를사용하였다. 안토시아닌함량분석안토시아닌화합물측정 HPLC법으로분석을실시하였다. 시료를 10 mg/ml로 D.W에녹인후안토시아닌표준물질 cyanidin 3 galactoside, cyanidin 3 glucoside, cyani-
국내산아로니아의이화학분석및항산화활성 1167 din 3 xyloside, cyanidin 3 arabinoside는 Sigma-Aldrich Co. 로부터구입하여정량하였다. HPLC 분석은 HPLC 시스템 (Thermo Scientific Dionex Ultimate 3000-1 RSLC), 칼럼 (Acclaim RSLC 120 C18, 2.2 μm(3.0 100 mm)), DAD 검출기 (520 nm) 를이용하였다. 이동상 A는 10% formic acid, B는 formic acid : acetonitrile : methanol : D.W=10:22.5:22.5:44(v/v) 를사용하였다. 이동상 B용액의농도를 0~12분까지 9% 로유지하고 12~25분까지 9~ 35% 로서서히증가시켰으며, 25~30분까지 50%, 30~35분까지 9% 농도로유지하고 0.475 ml/min으로이동시키면서분석하였다. 국내산아로니아의재배환경분석국내산아로니아의생산지별재배환경은생산지의정확한주소를확인하여하절기 (6~8월) 의 5년간평균온도, 동절기 (11~2월) 의 5년간평균온도, 5년간최저온도, 평균일조량 (1981~2010년), 최근 5년간강우량은기상청데이터 (www.kma.go.kr) 를활용하여분석하였으며, 각지역별토양의산도및유기물함량은토양환경정보시스템인흙토람 (www.soil.rda.go.kr) 을활용하여분석하였다. 통계분석모든측정결과는 3반복으로실험하여평균과표준편차로나타내었으며, 실험군간의차이는 SAS package(statistical Analysis Program, version 9.4, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) 를사용하여 Duncan's multiple range test로비교하여나타내었다. 결과및고찰총당함량및산도국내 5개지역에서생산된아로니아와폴란드에서생산 된아로니아열수추출물의총당함량과산도를측정하였다. 그결과 (Table 1) 총당함량 (mg/g) 은국내 E(589.8±2.7)> 폴란드산 (566.7±0.8)> D> A> B(459.1±1.9) 순으로높았으며, 산도 (%) 측정결과는 D(9.3±0.1)> 폴란드산 (8.2± 0.3)> A(7.5±0.1) 로국내 D 산지가높은산도를나타냈다. 아로니아의총당함량및산도에영향을미치는재배환경, 수확시기, 수확후저장기간등에대한기존분석결과가없으나폴란드산보다높은총당함량을가지는국내산아로니아는 E, 산도는 D에서생산된아로니아가폴란드산보다높게측정되었다. 색도측정각산지별아로니아추출물의색차를측정해본결과 (Table 2) 산지에따라명도값 (L값) 은 94.3~95.7로산지에따라거의유사하였고, 적색도 (a) 는국내 E(5.3±0.1)> A(4.8±0.1) 와폴란드산 (4.8±0.1) 순으로나타났으며, 황색도 (b) 는 E(3.9±0.1)> 폴란드산 (3.2±0.1)> A(3.1±0.2) 와 E(3.1±0.1) 순으로높게나타났다. 각산지의색도를측정해본결과안토시아닌함량이높게측정된시료에서진한색을가지는것으로사료된다. 아로니아에많이함유되어있는안토시아닌색소는 ph, 온도, 빛, 효소, 산소, 당류, 유기산, 금속이온, 공존하는색소등의존재여부에따라서영향을많이받게된다. 아로니아의풍부한안토시아닌함량으로이미아로니아는식품의색을보완하는식품보조제및다양한식품재료로활용되고있다 (19). 따라서국내에서생산되는아로니아를천연식용색소로활용하기위한기초적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 총폴리페놀함량폴리페놀화합물은식물계에널리분포되어있으며분자내에두개이상의 phenolic hydroxyl기를가지고있는방 Table 1. Total sugar contents and acidities of Aronia melanocarpa cultivated in domestic region and Contents Total sugar contents (mg/g) Acidity (%) 494.2±0.1 d 459.1±1.9 f 476.2±2.3 e 526.7±0.5 c 589.8±2.7 a 566.7±0.8 b 7.5±0.1 c 6.5±0.1 e 7.1±0.0 d 9.3±0.1 a 7.1±0.3 d 8.2±0.3 b Each value represents means±sd of triplicate. Means with different letters (a-f) in a row are significantly different at P<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test. Each contents express as mg per 1 g dried hot water extract. Table 2. Color characteristics of Aronia melanocarpa cultivated in domestic region and Color (de*ab) L a b 7.3±0.4 bc 95.3±0.5 ab 4.8±0.1 b 3.1±0.2 c 6.8±0.1 de 95.5±0.1 a 3.7±0.1 d 3.6±0.1 b 7.1±0.1 d 95.4±0.1 ab 4.3±0.1 c 3.3±0.1 c 6.4±0.1 e 95.7±0.1 a 3.8±0.1 d 3.1±0.1 c 8.7±0.1 a 94.3±0.1 b 5.3±0.1 a 3.9±0.1 a Each value represents means±sd of triplicate. Means with different letters (a-e) in a row are significantly different at P<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test. 7.6±0.1 b 95.0±0.1 c 4.8±0.1 b 3.2±0.1 c
1168 최경희 오현정 정영재 임은정 한진수 김지현 김오영 이현순 Fig. 1. Polyphenol contents of Aronia melanocarpa cultivated in domestic region and. Each value is means±sd of triplicate. Means with different letters (a-e) on the bars are significantly different at P<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test. Each contents expressed as mg per 1 g dried hot water extract. 1) GAE: gallic acid equivalent. 향족화합물 (20) 로항산화, 항암, 항염, 시력증진등의다양한기능성을가지고있는것으로알려져있다 (21,22). 아로니아의총폴리페놀함량 (mg GAE/g) 을측정해본결과 (Fig. 1) C(86.5±0.5)> D(84.3±0.7)> A, B> E(78.3± 0.4)> 폴란드산 (71.2±0.9) 순으로높게측정되었다. Chung (23) 의연구결과에따르면국내산아로니아 70% 에탄올추출물 (2회) 의총폴리페놀함량을 117.20±3.95 mg/g으로보고하였으며, Hwang 등 (24) 은 110 mg/g으로추출횟수및추출용매를고려할때선행연구결과와유사한것을알수있었다. 산지별아로니아의항산화활성 DPPH 라디칼소거능은환원정도를기준으로측정물질의환원력과항산화력을측정할수있는방법이다. Hydrazyl의질소원자가불안정한상태로쉽게수소원자를받아들이는성질을가지고있어항산화성물질과반응하여항산화활성을측정할수있는방법중하나이다 (25). 산지별아로니아의항산화활성을비교하기위해 DPPH 라디칼에대한소거활성을측정한결과는 Table 3과같다. DPPH 라디칼의 SC 50(scavenging concentration 50%, μg/ml) 를이용하여항산화활성을측정한결과 C(134.7±1.9 μg/ml)> D> B> A> E> 폴란드산 (167.6±0.3 μg/ml) 으로국내에서생산된아로니아모두폴란드산보다높은항산화활성을나타내었다. Oszmianski(26) 의연구결과폴란드산아로니아열매의 DPPH 라디칼소거능활성은 279.38 μm Trolox/ 100 g dried weight의활성을나타내었으며, Lim(27) 의연구결과에서는 DPPH 라디칼소거능 50% 저해농도가 74.1 μg/ml로나타났다. 이는아로니아의추출조건에따라 DPPH 라디칼소거능의차이를보이는것으로생각된다. FRAP assay는항산화성분에의해 Fe 2+ 이온이제거되어 ferrozine-fe 2+ 복합체를형성하지않는것을원리로하여측정하는방법 (28) 으로 FeSO 4 7H 2O를표준물질로사용하였다. FRAP(mg/100 g) assay 결과도 DPPH 라디칼소거능과마찬가지로 C(107.7±3.5)> D> A> B> E> 폴란드산 (93.2±1.8) 으로 C와 D 산지가높은 FRAP 활성을보였으며국내산지모두폴란드산보다높은 FRAP 활성을보이는것을확인할수있었다 (Table 3). DPPH와 FRAP를이용하여아로니아추출물의항산화활성을측정한결과 C와 D 산지의아로니아추출물이높은항산화활성을가지고있었다. 이두지역에서생산된아로니아는타지역에비해높은폴리페놀함량을가지고있었다. 총안토시아닌함량분석플라보노이드중안토시아닌은과일이나야채에널리존재하며 ph에따라붉은색에서파란색으로바뀌는식물성색소로, 특히베리류에많이함유되어있다. 아로니아에함유되어있는안토시아닌은 cyanidin과결합된배당체의형태로존재하며, 주로 cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3- glucoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-xyloside 등 4개물질이보고되고있다 (29,30). 산지별아로니아의안토시아닌함량 (mg/g) 분석결과 (Table 4) A(44.4±1.4)> E> C, 폴란드산 (36.1±0.4)> B(32.5±0.6) 순으로나타났으며, 안토시아닌조성을확인해본결과모든시료에서 cyanidin-3-galactoside가주성분으로함량은 65.5~69.1% 사이임을알수있었다. 국내산지별안토시아닌함량을측정한결과국내산지 B와 D를제외하고는모두폴란드산보다높은안토시아닌함량을보였다. 아로니아생과중총안토시아닌함량은 357~1,790 mg/100 g으로보고되었으며 (31), 국내산아로니아 5종의열수추출물의안토시아닌함량은생과 100 g당 65.0~88.8 Table 3. DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP value of Aronia melanocarpa cultivated in domestic region and 1) DPPH SC 50 (μg/ml) FRAP 2) (FeSO 4 7H 2O mg/100 g) 153.7±1.2 c 99.2±1.6 b 147.2±1.2 b 97.3±3.9 bc 134.7±1.9 a2) 107.7±3.5 a 137.0±0.7 a 106.3±2.4 a 167.2±1.9 d 95.2±1.6 bc 167.6±0.3 d 93.2±1.8 c 1) DPPH SC 50: 50% DPPH radical scavenging concentration. 2) FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) value is expressed as Fe 2+ μm concentration, obtained from a FeSO 4 solution having an antioxidant capacity equivalent. Data represent means±sd of triplicate experiment. Means with different letters (a-d) in a row are significantly different at P<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.
국내산아로니아의이화학분석및항산화활성 1169 Table 4. Total anthocyanin contents and composition of Aronia melanocarpa cultivated in domestic region and Anthocyanin Total anthocyanin content (mg/g) C-3-galactoside (%) C-3-glucoside (%) C-3-arabinoside (%) C-3-xyloside (%) 44.4±1.4 a 69.1±0.3 a 8.2±0.1 a 14.0±0.1 c 8.7±0.2 d 32.5±0.6 d 66.0±0.5 b 6.7±0.2 cd 15.7±0.1 a 11.6±0.1 a 36.1±2.0 c 66.6±0.9 b 7.6±0.1 ab 15.0±0.4 b 10.7±0.6 b 35.6±0.6 c 65.6±0.2 b 8.4±0.1 a 15.3±0.1 ab 10.7±0.2 b 39.3±4.0 b 68.4±1.5 a 6.4±1.2 d 15.4±0.9 ab 9.9±0.7 c Each value represents means±sd of triplicate. Means with different letters (a-d) in a row are significantly different at P<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test. Anthocyanin content express as mg per 1 g dried hot water extract. 36.1±0.4 c 66.4±0.2 b 7.3±0.1 bc 15.7±0.2 a 10.6±0.2 b mg으로 Denev 등 (31) 의연구에서나타났다. 본연구에서는기존보고보다안토시아닌함량이낮게나타났으며, 이결과는추출용매, 추출시간등에의한차이로추측된다. Lee 등 (32) 의보고에따르면검정찰옥수수의경우수확시기가늦을수록안토시아닌함량은증가한다고보고한반면, Lee 등 (33) 은포도의안토시아닌함량이일부품종은수확시기가늦을수록증가하였으나일부품종은변화가없었다고보고하였다. 또한 Spayd 등 (34) 의일조량이증가할수록포도의안토시아닌함량이증가한다고보고하였다. 아직까지아로니아의재배환경에따른안토시아닌함량차이에대한연구보고는거의없지만국내산아로니아와폴란드산아로니아의안토시안함량은수확시기와재배환경모두영향을주는것으로판단된다. 또한국내산아로니아와폴란드산아로니아의안토시아닌함량은유사하거나일부상회하는것을알수있었다. 국내산아로니아의재배환경비교국내산지 C와 D에서생산된아로니아는폴리페놀함량이높은것을확인할수있었다. 폴리페놀은아로니아가가지고있는항산화작용, 면역증진및암예방효능등을나타내는기능성물질이다 (6-8). 특히국내 C 지역에서생산된아로니아는폴란드산에비해 1.2배높은폴리페놀함량을가지고있어강한항산화활성을가지고있었다. 국내 C 지역에서 생산된아로니아는높은페놀함량대비안토시아닌함량은낮았다. 따라서국내 C 지역의재배환경은식물의 2차대사산물인페놀화합물의생산을증가시키는것으로추정된다. 아로니아의최적품질생산을위하여국내 5개지역의재배환경을비교해본결과 (Table 5) C와 D는국내 5개산지중일조량이많았으며, 심토 ph 6.5, 토양의유기물함량이타지역보다많았다. Djuric 등 (35) 은아로니아의재배토양의 ph가낮을경우질소의흡수를방해해결과적으로는아로니아열매의품질이낮아지며, ph 6.5~6.69일때좋은품질의열매를얻는다고보고하였다. 5개의국내시료중 C 지역의토양산도는 6.5로토양의산도가아로니아품질에매우중요한인자이며, 질소원과탄소원또한고품질의아로니아생산에매우중요한인자일것으로생각된다. 현재국내에서아로니아재배가급격히증가하고있으며 (36), 국내산아로니아의재배적합성및품질우수성확인을확인하기위하여전세계시장의 80% 이상을차지하는폴란드산아로니아와비교해보았다. 그결과국내에서생산된아로니아는폴란드산과유사하거나조금더우수한것으로생각된다. 동일품종일지라도일조량이풍부하고, 심토의산도가 ph 6.5인지역에서생산된아로니아는타지역보다폴리페놀함량이풍부하여더욱우수한품질을가지고있는것을예측할수있었다. 본연구를통해아로니아는국내의기후조건에적합한작목임을알수있었으며, 묘목간적정재식거리유지를 Table 5. Cultivation conditions of domestic Aronia melanocarpa Temp. Average summer temp. 1) Average winter temp. 2) Max. low temp. 24.1-4.2-9.2 Amount of sunshine (h)/y 3) Rainfall (mm) 4) 2,050.6 1,521.9 Soil ph of subsoil Organic content (%) 5.2 1.4 23.5-4.5-11.4 2,050.1 1,290.9 5.5 3.3 24.5-1.3-7.9 2,412.7 1,265.0 1) Five-years average summer temperature: June to August. 2) Five-years average winter temperature: December to February. 3) Monthly average: 1981 2010. 4) The five-year average precipitation for each region except E region (one year average precipitation). 6.5 8.6 24.6 0.9-4.8 2,229.0 1,254.8 6.5 4.4 23.2 1.3-5.8 2,184.5 1,493.5 4.5 6.1
1170 최경희 오현정 정영재 임은정 한진수 김지현 김오영 이현순 통한일조량확보및토양의적정산도를유지할경우폴란드산보다우수한품질의아로니아를생산할수있을것으로예측되었다. 따라서향후국내산아로니아의경쟁력확보를위한고품질아로니아생산과최적재배환경구축이필요할것으로생각된다. 또한고부가가치제품개발의다양한가공방법에대한연구가추가적으로진행될필요성이있으며이를통해역수출할수있는고소득작물이라고보인다. 요 본연구에서는최근고소득작물로급부상하면서전국적으로생산되고있는국내산아로니아의생육환경및품질평가를통해국내아로니아재배적합성과품질의우수성을조사해보았다. 국내각지역에서생산된 5종의아로니아와폴란드산아로니아추출물의총당함량, 산도, 폴리페놀함량, 안토시아닌함량및항산화활성을측정해보았다. 그결과총당함량, 총산도, 안토시아닌함량및조성은국내산과폴란드산이유사한것을알수있었다. 안토시아닌은아로니아의중요한기능성성분으로국내산 5종과폴란드산모두 cyanidin-3-galactoside가주성분이고함량은 65.5~69.1 % 사이로유사하였다. 국내 C 지역에서생산된아로니아는폴란드산에비해 1.2배높은폴리페놀함량을가지고있으며, 폴란드산아로니아의 DPPH 라디칼의 50% 소거활성이 167.6±0.3 μg/ml인데비해국내 C 지역의아로니아는 134.7±1.9 μg/ml로낮은농도에서활성이높게나타났다. 또한 ferric reducing antioxidant power assay를이용한항산화활성측정에서도폴란드산보다국내 C 지역의아로니아가높은항산화활성을보였다. 폴란드산보다우수한품질을가지고있는국내 C 지역의재배환경은조사대상중가장일조량이많았으며, 심토 ph 6.5, 토양의유기물함량이가장높았다. 따라서국내산아로니아는폴란드산과품질이유사하거나조금더우수한것을알수있었으며, 재배시일조량확보및토양의적정산도유지를통해보다고품질의아로니아생산이가능할것으로예측되었다. 따라서향후고도기술을통한국내산아로니아의고부가가치제품생산시우수한기능성식품소재로활용될것으로생각된다. 약 REFERENCES 1. Li J, Ding S, Ding X. 2005. Comparison of antioxidant capacities of extracts from five cultivars of Chinese jujube. Process Biochem 40: 3607-3613. 2. Wang H, Nair MG, Strasburg GM, Chang YC, Booren AM, Gray JI, DeWitt DL. 1999. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of anthocyanins and their aglycon, cyanidin, from tart cherries. J Nat Prod 62: 294-296. 3. Wu X, Gu L, Prior RL, McKay S. 2004. Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem 52: 7846-7856. 4. Kokotkiewicz A, Jaremicz Z, Luczkiewicz M. 2010. Aroniac plants: a review of traditional use, biological activities, and perspectives for modern medicine. J Med Food 13: 255-269. 5. Domarew CA, Holt RR, Snitkoff GG. 2002. A study of Russian phytomedicine and commonly used herbal remedies. J Herb Pharmacother 2: 31-48. 6. Hwang ES, Thi ND. 2014. Quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of Cheongpomook added with aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) powder. Korean J Food Cook Sci 30: 161-169. 7. Han GL, Li CM, Mazza G, Yang XG. 2005. Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells. J Hyg Res 34: 581-584. 8. Lala G, Malik M, Zhao C, He J, Kwon Y, Giusti MM, Magnuson BA. 2006. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. Nutr Cancer 54: 84-93. 9. Hwang ES, Ki KN. 2013. Stability of the anthocyanin pigment extracted from aronia (Aronia melancocarpa). Korean J Food Sci Technol 45: 416-421. 10. Yun HT, Kim WH, Lee YH, Suh SJ, Kim SJ. 2006. Isoflavone contents of soybean according to different planting dates. Korean J Crop Sci 51: 174-178. 11. Hong SB, Lee SJ, Kim YH, Hwang YS, Yoon KH, Lee SI, Nam MY, Song LS, Choung MG. 2010. Variation of anthocyanin, and isoflavone contents in Korean black soybeans grown at different latitudinal locations. Korean J Environ Agric 29: 129-137. 12. Kang HM, Choi IL, Kim IS. 2008. Effect of cultural regions or methods on postharvest physiological characteristics and qualities of paprika fruits. J of Bio-Environmental Control 17: 325-329. 13. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28: 350-356. 14. Lee J, Durst RW, Wrolstad RE. 2005. Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the ph differential method: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 88: 1269-1278. 15. Appel HM, Govenor HL, D'Ascenzo M, Siska E, Schultz JC. 2001. Limitations of Folin assays of foliar phenolics in ecological studies. J Chem Ecol 27: 761-778. 16. Maksimović Z, Malencić D, Kovacević N. 2005. Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of Maydis stigma extracts. Bioresour Technol 96: 873-877. 17. Wang KJ, Zhang YJ, Yang CR. 2005. Antioxidant phenolic compounds from rhizomes of Polygonum paleaceum. J Ethnopharmacol 96: 483-487. 18. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239: 70-76. 19. Son JH, Choung MG, Choi HJ, Jang UB, Son GM, Byun MW, Choi C. 2001. Physiological effect of Korean black soybean pigment. Korean J Food Sci Technol 33: 764-768. 20. Yu MH, Im HG, Lee HJ, Ji YJ, Lee IS. 2006. Components and their antioxidative activities of methanol extracts from sarcocarp and seed of Zyzypus jujuba var. inermis rehder. Korean J Food Sci Technol 38: 128-134. 21. Kang MH, Cho CS, Kim ZS, Chung HK, Min KS, Park CG, Park HW. 2002. Antioxidative activities of ethanol extract prepared from leaves, seed, branch and aerial part of Crotalaria sessiflora L. Korean J Food Sci Technol 34: 1098-1102. 22. Lee SY, Shin YJ, Park JH, Kim SM, Park CS. 2008. An
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