2007. 9. 27 태양전지기술현황 윤경훈 한국에너지기술연구원 http://solarpv.kier.re.kr 1 Solar Cells Research Center
목 차 태양광개요, 시장, 산업추이 결정질실리콘태양전지기술 박막태양전지기술현황 -Si -CIGS& CdTe 요약 2 Solar Cells Research Center
태양에너지 태양표면복사에너지 : 3.8 x 10 23 kw 23 kw 지표면도달태양에너지 : 125 조 (1.25 x 10 14 ) kw 연간전세계에너지소비 (100 억 kw) 의약 1만배맑은날지표면도달태양에너지밀도 : 1 kw/m 2 한국도달태양에너지 : 1.29 x 10 14 kwh 2000 년국내최종에너지소비 (1.74 x 10 12 kwh) 74 배 http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/vplanet.html 3 Solar Cells Research Center
Solar Energy Spectrum AM 1.5, 1 sun (1 kw/m 2 ) 4 Solar Cells Research Center
태양전지구조및원리 앞면전극 p n 접합 반사방지막 n 층 p 층 전자 동작원리 : 입사된태양광에의해반도체내부에서생성된전자와정공이 pn 접합부의전기장에의해외부로연결된부하로흐르게되어전력을공급 빛흡수 전하생성 전하분리 - 수집 뒷면전극 전자 정공 전기부하정공 태양전지 Solar Cell 태양광모듈 PV Module 태양광어레이 PV Array 5 Solar Cells Research Center
결정실리콘태양전지의에너지변환과정과손실요인 입사광에너6 Solar Cells Research Center Top cell Bottom cell 탠 덤 (1) (32%) Ref.M.A. Green, 3rd Generation PV, Physica E 14, 2002 불스일펙태(56%) 치트양럼광지(100%) 효율개선책 장파장투과태양광스펙트럼일치(44%) 단파장과잉에너지 (24%) Ref. Hideyuki Takakura, 太陽光發電, CMC, 2000 년 9 월 (2,3) 전압인자손실 (16%) (4) 재결합손실 이론효율한계 (28%) 출력 AR, Texture (3~6%) BSF 전극구조개선 (5~8%) 2, 3 : Voltage drop at junction and at contact 14 ~ 20 % 전압인자손실 : 태양전지출력전압의한계인개방전압 ( 무부하전압 ) 과반도체금지대폭과의비 : 실리콘금지대폭 1.1eV, 개방전압 0.7 ev : 암전류저감또는입사강도의증대 ( 집광 ) : 16% 가한계
태양전지출력 (I-V) 특성측정 60904-1 측정값표시 : STC ( 표준시험조건 ) Air Mass : 1.5 1 sun : 1,000 W/m 2 전지온도 : 25 C 출력측정변수 조사강도 ( 분광, 총 ) 온도 분광응답 다이오드특성 단락전류 I sc 전류 (ma) 최대출력전류 I M 최대출력점 (MPP) P M Fill factor ( 충진율 ) : V M I M FF = x 100% V OC I SC Efficiency ( 변환효율 ) : ETA = V M I M E A x 100% E: Irradiance ( 총조사강도 ) A: module or cell area ( 전지면적 ) 전압 (mv) 최대출력전압 : V M 개방전압 : V oc 7 Solar Cells Research Center
국내외태양광발전설치사례 (II) Wa island, 10 kwp 97, Halla Mountain Cheju, 9 kwp 98, KAIST, Taejon, 30 kwp 98, KIER, Taejon, 30 kwp 8 Solar Cells Research Center
국내외태양광발전설치사례 04, KIER, Daejeon,, 10 kw 02, Denmark, Sol 300 06, 김천 9 Solar Cells Research Center
PV systems for houses and buildings : BIPV BIPV : Building Integrated PV 건축일체형태양광시스템 10 Solar Cells Research Center
국내외태양광발전설치사례 99, 네덜란드, Amersfoort, 1 MW 99, 독일, Mont-Cenis, Herne, 1 MW 11 Solar Cells Research Center
Grid-connected centralized 이탈리아 Serre,, 3.3 MW 독일 Leipzig, 5 MW ( 04.( 7) 12 Solar Cells Research Center
광주, 1MW, 1 axis, 2006 동해화력, 1MW, 2006 13 Solar Cells Research Center
PV Consumer Products http://service.semic.sanyo.co.jp/ http://windupradio.com/ http://www.siliconsolar.com/ integrated photovoltaics 14 Solar Cells Research Center
태양전지이용사례 Solar Car, Honda, 96 07, ISS 04, Spirit Rover, 140W 96, Pathfinder Sojourner, 16 W 15 Solar Cells Research Center
태양광시스템이해 국내 1 kw 설치시연간발전량약 1,000 kwh 연간발전량 : 700-2,500 kwh 일조량차이 설치면적 6-10 m 2 태양광발전용량 1kW 표준시험조건 : 일조강도 1 kw/m 2 효율 10% : 10 m 2 = 1 kw 모듈, 시스템성능차이 발전전기매입 독일 : Feed-in tariff 미국 : Net-metering 일본 : Net-billing 한국 : 발전차액 설치비용 (2005) <10kW 독일 : 7,400 $/kw 미국 : 7,000-10,000 $/kw 일본 : 6,000 $/kw >10kW 독일 : - 미국 : 6,500-9,000 $/kw 일본 : 6,600 $/kw 한국 : 980 만원 /kw Source: RTS Corporation 16 Solar Cells Research Center
More 3kW Capacity Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) Government purchases PV electricity at special rates Korea - FIT rate good for 15 years - FIT rate changes periodically - Wind : 107.7 Hydro : 73.7 LFG : 61.8-65.2 Fixed Price (Won/kWh) [After Oct.11. 2006] Over 30kW 677.38 Under 30kW 711.25 Previous Price 716.40 Reference Reduction rate 4% (after 3year) EEG, Germany France Spain Feed-in tariff per kwh up to 30 kw 30 100 kw from 100 kw on buildings and noise protection walls ct 49.21 ct 46.82 ct 46.30 Façade-integrated + ct 5 Ground-mounted ct 37.96 - Basic tariff: 0,30EUR/kWh - BIPV: 0,55 EUR/kWh - 44,0381 c/kwh (< 100 kw) - 22,9764 c/kwh (> 100 kw) 17 Solar Cells Research Center
전세계지역별태양전지생산추이 MW 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 기타일본유럽미국 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 기타 3 3.5 4.5 6 6 6 6 7.5 9.8 9.4 18.7 20.5 23.4 33.8 55.9 103 176 323 714 일본 10.8 15.1 17.7 19.9 18.8 16.7 16.5 16.4 21.2 35 49 84.5 129 171 247 364 594 833 927 유럽 7.1 7.9 9.8 13.4 16.4 16.6 21.7 20.1 18.8 30.4 31.8 36.4 60.7 97.5 141 202 344 477 678 미국 13 14.4 16.1 17.1 18.2 22.4 25.6 32.4 38.9 51 53.7 60.8 75 99.8 116 83.8 142 154 202 Year 2006 년 2,520 MW 국내 : 18 MW 18 Solar Cells Research Center
2006 년국가별태양전지생산 Europe; 8,2% USA; 6,8% China; 15,1% India; 1,4% Germany; 20,0% Middle East; 0,3% Australia; 1,3% Rest of Asia; 3,7% Taiwan; 6,7% Japan; 36,4% 19 Solar Cells Research Center
World Top Solar Cells Manufacturers 20 Solar Cells Research Center
Global Annual Installations 1600 1400 1200 MWp 1000 800 600 ROW USA JAPAN Germany 400 200 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 21 Solar Cells Research Center
Market Segments 특수용독립형 전자제품 7 % ( 96 MW) 2 % ( 24 MW) 8 % (108 MW) 경제성 확보 주거용독립형 계통연계 84 % (1106 MW) 지원대책 의존 Source: Strategies Unlimited - EPIA 22 Solar Cells Research Center
전세계태양전지시장예측 PV Production (GW) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 40 2010년 : 6 GW 6 35 2010년 : $ 361억 4.6 3.5 2.6 2 1.5 1.2 Revenue (US$bn) 30 25 20 18.6 15 15 11.1 10 8.3 5 23.9 29.4 36.1 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 M. Rogol, Solar Power, CLSA Asia-Pacific, July 2005 PV Production (GW) 25 20 15 10 5 1.7 2.6 4 6 10 15 21 발전단가 - 2006년 : $3.6/W - 2010년 : $2.5/W $ 375 억 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 M. Rogol, Photon Consulting, April 2007 23 Solar Cells Research Center
PV installed in Korea : Annual & Cumulative 40000 35000 kwp 누적보급량 (kw) 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 2.6 MW 21 MW 5 MW 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 집중배치계통연계 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1310 10467 분산배치계통연계형 0 0 0 0 100 133 266 288 356 524 761 971 3175 6551 18323 주거용독립형 59 149 175 219 256 296 306 316 528 608 608 628 753 853 983 Year 특수용독립형 1412 1482 1506 1550 1757 2046 2410 2855 3076 3625 4041 4382 4606 4810 4960 24 Solar Cells Research Center
태양전지의분류 1세대 : 단, 다결정실리콘 2세대 : 박막태양전지 ( 실리콘, 화합물반도체, 염료감응, 유기 ) 3세대 : 나노, QD, 유무기복합형? ( 고효율, 박막, 소재풍부, 무해, 신뢰성 ) 25 Solar Cells Research Center
태양전지종류별생산량점유율추이 sc-si 40.8 37.4 34.6 36.4 32.2 36.2 38.4 43.4 sc-si : 38 % a-si/c-si (HIT) : 6% mc-si CdTe a-si CIS ribbon/ sheet Si 50.2 42.1 48.2 57.2 51.6 54.7 52.3 46.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 12.3 0.7 9.6 8.9 1.1 6.5 1.1 1.4 2.7 4.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.1 4.3 5.6 4.6 4.4 0.4 0.2 3.3 0.2 3 2.7 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 점유율증가 전체생산량증가 실리콘 >> 화합물 a-si 4.7% CdTe 2.7% CIGS 0.2% 합계 7.6% 박막태양전지 Photon Int,l, March 2007 26 Solar Cells Research Center
태양광발전단가 (cost) 예측 Solar PV 2015 Solar PV 2010 Solar PV 2006 < 10 10-15 20-25 Coal Nuclear Gas Wind Oil 2-4 2-6 2-7 4-6 6-8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 발전단가 (cents/kwh) M. Rogol, Photon Consulting, April 2007 27 Solar Cells Research Center
실리콘소재태양전지 단결정 Si 다결정 Si 리본 Si 28 Solar Cells Research Center
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Standard Screen-printed silicon solar cell process steps: saw damage removal texturing phosphorous diffusion edge isolation oxide etching screen-printing firing ( 참조 : multi-si solar cells) M. Green, Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics, 2001 29 Solar Cells Research Center
PERL Silicon Solar Cell Technologies PERL (Passivated Emitter Rear Locally-diffused) cell o o o o 역피라미드표면 : 반사방지 + 이중반사방지 전후면재결합방지산화막 200A P+, n+ 접촉저항최소화 공정소요 : 3 일 o IC processing technology gives 24.7% o 26.7% under concentration A = 4 cm 2 Jsc = 42.2 ma/cm 2 Voc = 706 mv FF = 82.8 % η = 24.7 % 30 Solar Cells Research Center
Rear Contact Silicon Solar Cell Rear contact Solar Cells 21.8 % front rear 31 Solar Cells Research Center
Edge-defined Film-Fed Growth Schott Solar 두께 : 0.3 mm 125 x 125 mm http://www.schott.com/photovoltaic/ 32 Solar Cells Research Center
a-si:h/c-si HIT Silicon Solar Cell HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer) solar cell - High efficiency by excellent surface passivation with a-si layers - Less thermal stress through low temperature process ( 200 o C) - Advantage in high temperature performance Substrate : n-type (high carrier lifetime) Front and rear surface passivation (a-si:h) Back surface field 후면 a-si:h/tco : internal reflection 향상, 저항최소화 Sanyo HIT Solar Cells : 22 % ITO (TCO + AR) p + a-si:h (<10nm) i a-si:h (<5nm) 기판 CZ, n-type, 1-5Ω-cm, 250 μm i a-si:h (<5nm) n+ a-si:h (<10nm) ITO 33 Solar Cells Research Center
To o improve efficiencies for 50mm thick Si solar cells 50μm thick Efficiency 20,2% Wafer thickness 42 μm G..P.Willeke, 19th EU-PVSEC, June(2004) 34 Solar Cells Research Center
타발전기술대비태양광경쟁력확보방안 기존결정질 Si 태양전지 장점 : 고효율, 신뢰성 단점 : 저가화한계 - 두께한계 : 2-300 μm - 공정이단속적 단 - 중기 기존기술의보완 고효율, 저가화 박판직접제조, 구형화, 원료재생 웨이퍼박형화 < 50 μm economy of scale 중 - 장기 박막 (Si, I-III-VI, II-VI, Organic..) 및신형태양전지 ㅇ고효율, 신뢰성, 외관미려, 발전량 > c-si ㅇ저가 - 두께 < 2-3 μm - 연속대량생산 - 저에너지소비형공정 (EPB < 1.5 년, 장기 0.5년 ) - 저가의기판재료이용 ( 유리, 금속, 플라스틱 ) 35 Solar Cells Research Center
태양전지의분류 1세대 : 단, 다결정실리콘 2세대 : 박막태양전지 ( 실리콘, 화합물반도체, 염료감응, 유기 ) 3세대 : 나노, QD, 유무기복합형? ( 고효율, 박막, 소재풍부, 무해, 신뢰성 ) 36 Solar Cells Research Center
박막태양전지구조비교 VON ARDENNE, 2007 37 Solar Cells Research Center
태양전지종류별최고변환효율 (%) 실험실전지 모듈시제품 상업용모듈 단결정 Si 24.7 22.7 16.9 다결정 Si 20.2 17.2 14.0 미결정 Si 박막 15.0 11.6 10.0 비정질 Si 박막 13.0 10.7 7.9 CdTe 박막 16.5 11.0 9.0 CuInGaSe 2 박막 19.5 13.6 11.0 염료감응 11.1 5.0 유기폴리머 4.8 GaAs single : 27.8 % (0.2 cm 2, 216 suns) GaInP/GaInAs/Ge : 39.3 % (0.378 cm 2, 179 suns), 40.7% (240 suns) GaInP/GaAs/Ge : 27.0 % (34 cm 2, 10 suns) 38 Solar Cells Research Center
a-si 박막태양전지 태양광 glass TCO a-sic:h (p) a-si:h (i) a-si:h (n) 전극 600 nm 10 nm 500 nm 30 nm 400 nm Wolfgang Diehl et al, Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, Seoul, October 31, 2006 39 Solar Cells Research Center
a-si 박막태양전지 장점 : 저가대량생산, 다중접합 ( 이론효율, 28, 36, 42%) 실리콘원재료풍부 a-si 광흡수계수 > 10 5 cm -1 이상 : 두께 100 ~ 500 nm 붕소, 인을이용하여 p 형, n 형도핑용이 제조온도 < 250, 대면적, 제조가능, 다양한기판 a-si + H, Ge, C : 밴드갭 1.3 ~ 2.0 ev ; 다중접합 저온에서수소희석 (H 2 dilution) 법으로 μc-si 제조가능 문제점및향후추진방향 안정화변화효율향상 - 초기열화현상해소 : 다중접합 ( 열화 10-17%) - 기본메커니즘분석 수율향상 - 박막성장속도향상 : 현재 0.1 nm/sec - 새로운제조공정 : Hot wire CVD, VHF PECVD Ge, C 합금에따른결함밀도증가요인이해 40 Solar Cells Research Center
실리콘박막태양전지모듈제조공정 P I N TCO/Glass Scribing of TCO Deposition of pin Si-films Scribing of pin Si-films Deposition of Back Electrode Scribing of Electrode 경량, 유연성 대면적 BIPV 적합성 41 Solar Cells Research Center
비정질실리콘박막태양전지구조 Single-junction Double-junction (tandem) Same gap dual gap Triple-junction 42 Solar Cells Research Center
미, 다결정 (micro, poly-) ) Si 박막태양전지 ㅇ단결정, 다결정 Si wafer 높은변환효율높은제조원가및원료물질의고갈 ㅇ비정질 Si 박막태양전지저가제조공정낮은변환효율및안정성문제 결정질 Si 박막 : 저가고효율태양전지 REQUIREMENTS - Thick i-layer (> 2μm) - Need high deposition rate (10A/sec) - Hot wire CVD, HF PECVD 43 Solar Cells Research Center
a-si:h/ Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem cells Current matching between top and bottom cells - high jsc at μc-si:h bottom cell - low current loss at TRJ (Tunnel recombination junction) glass a-si:h top-cell µc-si:h bottom cell Thickness control of top and bottom cells Efficient light trapping quantum efficiency 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 UV - VIS - IR top cell bottom cell 400 600 800 1000 wavelength (nm) 44 Solar Cells Research Center
a-si 모듈, 어레이 Iowa Thin Film's "PowerShade" Tent http://www.mhi.co.jp Fuji Electric, Flexible Module 1 MW (MHI) Germany, Nov. 2004 45 Solar Cells Research Center
탠덤 Si 박막모듈 Uni Solar 64 W, SUS ubstrate Kaneka 36.5 W, Glass substrate Sharp 58.4 W, Glass substrate 46 Solar Cells Research Center
실리콘박막태양전지상업생산또는개발회사 미국 United Solar PowerFilm Terra Solar EPV BP Solar ( 철수 ) 일본 Sanyo Kaneka Mitsubishi Heavy Fuji Electric Sharp 유럽 Schott Solar ( 독 ) ErSol ( 독 ) Q-Cells ( 독 ) Sunfilm ( 노르웨이 ) Free Energy Europe ( 네, 프 ) VHF Tech ( 스위스 ) Solems ( 프 ) Solar Cells ( 크로아티아 ) Solar Plus ( 포르투갈 ) CSG Solar ( 독 ) 중국 Shenzhen Topray Solar Tianjin Jinneng Solar Shenzen Trony Shenzen Sunmoncle Harbin Chronar Soltech Corp. Suntech 대만 : Sinonar Green Energy Tech. (GET) 태국 : Bangkok Solar 인도 : Moser Baer 싱가포르 : SolarMorph 출처 : http://www.solarbuzz.com/solarindex/cellmanufacturers.htm 47 Solar Cells Research Center
화합물박막태양전지 Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 CdTe 48 Solar Cells Research Center
CIGS, CdTe 화합물박막태양전지 장점 : 고효율, 신뢰성ㅇ밴드갭최적 (CdTe 1.45 ev), CIGSS 1.0-2.5 ev 다중접합전지ㅇ직접천이형반도체 optical absorption 계수높음 : 박막화ㅇ장기간신뢰성ㅇ다양한제조공정 (CdTe) 문제점및향후추진방향ㅇ실험실변화효율의향상 -물질특성이해 - 기본메커니즘분석 -탠덤구조ㅇ저가대면적제조장치 - 실험실의고효율화기술실용화ㅇCd독성 : recycling ㅇ자원부존량 : recycling, 초박막화 49 Solar Cells Research Center
CIGS 박막태양전지의개요 높은광흡수계수 ( 박막형태양전지제조에적합 ) 소면적 : 19.5% (NREL), 모듈 : 14%, 이론효율 : 22-23% (single) 26-28% (tandem) 화학적으로매우안정하여우수한 out-door stability 저가 우수한 Radiation-Hardness Recycling 가능 50 Solar Cells Research Center
Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for CIGS device Device Structure Substrate Base Electrode Pattern 1 p-type Absor ber n-type Buffer Pattern 2 Wuerth Solar _ Coevaporation Showa Shell Sekiyu _ Selenization/Sulfurization Soda-lime glass (3 mm thick. ) (1.8 mm thick.) Cu, In, Ga, Se Coevaporation (CIGS) (One step Method) T sub >520 C CBD- CdS Sputtered-Mo Laser Cu-Ga alloy/in Stacked Precursor + Selenization/Sulfurization (CIGSS/CIGS) Mechanical Scribing T sub <520 C CBD- Zn(O,S,OH) x n-type Wind ow (TCO) Sputtered-ZnO:Al (AZO) Thicker than 1 µm MOCVD-ZnO:B (BZO) Thicker than 1 µm Pattern 3 Mechanical Scribing K. Kushiya, Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K., Busan, 2006 51 Solar Cells Research Center
CIGS 박막태양전지모듈 Global Solar(Flexible) Wurth Solar 80 W Wurth Solar(120x60cm) Shell Solar Global Solar, CIGS Titan Energy, India, CIGS Honda sc-si & mc-si 모듈 52 Solar Cells Research Center
CIGS 박막태양전지설치사례 4kW system in AIST, Tsukuba. Sep. 2004 CIS Polycrystalline-Si Wurth Solar (a) 13 kw (Wurth Solar) (b) 50% 반투명 (Wurth Solar) (d) 85 kw (Shell Solar) (e) 245 kw CIGSS (Shell Solar) (f) CIGS on SUS (Matsushita Electric) (g) 70 kw (HONDA) (h) 30W X 20 모듈 (Showa Shell) (i) 천막용모듈 (Global Solar) 53 Solar Cells Research Center
CdTe PV modules structure 54 Solar Cells Research Center
CdTe Manufacturing Equipments In the fourth quarter of 2006, CdTe Module Manufacturing cost : $ 1.25/W to $ 0.65/W by economies of scale 2.5 hours from glass to module David Eaglesham, First Solar, MRS 2007, April 12, 2007 55 Solar Cells Research Center
CdTe PV modules applications 부흐하임 솔라파크, 3.8 MW, Dec. 2006 56 Solar Cells Research Center
CIGS 화합물박막태양전지상업생산또는개발회사 USA Global Solar Energy, ITN EPV Daystar ISET Nanosolar Miasole Heliovolt Ascent SoloPower Japan Showa Shell Honda Shinco Elect. ( 新光電氣 ) Matsushita Electric ( 철수 ) Germany Würth Solar CIS Solartechnik Sulfurcell Solartechnik Solarion IST Frankfurt/Oder Aleo/ife Shell Solar ( 독 ) + Saint Gobain = AVANCIS Johanna Solar Solibro AB (Sweden) EDF (France) Flisom (CH) CdTe 화합물박막태양전지상업생산또는개발회사 미국 : First Solar PrimeStar solar 독일 : ANTEC 57 Solar Cells Research Center
High-Efficiency : Tandem Structures 태양광 ARC TCO Bandgap (n) Top cell Top cell absorber (p) 1.6-1.8 ev Tunnel p ++ Junction n ++ (n) Bottom Cell CuInGaSe 2 (p) 1.0-1.2 ev Back contact 4 CuAlS 2 Low cost substrate (glass, polymer, SS) CdTe top 4-terminal- eff. = 15.3% CGS 4-terminal- eff. = 9.7% AIGS top 4-terminal- eff. = 11% AIGS 2-terminal- eff. = 9.2% Band gap energy (ev) 3 2 1 CuGaS 2 GaP CuInS 2 Si CuAlSe 2 CuGaSe 2 GaAs AgGaS 2 CdS AgInS 2 CuInSe 2 InP AgGaSe 2 AgInSe 2 CuGaTe 2 CuInTe 2 0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 Lattice constant (A) 58 Solar Cells Research Center
CIGS-based Cells substrate/mo/cigs/buffer/zno Structure Eff. (%) NREL Steel/Cu(InGa)Se2 17.50 Flexible HMI Titanium/Cu(InGa)Se2 16.2 Flexible ETHZ Polyimide/Cu(InGa)Se2 14.1 Flexible NREL/AGU Cu(InGa)Se2/Zn(S,O,OH) 18.6 Cd free CBD R. Klenk, Chalcopyrite Based Solar Cells, Thin Film Solar Cells, Wiley Series, 2006 Low-cost : 두께축소 (CIGS, CdTe 박막태양전지효율 ) t (µm) V OC (V) J SC (ma/cm 2 ) FF (%) Efficiency (%) 1.0 CIGS 0.676 31.96 79.47 17.16 NREL 0.75 CIGS 0.652 26.0 74.0 12.5 0.40 CIGS 0.565 21.3 75.7 9.1 0.47 CIGS 0.576 26.8 64.2 9.9 EPV 0.87 CdTe 0.772 22.0 69.7 11.8 U. of Toledo Rommel Noufi et al, NREL, WCPEC-4, 2006 59 Solar Cells Research Center
Low-cost Process : Roll-to to-roll CIGS 박막태양전지 http://www.nanosolar.com/ + Low-cost substrates for roll-printed solar cells Nanocomponents Printable ink Fast assembly String, Module Roll-to-roll processing Printable TCO Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) 60 Solar Cells Research Center
대량생산 : 박막태양전지, 시스템저가화가능성 Solar City Factory - 공장규모 : 2.1 3.6 GW - 동일설비 : 100 라인 - Cost : $ 30 M(NRE) + 100 x $ 2.5 M/line = $ 280 M -5개서브팩토리 유리기판, 박막제조 / 패터닝, 고순도소재재생, 모듈패키징, 알루미늄 Cluster tool 모듈 : $ 0.5/W 시스템 : $ 1/W M.S. Keshner and R. Arya, Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, California, NREL/SR-520-36846, Study of Potential Cost Reductions Resulting from Super-Large-Scale Manufacturing of PV Modules, Oct. 2004 61 Solar Cells Research Center
박막태양전지원재료부존량 B. A. Sanden (formerly Andersson), 2003, Materials availability for thin film PV and the need for technodiversity, EUROPV 2003, Granada, Spain. 62 Solar Cells Research Center
Potential installed TW of CIGS and CdTe in 2065 (with complete recycling) : 자원부존량한계 CIGS : 3.4 TW CdTe : 6.0 TW by 2065 * Current US Energy Consumption : 3 TW Ken Zweibel, The Terawatt Challenge for Thin-Film PV, NREL/TP-520-38350, August 2005 63 Solar Cells Research Center
Dye sensitized solar cells TCO TCO 1991 M. Graetzel, EPFL B. O'Reagan and M. Graetzel, Nature 1991, 353, I - /I 3 - electrolytes Dye Glass TiO 2 nano-crystalline (10~30nm) thickness 10μm Glass Advantages - non-vacuum process - inexpensive component materials Technical issues - improvement in efficiencies and stability - design of large area modules - replacement of liquid electrolyte by solid-state materials 64 Solar Cells Research Center
Organic Tandem Solar Cells could be cheap, but will not last long outdoors in the sun (OK for indoors, consumer goods, etc.) To compete with silicon modules, they would require: Some form of cheaper transparent conducting layer At least 10% efficiency A break-through in cheap, effective, transparent encapsulation Jsc = 7.8 ma/cm 2, Voc = 1.24 V, FF = 0.67, η = 6.5%. the tandem cell retained ~70% of its original efficiency after 40 hours and over 60% even after 100 hours Jin Young Kim et al, Science, 317, p. 222, 2007 65 Solar Cells Research Center
박막태양전지시장전망 2010 년 20% 점유예상 MW 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 30%p.a. 25%p.a. 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 GW 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 c-si : 2025 년까지시장주도 thin film : 2010 년부터점유율부각 "New Concepts : 2015 년이후등장 Source: W. Hoffmann, RWE Schott Solar, Sep. 2004, Brussels 66 Solar Cells Research Center
일본 PV Road Map 2030 67 Solar Cells Research Center
국내기술개발상황 1980 년대부터소규모, 간헐적정부지원, 연구소, 대학기초기술개발추진 선진국대비기술수준 : 실험실 70%, 실용화 30% 2004 년이후정부지원급증 : 단기실용화치중, 박막에기업참여및장기전략미흡 실험실전지 모듈시제품 상업용모듈 단결정 Si 24.7 (20.0) 22.7 16.9 (14.0) 다결정 Si 20.2 (15.5) 17.2 미결정 Si 박막 15.0 (12.7) 11.6 비정질 Si 박막 13.0 (9.5) 10.7 (6) CdTe 박막 16.5 (14.0) 11.0 CuInGaSe 2 박막 19.5 (17.8) 13.6 14.0 10.0 7.9 9.0 11.0 ( ) 국내최고효율 % SDI, KPE SDI KAIST, KIER KAIST, SK KAIST, 고려대, KIER KIER, KAIST 염료감응 11.1 (11) 5.0 KIST 한국철강 : a-si 박막생산진출 KIER, KAIST : CIGS 미니모듈개발추진 ( ~ 07. 12) 최근기업관심고조 LG 전자 : a-si/μ-si 기술개발준비 68 Solar Cells Research Center
요 약 결정질실리콘으로부터박막태양전지추세변화 - 2006 년총생산중박막태양전지점유율 : 7.4 % (145 MW) - 2010 년약 20% 점유예상 (2 GW) : 저가고효율기술개발에좌우 Risk : Si < CdTe < CIGS Potential : Si < CdTe < CIGS Si : 전력, BIPV CdTe : 전력 (BIPV?) CIGS : 전력, BIPV, 우주용? 우리나라의여건 : - 선진국대비기술격차큼 - 인프라, 인력부족, 기업참여빈약 - 중국이미진출 (a-si) 산업화전략 - 박막태양전지집중전략 - 체계적, 집중적기술개발 : 격차해소 - 외국으로부터기술 ( 박막제조장치등 ) 도입적극모색 69 Solar Cells Research Center
감사합니다 70 Solar Cells Research Center